Biological Control of Insect Pests: Southeast Asian Prospects - EcoPort

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References 469 Waterston, J. 1915. New species of Chalcidoidea from Ceylon. Bulletin of Entomological Research 5: 325Ð342. Waterston, J. 1922. On the chalcid parasites of Psyllidae. Bulletin of Entomological Research 13: 41Ð58. Waterston, J. 1923. Notes on parasitic Hymenoptera. Bulletin of Entomological Research 14: 103Ð108. Watson, J.R. 1932. Report of the Department of Entomology. Florida Agricultural Experiment Station, Annual Report 1930Ð1931: 70Ð80. Watson, R.F., Gudauskas, R.T. and Canerday, T.D. 1966. Parasites, pathogens and predators of some lepidopterous pests in Alabama. Auburn University Agricultural Experimental Station. Zoology and Entomology Department. Series 1. 3pp. Weathersbee, A.A. and Hardee, D.D. 1993. Indices of relative abundance for the cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover and associated parasitoids. Proceedings of the Beltwide Cotton Conference, Memphis, Tennesee. Weathersbee, A.A. and Hardee, D.D. 1994. Abundance of cotton aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae) and associated biological control agents on six cotton cultivars. Journal of Economic Entomology 87: 258Ð265. Weddell, J.A. 1932. The banana weevil borer. Brief notes on Plaesius javanus Er., the histerid predator. Queensland Agricultural Journal 38: 24Ð29. Wegbe, K. 1990. Etude de la biologie de Cephalonomia stephanoderis Betrem (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae) parasitoide du scolyte des baies de cafeier. UniversitŽ du BŽnin. Ecole SupŽrieure d'Agronomie, LomŽ, Togo. 54pp. Wellings, P.W. 1991. Biological control of aphids through disruption of migration. In: L. Polg‡r, R.J. Chambers, A.F.G. Dixon and I. Hodek, ed., Behaviour and Impact of Aphidophaga, SBP Academic Publishing, The Hague, 79Ð83. Wellings, P.W., Hart, P.J., Kami, V. and Morneau, D.C. 1994. The introduction and establishment of Aphidius colemani Viereck (Hym., Aphidiinae) in Tonga. Journal of Applied Entomology 118: 419Ð428. Wellings, P.W. and Ward, S.A. 1994. Host-plant resistance to herbivores. In: S.R. Leather, K.F.A. Walters, N.J. Mills and A.D. Watt, ed., Individuals, Populations and Patterns in Ecology. Intercept Ltd, Andover, Hants U.K., 199Ð211. Weng, W.S. and Huang, Y.Q. 1988. A preliminary study on a predacious insect, Brumoides lineatus (Weise). Insect Knowledge 25: 105Ð108. Werner, F.G. and Butler, G.D. 1979. Tachinid flies collected in a Phoenix, Arizona cotton field. Southwestern Entomologist 4: 282Ð284. West, L.S. 1925. Phasiidae and Tachinidae of New York and adjacent States. PhD thesis, Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y. 237pp.
470 Biological Control of Insect Pests: Southeast Asian Prospects Whalley, P.E.S. 1957. The banana weevil and its control. East African Agricultural Journal 2: 110Ð112. Wharton, R.A. 1983. The status of Aphelinus varipes (Foerster) and Aphelinus nigritus Howard (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 85: 624Ð626. Whilshaw, R.G.H. 1949. In: Annual Report of the Department of Agriculture for the year 1948. Federation of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur. Division of Entomology, 42Ð49. Whitcomb, W.H. and Bell, K. 1964. Predaceous insects, spiders and mites of Arkansas cotton fields. University of Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station. Bulletin 690. 84pp. Whitcombe, R.P. and Erzinclioglu, Y.Z. 1989. The convolvulus hawkmoth, Agrius convolvuli (Lep.: Sphingidae) and its parasite Zygobothria ciliata (Dipt.: Tachinidae) in Oman. Journal of Oman Studies 10: 77Ð84. Whittle, A.M. 1992. Diseases and pests of citrus in Vietnam. FAO Plant Protection Bulletin 40(3): 75Ð81. Whittle, K. and Ferguson, D.C. 1987. Pests not known to occur in the United States or of limited distribution No 85: Eggplant fruit borer. APHIS 81.50. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. Hyattsville, Maryland. Williams, D.J. 1982. The distribution of the mealybug genus Planococcus (Hemiptera: Peudococcidae) in Melanesia, Polynesia and Kiribati. Bulletin of Entomological Research 72: 441Ð455. Williams, D.J. and Watson, G.W. 1988. The scale insects of the tropical South Pacific region. Part 2. The mealybugs (Pseudococcidae). CAB International Institute of Entomology 261pp. Williams, R. 1979. Biological control in Kiribati. Working Paper 12, Regional Workshop on Biological Control. South Pacific Commission. 6Ð10 August 1979. Noumea, New Caledonia, 3 pp. Williamson, C. and von Wechmar, M.B. 1992. Two novel viruses associated with severe disease symptoms of the green stinkbug Nezara viridula. Journal of General Virology 73: 2467Ð2471. Williamson, C., and von Wechmar, M.B. 1995. The effects of two viruses on the metamorphosis, fecundity and longevity of the green stinkbug, Nezara viridula. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 65: 174Ð178. Wilson, A.G.L. 1981. Field evaluation of formamidine insecticides and Bacillus thuringiensis for selective control of Heliothis spp. on cotton. General and Applied Entomology 13: 105Ð111.
