Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Change: A.D. 700 –1300

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Table 4.4. Available Cultigen Data for the Sandusky Tradition. SITE PHASE DOMESTICATES REFERENCES ASSOCIATION Zea mays Phaseolus vulgaris kernals cupules cob whole peduncles fragments cobs Bear Fort L. 7 Eiden present Stothers, Abel, and Schneider 1998 White Fort Eiden present Redmond 1999 Anderson Eiden/Wolf present Shane 1981 Crown Eiden/Wolf 8.2g 58.46g 745.2g (8 &10 r.) Abel and Stothers 1998 Pearson North Eiden/Wolf 6 (8 r.) Bowen 1983 Bear Fort L. 3 Eiden/Wolf 2.5g .4g 3g Stothers, Abel, and Schneider 1998 Williams Wolf 6.2g 31 (6, 8, 10 r.) Yarnell 1974; Fecteau 1978 Williams Wolf 43 Yarnell 1974; Fecteau 1978 Wright Wolf 3 this report Dodge Wolf Yarnell 1974 Cemetery Ridge Wolf 4.6g .4g .5g present Abel, Koralewski, and Demuth 2000 Petersen Wolf 1260.8g .9g 33.2g (8 r.) .2g 13g Abel 1995 Pearson South Late Wolf 30g. 50g. present (8 r.) 1 Stothers and Abel 1989; Bowen 1979 Jenkins Late Wolf 2 this report decoration and body treatment becomes increasingly smoothed throughout the Eiden and early Wolf phases. Mixter Ware is commonly associated with triangular Madison points, small “miniature celts,” humpbacked or bifacial snub-nosed scrapers, and a rich bone tool inventory. Maize is abundant in Eiden and Wolf phase village contexts (Table 4.4) (Abel 1995; Stothers et al. 1994). The settlement patterns of the Eiden and early Wolf phases are believed to characterize a transition from seasonally mobile to semipermanent village life (cf. Stothers et al. 1994). The Eiden phase (A.D. 1000-1250) settlement pattern is also poorly known, but a continuation of the Green Creek phase settlement pattern is predicted. There appears to be no intense settlement of the Sandusky Bay area during this phase. Rather, warm weather settlements may have shifted farther upriver to areas less prone to flooding. It is during the Eiden phase that agricultural hamlets become the primary warm weather settlement mode. Unfortified warm weather hamlets for the Eiden phase may be illustrated by the excavated Mixter site in the Huron River Valley (Shane 1967) and the north component of the Pearson site complex in the Green Creek estuary (Stothers and Abel 1989), while there have been several riverine sites in the Sandusky River Valley that have revealed surface and limited subsurface evidence of Eiden phase occupation. Toward the end of the Eiden phase and the beginning of the subsequent Wolf phase (A.D. 1250-1450), examples of both unfortified and fortified hamlets can be illustrated. The Dillon and Mixter sites (Prufer and Shane 1976), on high bluffs overlooking the Huron River; the Crown (Abel and Stothers 1998) and Bear Fort sites (Stothers et al. 1998a), located on high bluffs overlooking the Sandusky River; and the Williams site (Stothers and Conway 1983), located on a lower terrace overlooking the Maumee River, all have received extensive archaeological excavation and appear to represent unfortified warm weather agricultural hamlets. The Anderson (Shane 1981), Cemetery Ridge (Abel et al. 2000), and Eiden sites (McKenzie and Blank 1976; McKenzie et al. 1972) have received extensive archaeological excavation and appear to represent fortified hamlets or seasonal villages associated with the early Wolf phase (cf. Abel 1995). As with Eiden phase settlement little is known of burial patterns. A large cemetery was documented by excavations of the middle component at the Pearson Complex to consist of both Eiden and probably Wolf phase burials (Stothers and Abel 1989). Eiden phase burials were identified by their association with 88 Stothers and Abel
singular Mixter Stamped vessels typical of Eiden phase material culture. Wolf phase burials within the cemetery were identified by radiocarbon determinations on a sample of burials having no inclusions, leading us to presume that at least the majority of unaccoutered burials were probably associated with the Wolf phase. Both the Eiden and Wolf phase burials are predominantly extended supine interments, with an exclusive orientation to the east. Several burial row segments were suggested in the cemetery layout. A minority of burials are single flexed inhumations. This data suggests a program of discrete family plots within a communal cemetery lying outside and adjacent to a hamlet or village (Stothers et al. 1994). SUMMARY These combined data suggest the long existence of a mobile life way in the southwestern Lake Erie littoral region, focused on warm weather aggregation at base camps in the relict estuary plains of the Lake Erie shore, followed by cold weather dispersal to small, family-oriented interior camps. The warm weather aggregations probably coincided with anadromous fish runs in the early spring, and were associated with rituals of social