Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Change: A.D. 700 –1300

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Lake Huron N Parker 0 25 miles 0 25 kilometers Wolf/Verchave Libby-Miller O N T A R I O Lake St. Clair Weiser Liahn I Caron King Grape Lucier L a k e E r i e MICHIGAN OHIO Indian Hills Wright Fort Meigs Williams Petersen Dodge Crown Bear Fort Blue Banks Pearson Whittlesey Baker T, Esch Green Creek Cemetery Ridge Anderson Jenkins Mixter Spettel, Betchman Eiden J. Skiba Figure 4.6. Site locations of the Sandusky Tradition mentioned in the text. tion, and skull plaque removal. This practice appears directly analogous to the historically documented Feast of the Dead rituals among the Huron, in which skeletons were rearticulated and hung from scaffolds prior to burial in an ossuary pit (cf. Greenman 1937; Redmond 1982; Stothers and Bechtel 2000; Stothers et al. 1994; Wilkinson and Bender 1991). The Riviere au Vase phase settlement pattern is characterized by a continuation of intensified lake edge habitat exploitation (Bechtel and Stothers 1993; Murphy and Ferris 1990). Large mortuary districts, consisting of expansive cemetery areas and overlapping habitations, are located predominantly on fossil beach strands associated with secondary tributaries of the major western Lake Erie drainages. These areas were once covered by tall prairie grasslands (Veatch 1959; Gordon 1966, 1969), but are today referred to as sand points. Inundation and shoreline action has reworked most of these areas into lacustrine coastal marshes, unfortunately destroying a significant part of the Riviere au Vase phase archaeological record (Stothers and Abel 2001). Faunal remains at these sites are unsurprisingly dominated by fish and aquatic mammal remains (Keenlyside 1978; Schneider 2000). The warm weather occupations are complemented by fall nutting and over wintering camps located in the interior. The Riviere au Vase settlement/subsistence program can thus be best summarized as a continuation of mixed harvesting strategies, despite the presence and sometimes intensive consumption of maize, as evidenced by archaeologically recovered maize and stable carbon isotope ratios (see below). In stark contrast to Gibraltar phase ceramics, the ST Green Creek phase (A.D. 500-1000) is characterized by small, collarless, globular, inverted to vertical rimmed vessels with no interior decoration. Cord-malleation is restricted to the body, while the rim is embellished with vertical cording. There has been no documentation of cord-on-cord decoration on Green Creek series ceramics. Toward the end of the Green Creek phase, checkered, stamped motifs become common on smooth vertical rims, an obvious preview to Eiden phase Mixter Ware (Abel 1999). Green Creek phase ceramics often occur along with triangular Levanna 78 Stothers and Abel
points and notched Chesser or Lowe points, bladelets of Flint Ridge chalcedony, and ground stone tools and ornaments (cf. Stothers et al. 1994). Only a handful of Green Creek phase components are known. Perhaps the best documented of these occur along the south shore of Sandusky Bay, near the mouth of the Sandusky River. Three components (Baker II, Green Creek, and Hickory Island) here have produced material assemblages from wave-exposed deposits. These same components are littered with Middle Woodland Esch phase cultural materials, attesting to long continuous occupation by the Green Creek phase populations and their progenitors (Stothers 1992). The sites are believed to represent warm weather occupations, which are perhaps contemporaneous with Riviere au Vase phase components concentrated along what was once the north bank of the Sandusky River on Squaw Island (Stothers and Prahl 1972) and perhaps farther east on now submerged Eagle Island (cf. Mosely 1905). In other words, it may be that the Green Creek and Riviere au Vase phases cohabitated the Sandusky River estuary during the warm season. The Weilnau site (cf. Stothers and Abel 1993:63), located in the interior along the Huron River in northcentral Ohio, disclosed two deep storage pit features associated with Green Creek series ceramics and numerous overlapping postmold lines. Charcoal from one of these pits was radiocarbon-dated to A.D. 540 (660) 790 (I-16,454). Excavations also disclosed what may be a single palisade line encircling an area of approximately one-half hectare. Based