Biological Control of Insect Pests: Southeast Asian Prospects - EcoPort

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Comments 4.15 Planococcus citri 315 P. citri is frequently only one of several pests of importance on the economic crops that it infests and, if biological control is contemplated, it is advisable to have its identity confirmed by a competent taxonomist. Its abundance is increased when it is tended by ants for its honeydew and often, by the injudicious use of insecticides (against it or accompanying pests). This is mainly because of the adverse effects on natural enemies and sometimes because low levels of insecticide may stimulate egg-laying. There has thus been considerable effort, within an Integrated Pest Management framework and with varying degrees of success, to develop biological control of each of the important pests in a complex, for example on citrus, grape vines and in glasshouses. This has also involved the careful selection of pesticides (if these are still required) that have the least possible adverse effect on the major natural enemies. Where natural enemies already present are not adequate, the almost universal response has been to introduce the encyrtid Leptomastix dactylopii and the coccinellid Cryptolaemus montrouzieri (if the latter is not already present as a result of introductions for other pests). Both species are affected by the winter in temperate zones and survive less well than P. citri in the Mediterranean region. Under these circumstances, classical biological control seldom provides economic control alone and requires augmentation of the natural enemies from time to time. Where P. citri is still a problem in the field in warm regions and Cryptolaemus montrouzieri is not present, serious thought should be given to introducing the latter. More importantly, however, if not already present Leptomastix dactylopii (of Brazilian origin) should be of highest priority, followed by Leptomastidea abnormis and Anagyrus pseudococci (both of Mediterranean origin and capable of maintaining populations of low levels under slightly cooler conditions). Under Southeast Asian and Pacific conditions, Coccidoxenoides peregrinus (of south China or Indian origin) deserves special attention. If Planococcus citri proves to be of south China origin (and this hypothesis requires confirmation) it is surprising that only two parasitoids have been reportedÑthe encyrtid Coccidoxenoides peregrinus and the platygasterid Allotropa citri. A thorough survey in this region might well reveal additional valuable specific or near specific parasitoids. There are good grounds for optimism that biological control of P. citri can be improved in warmer regions by establishing, if missing, any one of the foregoing natural enemies.
316 Biological Control of Insect Pests: Southeast Asian Prospects P. citri is one of a group of pests that commonly cause problems in glasshouses in Europe and North America. The mass production and release from time to time, almost always of a predator (especially Cryptolaemus montrouzieri, but sometimes also Nephus reunioni) and one or more encyrtid parasitoids (especially Leptomastix dactylopii and Leptomastidea abnormis but, on occasion also, Coccidoxenoides peregrinus, Anagyrus pseudococci and Chrysoplatycerus splendens) has generally removed the need to use insecticides. Examples of control in glasshouses include those from Belgium (Ronse 1990), Netherlands (Heanekam et al. 1987), France (Panis and Brun 1971), U.K. (Copland 1983, Hussey and Scopes 1985; Tingle and Copland 1988), Israel (Rubin 1985) and USA (Summy et al. 1986).
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Biological Control of Insect Pests:
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ii The Australian Centre for Intern
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iv 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 Natural enem
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vi 4.14 4.15 4.16 Phyllocnistis cit
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1 Abstract Introduction 1 Biologica
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3 Introduction Introduction 3 Water
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Figure 1. Introduction 5 integratio
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Introduction 7 necessary those used
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10 Biological Control of Insect Pes
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Table 4.1.1 Natural enemies of Agri
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Table 4.2.1 Average figures (days)
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Table 4.2.2 Natural enemies of Anom
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Table 4.2.2 (contÕd) Natural enemi
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Table 3 Order No. of +s 26 1. 41 2.
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4.4 Aphis gossypii India Myanmar ++
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Host plants Damage 4.4 Aphis gossyp
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4.4 Aphis gossypii the abundance of
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Table 4.4.1 (contÕd) HYMENOPTERA A
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Table 4.4.1 (contÕd) HYMENOPTERA A
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Table 4.4.1 (contÕd) Parasitoids o
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Table 4.4.1 (contÕd) Parasitoids o
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 59 Under humid c
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Table 4.4.3 Releases for the biolog
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 63 that the lyco
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IRAQ ISRAEL 4.4 Aphis gossypii 65 d
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 67 Lysiphlebus t
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USA USSR 4.4 Aphis gossypii 69 Lysi
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 71 the posterior
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 73 Aphidius cole
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 75 Ephedrus plag
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 77 as attacking
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Diptera 4.4 Aphis gossypii 79 insta
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 81 probing) of s
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4.4 Aphis gossypii 83 open fields w
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Table 4.5.1 Insect predators of Cos
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Table 4.5.1 (contÕd) Insect predat
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Table 4.5.2 Introductions for the b
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Table 4.5.2 (contÕd) Introductions
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100 Biological Control of Insect Pe
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Table 4.7.2 (contÕd) Diaphorina ci
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Table 4.7.4 (contÕd) Hyperparasito
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Table 4.7.5 (contÕd) Hyperparsitoi
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4.9 Dysmicoccus brevipes India 20°
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Biology 4.9 Dysmicoccus brevipes 14
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Natural enemies 4.9 Dysmicoccus bre
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Table 4.9.2 Introductions for the b
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Table 4.9.2 (contÕd) Introductions
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4.9 Dysmicoccus brevipes 153 INDONE
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TRINIDAD USA 4.9 Dysmicoccus brevip
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei India 20°
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Biology 4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 15
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 161 tissue
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Host plants 4.10 Hypothenemus hampe
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 165 the en
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 167 remain
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Table 4.10.1 (contÕd) Natural enem
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Asia 4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 171 C
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Table 4.10.2 (contÕd) Introduction
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 175 relati
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 177 to 30%
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 179 P. nas
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 181 Planta
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4.10 Hypothenemus hampei 183 Asian
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Table 4.11.1 Development times, and
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Table 4.11.2 Natural enemies of Leu
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4.12 Nezara viridula India Myanmar
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Biology Damage 4.12 Nezara viridula
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4.12 Nezara viridula 201 which cons
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Table 4.12.1 (contÕd) Parasitoids
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4.12 Nezara viridula 209 attracted
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Table 4.12.2 Introductions for the
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4.12 Nezara viridula 217 Doubt has
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4.12 Nezara viridula 219 Africa and
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BRAZIL 4.12 Nezara viridula 221 par
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4.12 Nezara viridula 223 parasitisa
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4.12 Nezara viridula 225 Anastatus
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THAILAND TONGA USA VANUATU 4.12 Nez
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4.12 Nezara viridula 229 Gryon sp.
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4.12 Nezara viridula 231 reproducti
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4.12 Nezara viridula 233 Ectophasio
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4.13 Ophiomyia phaseoli India Myanm
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Biology Host plants 4.13 Ophiomyia
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Natural enemies 4.13 Ophiomyia phas
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References 365 Brun, L.O., Marcilla
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