renewal that highlighted the conspicuous consumption of exotic goods, including maize, in the form of sumptual food and burial offerings. Social integration was represented in the communal burial of the dead in a discrete cemetery area. This life way continued in the region, more or less unchanged, for at least five centuries despite the probable introduction of maize before A.D. 500. Beginning about A.D. 1000, both WBT and ST populations appear to have shifted their warm weather focus out of the estuary plains to more upriver locations perhaps less prone to seasonal flooding. These locales are believed to function in the initial intensification of maize production, which took place within smaller, extended family units. The typical settlement type occurring at these locales is the unfortified and reoccupied warm weather hamlet, characterized by often chaotic and incomprehensible distributions of overlapping pits and postmold patterns. They were oriented toward upriver stream cataracts that could promote both farming and intensive fish harvesting. They were seasonal settlements abandoned after the fall harvest to smaller camps in the interior. By A.D. 1200, the lake coastal occupations are abandoned altogether, except as a locus for continued seasonal fishing (Redmond 1984; Schneider 2000), and warm weather settlement appears to be exclusively riverine in nature. By A.D. 1300, fortified hamlets and villages became the predominant warm weather settlement type, often represented in the archaeological record by single component sites. This suggests the year-round occupation of singular settlements with few returns to the location following settlement relocation. WBT villages of the Springwells phase are located in the interior along minor tributary streams, usually on the divide between major drainages. ST villages, on the other hand, are located on river mainstems. The most intensively repeated occupations appear to be at riverine sites, whose primary function was for continued riparian resource harvest to supplement maize cultivation. The explanation of Late Woodland cultural development in the lower Great Lakes region has in the past, and until recently, relied on a model of causal chain systematics stemming from environmental degradation and the introduction of a supposedly superior mode of subsistence. An a priori assumption of this model is that cultural change is necessarily a product of demand, such that the question ‘why intensification?’ has often been reformulated as ‘why increased demand?’ (Bender 1978:206; see also Cohen 1977; Friedman 1975). With this assumption, far too much emphasis has been placed on demography, technology, and climate in explaining food production. Likewise, the development of food production has been given causal status in explaining the development of settled villages and warfare. Social factors that produce cultural change, however, have been given less attention, presumably because they are less archaeologically visible, and hence less testable (e.g., Flannery 1973). The environment and demographic stress as prime movers in this case cannot be supported in the face of evidence that maize was grown in the lower Great Lakes region for approximately one-half to perhaps a whole millennium before its production was intensified to provide a staple food source. There can be found in this region no evidence for increased subsistence risk precipitated by increased population or a degrading climate. In fact, the evidence shows great stability and affluence continuing over three millennia, generated by riparian-based harvesting economies (see Stothers and Abel 1993). Sedentism as well, was not a Late Woodland innovation in northcentral Ohio. Earthwork-enclosed, semipermanent communities characterized by permanent dwelling structures and deep storage pits formed during the Early Woodland time period in the interior regions of central and northcentral Ohio, in the complete absence of a horticultural Chapter 4 The Early Late Woodland in the Southwestern Lake Erie Littoral Region 89
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Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Ch
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Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Ch
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TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures L
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LIST OF FIGURES 2.1 Map of the cent
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9.3 Topographic map of Broome Tech.
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11.1 Upper Susquehanna Site Types (
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PREFACE The New York State Museum h
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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Christina B.
