Biological Control of Insect Pests: Southeast Asian Prospects - EcoPort

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106 Biological Control of Insect Pests: Southeast Asian Prospects Deanolis sublimbalis Snellen Synonyms Rating Origin Distribution Lepidoptera: Pyralidae: Odontinae red banded mango caterpillar, red banded borer Long known as Noorda albizonalis Hampson 1903 or Autocharis albizonalis (Hampson), this species should be referred to as Deanolis sublimbalis Snellen, because of the priority of its description (Snellen 1899) (M. Shaffer pers. comm. 1997) from specimens collected in Celebes (now Sulawesi). He also referred to two females from Batavia (now Jakarta). HampsonÕs type specimen (Hampson 1903), labelled Darjiling, is in the British Museum (Natural History) (BMNH); and the distribution of his species was given as Sikkim; Celebes, Palos B., Dongola (Doherty). Dongola is currently spelt Donggala and is at the southern headland of Palos bay at the head of which is Palu. DohertyÕs obituary (Hartent 1901) reveals that he collected there in August and September 1896. Southeast Asia China Pacific 3 ++ Phil 2 ++ Yunnan Province 2 ++ PNG + Thai P Brun, Indo The origin of mango ( Mangifera indica) is believed to be in the India- Myanmar region, from which it might be inferred that D. sublimbalis also evolved within this region, unless it has transferred to M. indica from a related plant. India, Myanmar, Thailand, China (Yunnan Province: Li et al. 1997), Brunei, Philippines, Indonesia (Java, Sulawesi, Irian Jaya), Papua New Guinea, Torres Strait (Dauan Is, Saibai Is: AQIS 1991; NAQS 1993) (Fenner 1987; Singh 1987). It is apparently not known in Pakistan (M.A. Poswal pers. comm. 1997), Sri Lanka (J. Edirisinghe pers. comm. 1997), Nepal (Neupane 1995) or Peninsular Malaysia (Yunus and Ho 1980; Tan Chai-Lin pers. comm. 1997) and does not occur on the Australian mainland or in the oceanic Pacific. It is
Biology 4.6 Deonalis sublimbalis 107 widely distributed throughout Papua New Guinea coastal mainland and islands (F. Dori pers. comm. 1997). Specimens in the BMNH carry the following labels India: Darjiling (now Darjeeling) Calcutta 22 March, 1945 Orissa March, 1952 Myanmar: Rangoon March, 1923 Thailand and Philippines: no dates Brunei: 12 April, 1973, 5 September 1992 Indonesia: Java August, 1922 (Koepoedan) Sulawesi (Minahassa, Tomohon). Irian Jaya July, 1936 (Cyclops Mts, Sabron 2000ft) Papua New Guinea: Kokoda August, 1933; and in the Australian National Insect Collection the following labels: Papua New Guinea: Finisterre Range 23 JuneÐ21 July, 1958 (Gabumi, 2000ft) Telefomin 2 May and 18 June, 1959 (Feramin 4700ft) 2 MayÐ18 June Port Moresby 5 MarchÐ12 May, 1963 (Mt Lawes 1300ft) Referring presumably to the major (summer) crop of mangos, Fenner (1987) and Golez (1991a) comment that the eggs are oval, waxy white and generally laid in masses near the apex of the developing fruit. However F. Dori (pers. comm. 1997) reports that, in the winter (July) crop near Port Moresby (PNG), eggs were white to crimson. They were laid in groups of 1 to 4 near or on the peduncle at the base of the fruit and sometimes covered by the sepals or deposited in small crevices in the fruit. On hatching, larvae travel to the apex to enter the fruit. Oviposition occurs as early as 45 to 55 days after flower induction and continues up to fruit maturity. After an egg incubation period of 3 to 4 days, larvae hatch and pass through 5 instars in the next 14 to 20 days. The larva has a brown or black head and white body with red segmental bands. It feeds first in the pulp of the fruit (1st and 2nd instars) and later in the seeds. The tunnels formed gradually broaden as the larvae grow to about 2 cm in length. Fruit in all stages of development from marble size upwards are attacked. As many as 11 larvae may be found in a fruit, although there is commonly only one. A pre-pupal stage lasts about 2 to 3 days and pupation occurs in a silk-lined earthern cocoon. In wooden
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Biological Control of Insect Pests:
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ii The Australian Centre for Intern
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iv 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 Natural enem
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vi 4.14 4.15 4.16 Phyllocnistis cit
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1 Abstract Introduction 1 Biologica
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3 Introduction Introduction 3 Water
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Figure 1. Introduction 5 integratio
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Introduction 7 necessary those used
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10 Biological Control of Insect Pes
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Table 4.1.1 Natural enemies of Agri
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Table 4.2.1 Average figures (days)
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Table 4.2.2 Natural enemies of Anom
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Table 4.2.2 (contÕd) Natural enemi
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Table 4.2.2 (contÕd) Natural enemi
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Table 3 Order No. of +s 26 1. 41 2.
