Biological Control of Insect Pests: Southeast Asian Prospects - EcoPort

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References 455 Steinkraus, D.C., Slaymaker, P.H. and Tugwell, N.P. 1993c. Fungal epizootics in the cotton aphid. Proceedings of the Beltwide Cotton Conference, Memphis, Tennesee 2: 821Ð822. Stewart, C.N., Adang, M.J., All, J.N., Raymer, P.L., Ramachandran, S. and Parrott, W.A. 1996. Insect control and dosage effects in transgenic canola containing a synthetic Bacillus thuringiensis crylAc gene. Plant Physiology 112: 115Ð120. Steyaert, R.L. 1935. An enemy of Stephanoderes, Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. Study of ambient factors regulating outbreaks. Publications de l'Institut National pour l'Etude Agronomique du Congo Belge. SŽrie Scientifique No 2. 46pp (Review of Applied Entomology (A) 25: 10, 1937). Stoltz, R.L. and Stern, V.M. 1979. Comparative insecticide induced mortality of Nabis americoferus in cotton. Environmental Entomology 8: 48Ð50. Stoner, A. and Weeks, R.E. 1974. Copidosoma truncatellum: effect of temperature on the developmental rate, duration of emergence and longevity. Environmental Entomology 3: 957Ð960. Stoner, A. and Weeks, R.E. 1976. Copidosoma truncatellum, a polyembryonic parasite of Trichoplusia ni: age of host eggs parasitised, searching, fecundity and effectiveness. Environmental Entomology 5: 323Ð328. Strand, M.R., Baehrecke, E.H. and Wong, E.A. 1991. The role of host endocrine factors in the development of polyembryonic parasitoids. Biological Control 1: 144Ð152. Strandberg, J.O. 1981a. Predation of cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni, pupae by the striped earwig, Labidura riparia, and two bird species. Environmental Entomology 10: 712Ð715. Strandberg, J.O. 1981b. Activity and abundance of the earwig, Labidura riparia, in a winter cabbage production ecosystem. Environmental Entomology 10: 701Ð704. Strickland, G.R. 1979. Biological control of Nezara viridula (L.) at the Ord. Working Papers 4: 7Ð9. Australian Applied Entomological Research Conference, Queensland Agricultural College, Lawes, June 1979. Styer, E.L., Hamm, J.J. and Nordlund, D.A. 1987. A new virus associated with the parasitoid Cotesia marginiventris (Hymenoptera: Braconidae): replication in noctuid host larvae. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 50: 302Ð309. Su, H.J. and Chen, C.N. 1991. Implementation of IPM of citrus virus and greening (Likubin) diseases. Food and Fertilizer Technology Center, Supplement No 1, 1991, 3Ð11. Su, T.H. and Li, C.T. 1993. Factors affecting the sex ratio of Leptomastix dactylopii Howard, a parasitoid of Planococcus citri (Risso). (in Chinese, English summary). Chinese Journal of Entomology 13: 319Ð329.