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domesticates and the occupation of
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and Rieth highlight the important c
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Dunnell, R. C. (1971). Systematics
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Anthropology, University of Massach
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CHAPTER 2 CENTRAL OHIO VALLEY DURIN
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L a k e E r i e PENNSYLVANIA INDIAN
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L a k e E r i e INDIANA R i v e r G
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Olentangy River and other minor tri
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Figure 2.6. Comparison of Late Wood
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support the notion of resource stre
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F4 F7 F5 F6 F3 F2 F9 F10 F12 F13 F1
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B B M F42 F43 F41 F44 S5 S4 S1 F30
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Table 2.3. continued Temporal Age A
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Table 2.3. continued Temporal Age A
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L a k e E r i e INDIANA o i O h Sal
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Figure 2.13. Map of the Late Prehis
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Figure 2.15. Map of households with
Page 51 and 52: Figure 2.17. Sample of Late Prehist
Page 53 and 54: Barkes, B. M. (1982). An Analysis o
Page 55 and 56: Fort Ancient Tradition, edited by J
Page 57 and 58: CHAPTER 3 “ . . . to reconstruct
Page 59 and 60: IT TAKES A VILLAGE Figure 3.2. Arti
Page 61 and 62: social organizations is drawn prima
Page 63 and 64: elements of the village, the spaces
Page 65 and 66: Diametric, concentric, and circumfe
Page 67 and 68: egion, including Reckner (Augustine
Page 69 and 70: Chapter 3 Modeling Village Communit
Page 71 and 72: Figure 3.9. Architectural and nonar
Page 73 and 74: Figure 3.11. Measuring distances in
Page 75 and 76: Table 3.2. Descriptive Statistics f
Page 77 and 78: DISCUSSION Table 3.3. Descriptive S
Page 79 and 80: Figure 3.14. Box-and-whisker plot o
Page 81 and 82: Augustine, E. A. (1938d). Important
Page 83 and 84: Among Some Amazon Tribes. Privately
Page 85 and 86: on Black Mesa, Arizona. The Univers
Page 87 and 88: CHAPTER 4 THE EARLY LATE WOODLAND I
Page 89 and 90: Figure 4.3. Gibraltar Cordmarked ce
Page 91 and 92: Figure 4.5. Ceramics of the Gibralt
Page 93 and 94: points and notched Chesser or Lowe
Page 95 and 96: dated to A.D. 890 (1025) 1230 (DIC-
Page 97 and 98: Table 4.3. Available Stable Carbon
Page 99 and 100: where fishing and farming may have
Page 101: Figure 4.10. Ceramic of the Sandusk
Page 105 and 106: urial with the dead, broadcasted a
Page 107 and 108: during the early Late Woodland time
Page 109 and 110: Valley. North American Archaeologis
Page 111 and 112: CHAPTER 5 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN TH
Page 113 and 114: interest in exchange of service or
Page 115 and 116: CURRENT INVESTIGATIONS In view of t
Page 117 and 118: 710 Area C 700 B-75084 TO-4556 TO-4
Page 119 and 120: Table 5.1. Summary of Artifacts fro
Page 121 and 122: e Bull's Point C o o t e s P a r a
Page 123 and 124: classification system has been appl
Page 125 and 126: (Crawford et al. 1997a). The same i
Page 127 and 128: in Ontario was Middle Woodland-deri
Page 129 and 130: 207-212. Smithsonian Institution, W
Page 131 and 132: CHAPTER 6 EARLY LATE WOODLAND IN SO
Page 133 and 134: Figure 6.2. Lower Grand River Valle
Page 135 and 136: Table 6.1. Radiocarbon Dates from t
Page 137 and 138: segment of the terrace that effecti
Page 139 and 140: Figure 6.7. Meyer site terrace, vie
Page 141 and 142: Figure 6.10. Forster site reconstru
Page 143 and 144: Figure 6.12. Middle Thames River 20
Page 145 and 146: Figure 6.13. Site situation: a comp
Page 147 and 148: Dieterman, F. (2001). Princess Poin
Page 149 and 150: CHAPTER 7 EARLY LATE PREHISTORIC SE
Page 151 and 152: ticultural hamlets, small and large
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that Clemson Island was greatly inf
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local deposits. Alternately, Stimme
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Table 7.1. Radiocarbon Dates from S
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Pennsylvania continued to practice
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level) overlaps with the West Branc
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Under a population metaphysic, the
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Hatch, J. W., and Koontz, K. L. (19
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CHAPTER 8 NEW DATES FOR OWASCO POTS
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Table 8.1. Key Components of the Th
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Figure 8.1. Location of the Kipp Is
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Table 8.4. Carpenter Brook Phase Ho
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Table 8.5. Physical Characteristics
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Table 8.6. AMS Dates and Calibrated
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REFERENCES CITED Ammerman, A. J., a
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CHAPTER 9 PITS, PLANTS, AND PLACE:
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Thomas/Luckey Broome Tech N 0 0 50
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confluence with the Susquehanna Riv
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Figure 9.3. Topographic map of Broo
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Table 9.2. Feature Types at Thomas/
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Figure 9.4. Histogram of feature de
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Table 9.4. Plant Remains from Thoma
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Figure 9.7. Sample composition of n
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Figure 9.9. Seed composition (exclu
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suggests that the gathering of wild
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of posts may mark remnants of tempo
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for allowing me repeated and unteth
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History Press, Garden City, New Yor
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CHAPTER 10 UPLAND LAND USE PATTERNS
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LOCAL LEVEL ANALYSIS Local level an
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N104 E101 Unit 19A Unit 7A Unit 12A
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Table 10.2. Park Creek II Feature A
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Fea. 2 Fea. 5 0 1 2 N Figure 10.4.