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Biological Control of Insect Pests:
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ii The Australian Centre for Intern
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iv 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 Natural enem
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vi 4.14 4.15 4.16 Phyllocnistis cit
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1 Abstract Introduction 1 Biologica
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3 Introduction Introduction 3 Water
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Figure 1. Introduction 5 integratio
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Introduction 7 necessary those used
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10 Biological Control of Insect Pes
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Table 4.1.1 Natural enemies of Agri
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Table 4.2.1 Average figures (days)
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Table 4.2.2 Natural enemies of Anom
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Table 4.2.2 (contÕd) Natural enemi
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Table 3 Order No. of +s 26 1. 41 2.
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4.4 Aphis gossypii India Myanmar ++
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Host plants Damage 4.4 Aphis gossyp
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4.4 Aphis gossypii the abundance of
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Table 4.4.1 (contÕd) HYMENOPTERA A
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Table 4.4.1 (contÕd) HYMENOPTERA A
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Table 4.4.1 (contÕd) Parasitoids o
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Table 4.4.1 (contÕd) Parasitoids o
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 59 Under humid c
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Table 4.4.3 Releases for the biolog
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 63 that the lyco
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IRAQ ISRAEL 4.4 Aphis gossypii 65 d
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 67 Lysiphlebus t
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USA USSR 4.4 Aphis gossypii 69 Lysi
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 71 the posterior
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 73 Aphidius cole
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 75 Ephedrus plag
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 77 as attacking
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Diptera 4.4 Aphis gossypii 79 insta
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 81 probing) of s
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 83 open fields w
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Table 4.5.1 Insect predators of Cos
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Table 4.5.1 (contÕd) Insect predat
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Table 4.5.2 Introductions for the b
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Table 4.5.2 (contÕd) Introductions
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100 Biological Control of Insect Pe
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Table 4.7.2 (contÕd) Diaphorina ci
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Table 4.7.4 (contÕd) Hyperparasito
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Table 4.7.5 (contÕd) Hyperparsitoi
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4.9 Dysmicoccus brevipes India 20°
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Biology 4.9 Dysmicoccus brevipes 14
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Natural enemies 4.9 Dysmicoccus bre
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Table 4.9.2 Introductions for the b
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Table 4.9.2 (contÕd) Introductions
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4.9 Dysmicoccus brevipes 153 INDONE
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TRINIDAD USA 4.9 Dysmicoccus brevip
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei India 20°
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Biology 4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 15
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 161 tissue
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Host plants 4.10 Hypothenemus hampe
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 165 the en
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 167 remain
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Table 4.10.1 (contÕd) Natural enem
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Asia 4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 171 C
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Table 4.10.2 (contÕd) Introduction
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 175 relati
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 177 to 30%
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 179 P. nas
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 181 Planta
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 183 Asian
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Table 4.11.1 Development times, and
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Table 4.11.2 Natural enemies of Leu
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4.12 Nezara viridula India Myanmar
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Biology Damage 4.12 Nezara viridula
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4.12 Nezara viridula 201 which cons
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Table 4.12.1 (contÕd) Parasitoids
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4.12 Nezara viridula 209 attracted
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Table 4.12.2 Introductions for the
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4.12 Nezara viridula 217 Doubt has
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4.12 Nezara viridula 219 Africa and
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BRAZIL 4.12 Nezara viridula 221 par
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4.12 Nezara viridula 223 parasitisa
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4.12 Nezara viridula 225 Anastatus
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THAILAND TONGA USA VANUATU 4.12 Nez
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4.12 Nezara viridula 229 Gryon sp.