on the presence of the storage features, perimeter fortifications (crude as they are), and maize remains, this site may represent an early warm weather hamlet, a site type that comes to predominate the warm weather settlement aspect during the subsequent Eiden phase. Cold weather dispersal to the interior seems probable, though is at this time poorly documented. At the Jenkins site (cf. Stothers et al. 1994:165-166), along Old Woman’s Creek in north central Ohio, a single circular wall-trench house was found outside a cluster of similar-looking Wolf phase (A.D. 1250-1450) structures. Green Creek series ceramics were found within both the wall trench and interior features. No maize was associated with this component, possibly suggesting the absence of maize at interior settlements. A radiocarbon assay from the structure wall trench returned an A.D. 1450 intercept date (Beta 84967), which is unacceptable for this occupation. Little is known of Green Creek phase mortuary practices, except that they appear to consist of multipleindividual bundle burials with few artifactual inclusions. Middle Woodland mound complexes in the lower Huron and Sandusky River Valleys attest to a history of mound construction that does not appear to have continued into the Green Creek phase (Everett 1882; Stothers et al. 1979). Radiocarbon determinations from the Esch Mounds suggest their continued use into the early Green Creek phase; however, the predominant burial pattern seems to be of discrete cemetery areas adjacent to warm weather components. The Taylor site in the Huron River Valley has disclosed numerous bundled and cremated inhumations in a discrete cemetery area adjacent to a habitation area that contains pit features associated with Green Creek phase ceramics. Work at this component continues, but two pit features and one burial have been radiocarbondated to the Green Creek phase. The Baker II site disclosed a rare dual flexed burial associated with seven trapezoidal pendants, a stone celt set in an engraved bone handle, a bipointed stone pick, a butterfly bannerstone preform, two Snyders projectiles, and a Chesser/Lowe projectile. The burial feature was radiocarbon-dated to A.D. 220 (430) 660 (Beta-14758), placing it in the Middle/Late Woodland transition period (Abel and Edwards 1990). THE EVIDENCE FOR EARLY MAIZE INTRODUCTION What was once believed to be the earliest maize in the region was derived from the Indian Island No. 4 site in Maumee Bay of northwestern Ohio. The Indian Island No. 4 site produced maize cob fragments and kernels (Table 4.1) from one pit and an associated cultural level (lower level). A radiocarbon assay on wood charcoal associated with the pit yielded a calibrated date of A.D. 440 (650) 780 (DIC-414) (Stothers 1975). Originally accepted as an uncalibrated date of A.D. 540, this was thought to represent the earliest date on maize in the Great Lakes region (Stothers and Yarnell 1977). Charcoal from the lower level, which was also associated with maize, was dated to A.D. 720 (970) 1150 (DIC-301) (Stothers and Yarnell 1977). In addition, wood charcoal from a nearby pit, which produced no cultigens, was dated to A.D. 630 (690) 890 (DIC-300). Still more maize was found in another excavation area, again, in the lower level, which was associated with charcoal, producing a calibrated date of A.D. 610 (670) 780 (DIC-415) (Stothers and Yarnell 1977). Maize was also recovered from another site on the island, Indian Island No. 3, which was associated with charcoal Chapter 4 The Early Late Woodland in the Southwestern Lake Erie Littoral Region 79
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Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Ch
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Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Ch
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TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures L
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LIST OF FIGURES 2.1 Map of the cent
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9.3 Topographic map of Broome Tech.
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11.1 Upper Susquehanna Site Types (
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PREFACE The New York State Museum h
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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Christina B.