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encounterlike hunting/butchering st
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END NOTES 1. A village is defined a
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Perrelli, D. J. (1994). Gender, Mob
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CHAPTER 11 EARLY LATE PREHISTORIC S
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Table 11.1. Upper Susquehanna Site
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Table 11.2. Summary of Late Middle
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Table 11.3. Settlement Features of
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approximately 1,000 sq. ft, there i
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Table 11.5. Summary of Seed Identif
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importance of hunting and hunting-r
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portion of the Susquehanna Valley,
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Herrick, J. W., and Snow, D. R. (19
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CHAPTER 12 WOODLAND PERIOD SETTLEME
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oundaries were given. According to
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Table 12.1: Selected Radiocarbon an
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shads and herrings of the family Cl
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consists of large concentrations of
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(1990) survey of recorded sites in
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York State 92:1-8. Busby, M. (1966)
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CHAPTER 13 PALEOETHNOBOTANICAL INDI
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Figure 13.1. Forest regions of the
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Table 13.1. Distribution of Nut Tre
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ation in feature contents. For mult
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Figure 13.4. Nutshell density (gray
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Figure 13.5. Seed density and maize
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Table 13.3. Seed Indicators-Maine S
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Table 13.4. Broome Tech Site: Selec
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6, and it occurred in 58 percent of
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Table 13.6. Continued Site Uncalibr
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Acknowledgments I thank John Hart f
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y K. J. Gremillion, pp. 161-178. Th
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CHAPTER 14 FROM HUNTER-GATHERER CAM
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Figure 14.1. Distribution of select
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available to Ceci were simply too l
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the AMS date of A.D. 1185 (A.D. 127
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Table 14.1. Continued Site Lab C14
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within single settlements remains e
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noncoastal residential sites certai
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Figure 14.3. Two stratigraphic prof
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to the Maritime Provinces on the Gu
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other related questions yet, and so
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Northeast Historical Archaeology 21
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Thomas, P. A. (1976). Contrastive s
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CHAPTER 15 “towns they have none
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Table 15.1. Key to Figure 15.1: Arc
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Maize will normally not preserve fo
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artifacts. Cowie (2000) suggests th
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creativity to resolve, but is also
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Ph.D. dissertation, Department of A
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CHAPTER 16 OUT OF THE BLUE AND INTO
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Figure 16.2. Map of the Bliss Islan
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shell-bearing sites located on the
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site. Middle Maritime Woodland occu
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(e.g., Black 1992:190) limit and co
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Table 16.3. Faunal Remains Associat
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and often poor vertebrate faunal pr
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the Maine/Maritimes area have argue
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SE: warm season (Rojo 1987:221); sp
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Ethnohistory 36:257-284. Bourque, B
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CHAPTER 17 ABORIGINAL LAND AND RESO
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Table 17.1. Chronological and Ceram
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Among the food plants listed above,
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species, the American eel (Anguilla
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the Early Woodland period. Tools ma
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Copper Resources Throughout the Lat
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midden deposits were located along
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a model with two distinct populatio
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Table 17.2. Summary of Landscape an
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File Report 93-1, Fredericton. Alle
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Anthropology, Temple University, Ph
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stone age found at Maquapit Lake. N
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CHAPTER 18 MAIZE AND VILLAGES: A Su
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use of the term “small village”
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1325 [1425] 1460) (Boyd et al. 1998
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several centuries after its first a
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from excavations at village sites h
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133-156. New York State Museum Bull
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longhouses. American Antiquity 55:4
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CONTRIBUTORS Timothy J. Abel. Carth
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Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Change: A.D. 700 –1300

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