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4.4 Aphis gossypii India Myanmar ++
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Host plants Damage 4.4 Aphis gossyp
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4.4 Aphis gossypii the abundance of
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Table 4.4.1 (contÕd) HYMENOPTERA A
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Table 4.4.1 (contÕd) HYMENOPTERA A
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei India 20°
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Biology 4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 15
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 161 tissue
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Host plants 4.10 Hypothenemus hampe
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 165 the en
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 167 remain
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Table 4.10.1 (contÕd) Natural enem
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Asia 4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 171 C
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Table 4.10.2 (contÕd) Introduction
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 175 relati
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 177 to 30%
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 179 P. nas
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 181 Planta
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 183 Asian
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186 Biological Control of Insect Pe
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Table 4.11.1 Development times, and
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Table 4.11.2 Natural enemies of Leu
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4.12 Nezara viridula India Myanmar
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Biology Damage 4.12 Nezara viridula
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4.12 Nezara viridula 201 which cons
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Table 4.12.1 (contÕd) Parasitoids
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4.12 Nezara viridula 209 attracted
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Table 4.12.2 Introductions for the
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4.12 Nezara viridula 217 Doubt has
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4.12 Nezara viridula 219 Africa and
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BRAZIL 4.12 Nezara viridula 221 par
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4.12 Nezara viridula 223 parasitisa
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4.12 Nezara viridula 225 Anastatus
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THAILAND TONGA USA VANUATU 4.12 Nez
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4.12 Nezara viridula 229 Gryon sp.
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4.12 Nezara viridula 231 reproducti
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4.12 Nezara viridula 233 Ectophasio
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4.13 Ophiomyia phaseoli India Myanm
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Biology Host plants 4.13 Ophiomyia
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Natural enemies 4.13 Ophiomyia phas
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EGYPT ETHIOPIA 4.13 Ophiomyia phase
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4.13 Ophiomyia phaseoli 247 Three a
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Attempts at biological control 4.13
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The more important parasitoids 4.13
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4.13 Ophiomyia phaseoli 253 its hos
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Comment 4.13 Ophiomyia phaseoli 255
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The Major Invertebrate Pests and We
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4.15 Planococcus citri India 20° M
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Biology Host plants 4.15 Planococcu
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Table 4.15.1 Predators of Planococc
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Table 4.15.1 (contÕd) Predators of
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Table 4.15.1 (contÕd) Predators of
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Table 4.15.2 Parasitoids of Planoco
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4.15 Planococcus citri 299 The ency
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BRAZIL CHILE CHINA CUBA CYPRUS FRAN
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ISRAEL 4.15 Planococcus citri 303 R
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4.15 Planococcus citri 305 When the
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Table 4.15.4 Introductions for the
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Biology of important natural enemie
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4.15 Planococcus citri 313 Diomus p
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Comments 4.15 Planococcus citri 315
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni India 20° Mya
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Host plants 4.16 Trichoplusia ni 31
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 321 describing
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Table 4.16.2 (contÕd) Some predato
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Table 4.16.2 (contÕd) Some predato
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 335 Introducti
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 337 Table 4.16
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Table 4.16.6 Natural enemies of Tri
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 341 It was sug
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 343 13.85 days
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 345 Voria rura
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4.16 Trichoplusia ni 347 when 2nd o
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5 References 349 Abasa, R.O. 1975.
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References 351 Alfaro, F., Garcia-M
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References 353 Argyriou, L.C. 1970.
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References 355 Ayoub, M.A. 1960. Ph
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References 357 Barrera, J.F., Gomez
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References 359 Beattie, G.A.C. and
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References 361 Berkani, A. 1995. Re
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References 363 Boling, J.C. and Pit
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References 365 Brun, L.O., Marcilla
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References 367 Cantrell, B.K. 1984.
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References 369 Cenda-a, S.M., Gabri
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References 371 Chien, C.C., Chu, Y.
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References 373 CIE 1985. Distributi
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References 375 Compere, H. 1939. Me
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References 377 Crouzel, I.S. and Sa
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References 379 De Oliveira Filho, M
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References 381 Ding, Y., Li, M. and
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References 383 Elliott, N.C., Frenc
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References 385 Ferreira, A.J. and B
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References 387 Foerster, L.A., Quei
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References 389 Garcia, A. and Barri
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References 391 Godin, C. and Boivin
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References 393 Guido, A.S. and Ruff
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References 395 Hayat, M. and Lin, K
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References 397 Hofmaster, R.N. 1961
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References 399 Huo, S.T., Wei, Z.G.
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References 401 Jackson, C.G., Neema
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References 403 Jones, W.A. 1979. Th
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References 405 Kester, K.M., Smith,
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References 407 Komazaki, S. 1993. B
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References 409 Kushida, T., Katagir
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References 411 Lee, S.C., Yoo, J.K.
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References 413 Liljesthršm, G.G. 1
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References 415 Lo, K.C. and Chiu, S
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References 417 Manjunath, T.M. 1972
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References 419 McCutcheon, G.S. and
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References 421 Michael, P.J. 1981.
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References 423 Moreira, G.R.P. and
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References 425 Nakahara, M. and Kai
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References 427 Nixon, G.E.J. 1937.
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References 429 Oncuer, C. and Bayha
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References 431 Panis, A. 1977. Pseu
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References 433 Pe-a, J.E., Gilbin-D
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References 435 Prinsloo, G.L. 1985.
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References 437 Reddy, K.B. and Bhat
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References 439 Roepke, W. 1912. On
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References 441 Saha, J.L. and Agarw
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References 443 Schlinger, E.I. and
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References 445 Shi, D.S. 1984. Stud
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References 447 Singh, R. and Bhatt,
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References 449 Sinha, T.B. and Sing
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References 451 Soldevila, A.I. and
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References 453 Starù, P. and Ghosh
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References 455 Steinkraus, D.C., Sl
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References 457 Swezey, O.H. 1931. R
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References 459 Tewari, G.C. and Sar
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References 461 Tranfaglia, A. 1979.
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References 463 Ujiye, T. 1990. Stud
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References 465 van Steenis, M.J. 19
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References 467 Vinson, S.B. and Sto
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References 469 Waterston, J. 1915.
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References 471 Wilson, C.G. 1991. N
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References 475 Zhang, X.L. 1987. Pr
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