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4.12 Nezara viridula 231 reproducti
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4.12 Nezara viridula 233 Ectophasio
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4.13 Ophiomyia phaseoli India Myanm
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Biology Host plants 4.13 Ophiomyia
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Natural enemies 4.13 Ophiomyia phas
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EGYPT ETHIOPIA 4.13 Ophiomyia phase
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4.13 Ophiomyia phaseoli 247 Three a
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Attempts at biological control 4.13
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The more important parasitoids 4.13
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4.13 Ophiomyia phaseoli 253 its hos
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Comment 4.13 Ophiomyia phaseoli 255
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The Major Invertebrate Pests and We
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4.15 Planococcus citri India 20° M
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Biology Host plants 4.15 Planococcu
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Table 4.15.1 Predators of Planococc
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Table 4.15.1 (contÕd) Predators of
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Table 4.15.1 (contÕd) Predators of
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Table 4.15.2 Parasitoids of Planoco
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4.15 Planococcus citri 299 The ency
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BRAZIL CHILE CHINA CUBA CYPRUS FRAN
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ISRAEL 4.15 Planococcus citri 303 R
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4.15 Planococcus citri 305 When the
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Table 4.15.4 Introductions for the
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Biology of important natural enemie
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4.15 Planococcus citri 313 Diomus p
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Comments 4.15 Planococcus citri 315
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni India 20° Mya
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Host plants 4.16 Trichoplusia ni 31
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 321 describing
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Table 4.16.2 (contÕd) Some predato
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Table 4.16.2 (contÕd) Some predato
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 335 Introducti
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 337 Table 4.16
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Table 4.16.6 Natural enemies of Tri
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 341 It was sug
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 343 13.85 days
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 345 Voria rura
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 347 when 2nd o
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5 References 349 Abasa, R.O. 1975.
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References 351 Alfaro, F., Garcia-M
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References 353 Argyriou, L.C. 1970.
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References 355 Ayoub, M.A. 1960. Ph
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References 357 Barrera, J.F., Gomez
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References 359 Beattie, G.A.C. and
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References 361 Berkani, A. 1995. Re
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References 363 Boling, J.C. and Pit
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References 365 Brun, L.O., Marcilla
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References 367 Cantrell, B.K. 1984.
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References 369 Cenda-a, S.M., Gabri
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References 371 Chien, C.C., Chu, Y.
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References 373 CIE 1985. Distributi
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References 375 Compere, H. 1939. Me
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References 377 Crouzel, I.S. and Sa
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References 379 De Oliveira Filho, M
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References 381 Ding, Y., Li, M. and
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References 383 Elliott, N.C., Frenc
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References 385 Ferreira, A.J. and B
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References 387 Foerster, L.A., Quei
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References 389 Garcia, A. and Barri
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References 391 Godin, C. and Boivin
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References 393 Guido, A.S. and Ruff
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References 395 Hayat, M. and Lin, K
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References 397 Hofmaster, R.N. 1961
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References 399 Huo, S.T., Wei, Z.G.
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References 401 Jackson, C.G., Neema
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References 403 Jones, W.A. 1979. Th
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References 405 Kester, K.M., Smith,
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References 407 Komazaki, S. 1993. B
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References 409 Kushida, T., Katagir
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References 411 Lee, S.C., Yoo, J.K.
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References 413 Liljesthršm, G.G. 1
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References 415 Lo, K.C. and Chiu, S
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References 417 Manjunath, T.M. 1972
Page 394 and 395: References 419 McCutcheon, G.S. and
Page 396 and 397: References 421 Michael, P.J. 1981.
Page 398 and 399: References 423 Moreira, G.R.P. and
Page 400 and 401: References 425 Nakahara, M. and Kai
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Page 420 and 421: References 445 Shi, D.S. 1984. Stud
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Page 424 and 425: References 449 Sinha, T.B. and Sing
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Page 442 and 443: References 467 Vinson, S.B. and Sto
Page 446 and 447: References 471 Wilson, C.G. 1991. N
Page 448 and 449: References 473 Xu, C.F., Xia, Y.H.,
Page 450: References 475 Zhang, X.L. 1987. Pr
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