456 Biological Control of Insect Pests: Southeast Asian Prospects Su, T.H. and Tseng, H.K. 1984. The introduction of an egg parasite, Trissolcus basalis (Wollaston), for control of the southern green stink bug, Nezara viridula (L.) in Taiwan (in Chinese, English summary). Journal of Agriculture and Forestry 33: 49Ð51 (Review of Applied Entomology, Series A 74: 5406, 1986). Subba Rao, B.R. and Ramamani, S. 1965. Biology of Cirrospiloideus phyllocnistoides (Narayanan) and description of a new species, Scotolinx quadristriata (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) as parasites of Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton. Indian Journal of Entomology 27: 408Ð413. Subba Rao, B.R. and Sharma, A.K. 1962. Studies on the biology of Trioxys indicus Subba Rao and Sharma, 1958, a parasite of Aphis gossypii Glover. Indian Journal of Entomology 28: 164Ð182. Summy, K.R., French, J.V. and Hart, W.G. 1986. Citrus mealybug (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae) on greenhouse citrus: density-dependent regulation by an encyrtid parasite complex. Journal of Economic Entomology 79: 891Ð895. Sun, M. 1994. Status of nematodes and weevil borer affecting banana in China. Paper (8pp.) presented at the workshop on banana nematodes and weevil, April 17Ð23, 1994, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Suta, A.R. and Esguerra, N.M. 1993. Recent history of biological control in the freely associated states of Micronesia. Micronesica, Supplement 4: 61Ð64. Sutherland, D.W.S. 1966. Biological investigations of Trichoplusia ni (HŸbner) and other Lepidoptera damaging cruciferous crops on Long Island, New York. New York Agricultural Experiment Station, Memoir 399. 99 pp. Sutherland, D.W.S. and Greene, G.L. 1984. Cultivated and wild host plants. In: Lingren, P.D. and Green, G.L, ed., 1984. Suppression and management of cabbage looper populations. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Technical Bulletin No 1684, 1Ð13. Sutherland, D.W.S. and Sutherland, A.V. 1972. A bibliography of the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (HŸbner) 1800Ð1969. Entomological Society of America, Bulletin 18: 27Ð45. Sutherland, D.W.S. and Sutherland, A.V. 1984. A contribution to a bibliography of the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (HŸbner).In: Lingren, P.D. and Green, G.L., ed., Suppression and management of cabbage looper populations. US Department of Agriculture, Technical Bulletin 1684, Chapter 12, 133Ð148. Swaine, G. 1971. Agricultural Zoology in Fiji. Foreign and Commonwealth Office. Overseas Development Administration. Overseas Research Publication 18. Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London, U.K. Sweeney, R.C.H. 1960. Cotton stainer investigation. Empire Cotton Growers Review 36: 268Ð275.
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Biological Control of Insect Pests:
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ii The Australian Centre for Intern
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iv 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 Natural enem
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vi 4.14 4.15 4.16 Phyllocnistis cit
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1 Abstract Introduction 1 Biologica
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3 Introduction Introduction 3 Water
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Figure 1. Introduction 5 integratio
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Introduction 7 necessary those used
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10 Biological Control of Insect Pes
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Table 4.1.1 Natural enemies of Agri
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Table 4.2.1 Average figures (days)
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Table 4.2.2 Natural enemies of Anom
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Table 4.2.2 (contÕd) Natural enemi
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Table 3 Order No. of +s 26 1. 41 2.
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4.4 Aphis gossypii India Myanmar ++
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Host plants Damage 4.4 Aphis gossyp
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4.4 Aphis gossypii the abundance of
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Table 4.4.1 (contÕd) HYMENOPTERA A
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Table 4.4.1 (contÕd) HYMENOPTERA A
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Table 4.4.1 (contÕd) Parasitoids o
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Table 4.4.1 (contÕd) Parasitoids o
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 59 Under humid c
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Table 4.4.3 Releases for the biolog
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 63 that the lyco
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IRAQ ISRAEL 4.4 Aphis gossypii 65 d
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 67 Lysiphlebus t
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USA USSR 4.4 Aphis gossypii 69 Lysi
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 71 the posterior
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 73 Aphidius cole
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 75 Ephedrus plag
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 77 as attacking
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Diptera 4.4 Aphis gossypii 79 insta
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 81 probing) of s
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 83 open fields w
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Table 4.5.1 Insect predators of Cos
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Table 4.5.1 (contÕd) Insect predat
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Table 4.5.2 Introductions for the b
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Table 4.5.2 (contÕd) Introductions
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100 Biological Control of Insect Pe
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Table 4.7.2 (contÕd) Diaphorina ci
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Table 4.7.4 (contÕd) Hyperparasito
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Table 4.7.5 (contÕd) Hyperparsitoi
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4.9 Dysmicoccus brevipes India 20°
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Biology 4.9 Dysmicoccus brevipes 14
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Natural enemies 4.9 Dysmicoccus bre
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Table 4.9.2 Introductions for the b
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Table 4.9.2 (contÕd) Introductions
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4.9 Dysmicoccus brevipes 153 INDONE
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TRINIDAD USA 4.9 Dysmicoccus brevip
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei India 20°
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Biology 4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 15
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 161 tissue
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Host plants 4.10 Hypothenemus hampe
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 165 the en
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 167 remain
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Table 4.10.1 (contÕd) Natural enem
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Asia 4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 171 C
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Table 4.10.2 (contÕd) Introduction
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 175 relati
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 177 to 30%
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 179 P. nas
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 181 Planta
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 183 Asian
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Table 4.11.1 Development times, and
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Table 4.11.2 Natural enemies of Leu
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4.12 Nezara viridula India Myanmar
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Biology Damage 4.12 Nezara viridula
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4.12 Nezara viridula 201 which cons
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Table 4.12.1 (contÕd) Parasitoids
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4.12 Nezara viridula 209 attracted
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Table 4.12.2 Introductions for the
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4.12 Nezara viridula 217 Doubt has
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4.12 Nezara viridula 219 Africa and
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BRAZIL 4.12 Nezara viridula 221 par
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4.12 Nezara viridula 223 parasitisa
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4.12 Nezara viridula 225 Anastatus
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THAILAND TONGA USA VANUATU 4.12 Nez
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4.12 Nezara viridula 229 Gryon sp.
