Biological Control of Insect Pests: Southeast Asian Prospects - EcoPort

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The Major Invertebrate Pests and Weeds of Agriculture and Plantation Forestry in the Southern and Western Pacific 71 Table 14 The relative importance given to the top 10 weeds of agriculture (72 species) of each country in the southern and western Pacific . Name Family CoI Fij FrP FSM Gua Kir Mar NCa Niu PNG ASa WSa SoI Tok Ton Tuv Van W.F. No. * Rating Order Acacia farnesiana Acacia nilotica Achyranthes aspera Agave americana Ageratum conyzoides Alternanthera sessilis Amaranthus interruptus Amaranthus spinosus Amaranthus viridis ( = A. gracilis) Antigonon leptopus Argemone mexicana ( = A. americana) Bidens alba, Bidens pilosa Blechum pyrimidatum ( = B. brownei) Brachiaria mutica Brachiaria reptans Brachiaria subquadripara Broussonetia papyrifera Canavalia rosea Cardiospermum halicacabum Cassytha filiformis Cecropia peltata Cenchrus echinatus Chamaesyce ( = Euphorbia) hirta Chloris barbata Mimosaceae 4 1 7 Mimosaceae Amaranthaceae Agavaceae Asteraceae 2 1 9 Amaranthaceae Amaranthaceae Amaranthaceae Amaranthaceae Polygonaceae Papaveraceae 2 1 9 Asteraceae 7 9 3 8 1 9 6 29 6 = Acanthaceae 8 1 3 Poaceae 8 1 3 Poaceae Poaceae Urticaceae 4 1 7 Fabaceae 10 1 1 Sapindaceae 2 1 9 Lauraceae 7 2 6 3 18 13 Euphorbiaceae 5 1 6 Poaceae 3 * 3 3 21 12 Euphorbiaceae 10 10 * 3 7 45= Poaceae
72 D.F. Waterhouse Table 14 Chromolaena odorata Clerodendrum chinense ( = C. philippinum) Clidemia hirta Coccinia grandis Commelina benghalensis Commelina diffusa Cordia subcordata Crassocephalum crepidoides Crotolaria pallida Crotolaria retusa Cuphea carthagenensis Cynodon dactylon Cyperus rotundus Dactyloctenium aegyptium Desmodium incanum Digitaria ciliaris Digitaria eriantha ( = D. decumbens) Digitaria insularis Digitaria setigera Echinochloa colona Echinochloa crus-galli Eichhornia crassipes Eleocharis geniculata Elephantopus mollis ( = E. scaber) Eleusine indica (cont’d) Asteraceae 3 7 2 12 21= Verbenaceae 2 3 1 3 27 9 Melastomataceae 4 5 2 13 20 Cucurbitaceae 5 1 6 Commelinaceae 2 1 9 Commelinaceae Boraginaceae 9 6 2 7 Asteraceae 10 1 1 Fabaceae Fabaceae Lythraceae Poaceae Cyperaceae Poaceae 7 6 8 7 1 1 5 4 1 1 1 9 1 13 98 1 Fabaceae Poaceae Poaceae Eleutheranthera ruderalis Asteraceae The relative importance given to the top 10 weeds of agriculture (72 species) of each country in the southern and western Pacific . Name Family CoI Fij FrP FSM Gua Kir Mar NCa Niu PNG ASa WSa SoI Tok Ton Tuv Van W.F. No. * Rating Order Poaceae Poaceae Poaceae 10 1 1 Poaceae 6 1 5 Pontederiaceae Cyperaceae 7 1 2 8 4 26 10 Asteraceae 9 3 2 10 26= Poaceae 8 9 6 10 * 10 7 7 21 11
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Biological Control of Insect Pests:
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ii The Australian Centre for Intern
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iv 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 Natural enem
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vi 4.14 4.15 4.16 Phyllocnistis cit
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1 Abstract Introduction 1 Biologica
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3 Introduction Introduction 3 Water
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Figure 1. Introduction 5 integratio
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Introduction 7 necessary those used
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10 Biological Control of Insect Pes
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Table 4.1.1 Natural enemies of Agri
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Table 4.2.1 Average figures (days)
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Table 4.2.2 Natural enemies of Anom
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Table 4.2.2 (contÕd) Natural enemi
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Table 3 Order No. of +s 26 1. 41 2.