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4.12 Nezara viridula 231 reproducti
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4.12 Nezara viridula 233 Ectophasio
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4.13 Ophiomyia phaseoli India Myanm
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Biology Host plants 4.13 Ophiomyia
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Natural enemies 4.13 Ophiomyia phas
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EGYPT ETHIOPIA 4.13 Ophiomyia phase
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4.13 Ophiomyia phaseoli 247 Three a
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Attempts at biological control 4.13
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The more important parasitoids 4.13
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4.13 Ophiomyia phaseoli 253 its hos
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Comment 4.13 Ophiomyia phaseoli 255
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The Major Invertebrate Pests and We
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4.15 Planococcus citri India 20° M
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Biology Host plants 4.15 Planococcu
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Table 4.15.1 Predators of Planococc
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Table 4.15.1 (contÕd) Predators of
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Table 4.15.1 (contÕd) Predators of
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Table 4.15.2 Parasitoids of Planoco
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4.15 Planococcus citri 299 The ency
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BRAZIL CHILE CHINA CUBA CYPRUS FRAN
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ISRAEL 4.15 Planococcus citri 303 R
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4.15 Planococcus citri 305 When the
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Table 4.15.4 Introductions for the
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Biology of important natural enemie
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4.15 Planococcus citri 313 Diomus p
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Comments 4.15 Planococcus citri 315
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni India 20° Mya
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Host plants 4.16 Trichoplusia ni 31
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 321 describing
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Table 4.16.2 (contÕd) Some predato
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Table 4.16.2 (contÕd) Some predato
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 335 Introducti
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 337 Table 4.16
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Table 4.16.6 Natural enemies of Tri
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 341 It was sug
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 343 13.85 days
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 345 Voria rura
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 347 when 2nd o
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5 References 349 Abasa, R.O. 1975.
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References 351 Alfaro, F., Garcia-M
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References 353 Argyriou, L.C. 1970.
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References 355 Ayoub, M.A. 1960. Ph
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References 357 Barrera, J.F., Gomez
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References 359 Beattie, G.A.C. and
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References 361 Berkani, A. 1995. Re
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References 363 Boling, J.C. and Pit
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References 365 Brun, L.O., Marcilla
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References 367 Cantrell, B.K. 1984.
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References 369 Cenda-a, S.M., Gabri
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References 371 Chien, C.C., Chu, Y.
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References 373 CIE 1985. Distributi
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References 375 Compere, H. 1939. Me
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References 377 Crouzel, I.S. and Sa
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References 379 De Oliveira Filho, M
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References 381 Ding, Y., Li, M. and
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References 383 Elliott, N.C., Frenc
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References 385 Ferreira, A.J. and B
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References 387 Foerster, L.A., Quei
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References 389 Garcia, A. and Barri
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References 391 Godin, C. and Boivin
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References 393 Guido, A.S. and Ruff
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References 395 Hayat, M. and Lin, K
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References 397 Hofmaster, R.N. 1961
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References 399 Huo, S.T., Wei, Z.G.
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References 401 Jackson, C.G., Neema
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References 403 Jones, W.A. 1979. Th
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Page 382 and 383: References 407 Komazaki, S. 1993. B
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Page 386 and 387: References 411 Lee, S.C., Yoo, J.K.
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