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4.4 Aphis gossypii India Myanmar ++
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Host plants Damage 4.4 Aphis gossyp
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4.4 Aphis gossypii the abundance of
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Table 4.4.1 (contÕd) HYMENOPTERA A
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Table 4.4.1 (contÕd) HYMENOPTERA A
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Table 4.4.1 (contÕd) Parasitoids o
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Table 4.4.1 (contÕd) Parasitoids o
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 59 Under humid c
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Table 4.4.3 Releases for the biolog
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 63 that the lyco
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IRAQ ISRAEL 4.4 Aphis gossypii 65 d
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 67 Lysiphlebus t
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USA USSR 4.4 Aphis gossypii 69 Lysi
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 71 the posterior
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 73 Aphidius cole
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 75 Ephedrus plag
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 77 as attacking
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Diptera 4.4 Aphis gossypii 79 insta
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 81 probing) of s
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 83 open fields w
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Table 4.5.1 Insect predators of Cos
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Table 4.5.1 (contÕd) Insect predat
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Table 4.5.2 Introductions for the b
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Table 4.5.2 (contÕd) Introductions
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100 Biological Control of Insect Pe
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Table 4.7.2 (contÕd) Diaphorina ci
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Table 4.7.4 (contÕd) Hyperparasito
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Table 4.7.5 (contÕd) Hyperparsitoi
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4.9 Dysmicoccus brevipes India 20°
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Biology 4.9 Dysmicoccus brevipes 14
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Natural enemies 4.9 Dysmicoccus bre
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Table 4.9.2 Introductions for the b
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Table 4.9.2 (contÕd) Introductions
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4.9 Dysmicoccus brevipes 153 INDONE
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TRINIDAD USA 4.9 Dysmicoccus brevip
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei India 20°
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Biology 4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 15
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 161 tissue
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Host plants 4.10 Hypothenemus hampe
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 165 the en
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 167 remain
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Table 4.10.1 (contÕd) Natural enem
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Asia 4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 171 C
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Table 4.10.2 (contÕd) Introduction
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 175 relati
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 177 to 30%
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 179 P. nas
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 181 Planta
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 183 Asian
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Table 4.11.1 Development times, and
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Table 4.11.2 Natural enemies of Leu
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4.12 Nezara viridula India Myanmar
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Biology Damage 4.12 Nezara viridula
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4.12 Nezara viridula 201 which cons
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Table 4.12.1 (contÕd) Parasitoids
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Table 4.12.1 (contÕd) Parasitoids
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Table 4.16.2 (contÕd) Some predato
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Table 4.16.2 (contÕd) Some predato
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 335 Introducti
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 337 Table 4.16
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Table 4.16.6 Natural enemies of Tri
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 341 It was sug
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 343 13.85 days
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 345 Voria rura
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 347 when 2nd o
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5 References 349 Abasa, R.O. 1975.
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References 351 Alfaro, F., Garcia-M
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References 353 Argyriou, L.C. 1970.
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References 355 Ayoub, M.A. 1960. Ph
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References 357 Barrera, J.F., Gomez
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References 359 Beattie, G.A.C. and
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References 361 Berkani, A. 1995. Re
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References 363 Boling, J.C. and Pit
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References 365 Brun, L.O., Marcilla
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References 367 Cantrell, B.K. 1984.
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References 369 Cenda-a, S.M., Gabri
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References 371 Chien, C.C., Chu, Y.
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References 373 CIE 1985. Distributi
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References 375 Compere, H. 1939. Me
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References 377 Crouzel, I.S. and Sa
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References 379 De Oliveira Filho, M
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References 381 Ding, Y., Li, M. and
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References 383 Elliott, N.C., Frenc
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References 385 Ferreira, A.J. and B
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References 387 Foerster, L.A., Quei
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References 389 Garcia, A. and Barri
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References 391 Godin, C. and Boivin
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References 393 Guido, A.S. and Ruff
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References 395 Hayat, M. and Lin, K
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References 397 Hofmaster, R.N. 1961
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References 399 Huo, S.T., Wei, Z.G.
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References 401 Jackson, C.G., Neema
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References 403 Jones, W.A. 1979. Th
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References 405 Kester, K.M., Smith,
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References 407 Komazaki, S. 1993. B
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References 409 Kushida, T., Katagir
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References 411 Lee, S.C., Yoo, J.K.
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References 413 Liljesthršm, G.G. 1
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References 415 Lo, K.C. and Chiu, S
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References 417 Manjunath, T.M. 1972
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References 419 McCutcheon, G.S. and
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References 421 Michael, P.J. 1981.
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References 423 Moreira, G.R.P. and
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References 425 Nakahara, M. and Kai
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References 427 Nixon, G.E.J. 1937.
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References 429 Oncuer, C. and Bayha
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References 431 Panis, A. 1977. Pseu
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References 433 Pe-a, J.E., Gilbin-D
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References 435 Prinsloo, G.L. 1985.
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References 437 Reddy, K.B. and Bhat
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References 439 Roepke, W. 1912. On
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References 441 Saha, J.L. and Agarw
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References 443 Schlinger, E.I. and
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References 445 Shi, D.S. 1984. Stud
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References 447 Singh, R. and Bhatt,
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References 449 Sinha, T.B. and Sing
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References 451 Soldevila, A.I. and
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References 453 Starù, P. and Ghosh
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References 455 Steinkraus, D.C., Sl
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References 457 Swezey, O.H. 1931. R
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References 459 Tewari, G.C. and Sar
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References 461 Tranfaglia, A. 1979.
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References 463 Ujiye, T. 1990. Stud
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References 465 van Steenis, M.J. 19
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References 467 Vinson, S.B. and Sto
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References 469 Waterston, J. 1915.
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References 471 Wilson, C.G. 1991. N
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References 475 Zhang, X.L. 1987. Pr
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