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domesticates and the occupation of
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and Rieth highlight the important c
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Dunnell, R. C. (1971). Systematics
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Anthropology, University of Massach
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CHAPTER 2 CENTRAL OHIO VALLEY DURIN
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L a k e E r i e PENNSYLVANIA INDIAN
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L a k e E r i e INDIANA R i v e r G
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Olentangy River and other minor tri
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Figure 2.6. Comparison of Late Wood
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support the notion of resource stre
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F4 F7 F5 F6 F3 F2 F9 F10 F12 F13 F1
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B B M F42 F43 F41 F44 S5 S4 S1 F30
Page 41 and 42: Table 2.3. continued Temporal Age A
Page 43 and 44: Table 2.3. continued Temporal Age A
Page 45 and 46: L a k e E r i e INDIANA o i O h Sal
Page 47 and 48: Figure 2.13. Map of the Late Prehis
Page 49 and 50: Figure 2.15. Map of households with
Page 51 and 52: Figure 2.17. Sample of Late Prehist
Page 53 and 54: Barkes, B. M. (1982). An Analysis o
Page 55 and 56: Fort Ancient Tradition, edited by J
Page 57 and 58: CHAPTER 3 “ . . . to reconstruct
Page 59 and 60: IT TAKES A VILLAGE Figure 3.2. Arti
Page 61 and 62: social organizations is drawn prima
Page 63 and 64: elements of the village, the spaces
Page 65 and 66: Diametric, concentric, and circumfe
Page 67 and 68: egion, including Reckner (Augustine
Page 69 and 70: Chapter 3 Modeling Village Communit
Page 71 and 72: Figure 3.9. Architectural and nonar
Page 73 and 74: Figure 3.11. Measuring distances in
Page 75 and 76: Table 3.2. Descriptive Statistics f
Page 77 and 78: DISCUSSION Table 3.3. Descriptive S
Page 79 and 80: Figure 3.14. Box-and-whisker plot o
Page 81 and 82: Augustine, E. A. (1938d). Important
Page 83 and 84: Among Some Amazon Tribes. Privately
Page 85 and 86: on Black Mesa, Arizona. The Univers
Page 87 and 88: CHAPTER 4 THE EARLY LATE WOODLAND I
Page 89 and 90: Figure 4.3. Gibraltar Cordmarked ce
Page 91: Figure 4.5. Ceramics of the Gibralt
Page 95 and 96: dated to A.D. 890 (1025) 1230 (DIC-
Page 97 and 98: Table 4.3. Available Stable Carbon
Page 99 and 100: where fishing and farming may have
Page 101 and 102: Figure 4.10. Ceramic of the Sandusk
Page 103 and 104: singular Mixter Stamped vessels typ
Page 105 and 106: urial with the dead, broadcasted a
Page 107 and 108: during the early Late Woodland time
Page 109 and 110: Valley. North American Archaeologis
Page 111 and 112: CHAPTER 5 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN TH
Page 113 and 114: interest in exchange of service or
Page 115 and 116: CURRENT INVESTIGATIONS In view of t
Page 117 and 118: 710 Area C 700 B-75084 TO-4556 TO-4
Page 119 and 120: Table 5.1. Summary of Artifacts fro
Page 121 and 122: e Bull's Point C o o t e s P a r a
Page 123 and 124: classification system has been appl
Page 125 and 126: (Crawford et al. 1997a). The same i
Page 127 and 128: in Ontario was Middle Woodland-deri
Page 129 and 130: 207-212. Smithsonian Institution, W
Page 131 and 132: CHAPTER 6 EARLY LATE WOODLAND IN SO
Page 133 and 134: Figure 6.2. Lower Grand River Valle
Page 135 and 136: Table 6.1. Radiocarbon Dates from t
Page 137 and 138: segment of the terrace that effecti
Page 139 and 140: Figure 6.7. Meyer site terrace, vie
Page 141 and 142: Figure 6.10. Forster site reconstru
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Figure 6.12. Middle Thames River 20
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Figure 6.13. Site situation: a comp
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Dieterman, F. (2001). Princess Poin
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CHAPTER 7 EARLY LATE PREHISTORIC SE
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ticultural hamlets, small and large
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that Clemson Island was greatly inf
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local deposits. Alternately, Stimme
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Table 7.1. Radiocarbon Dates from S
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Pennsylvania continued to practice
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level) overlaps with the West Branc
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Under a population metaphysic, the
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Hatch, J. W., and Koontz, K. L. (19
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CHAPTER 8 NEW DATES FOR OWASCO POTS
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Table 8.1. Key Components of the Th
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Figure 8.1. Location of the Kipp Is
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Table 8.4. Carpenter Brook Phase Ho
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Table 8.5. Physical Characteristics
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Table 8.6. AMS Dates and Calibrated
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REFERENCES CITED Ammerman, A. J., a
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CHAPTER 9 PITS, PLANTS, AND PLACE:
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Thomas/Luckey Broome Tech N 0 0 50
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confluence with the Susquehanna Riv
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Figure 9.3. Topographic map of Broo
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Table 9.2. Feature Types at Thomas/
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Figure 9.4. Histogram of feature de
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Table 9.4. Plant Remains from Thoma
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Figure 9.7. Sample composition of n
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Figure 9.9. Seed composition (exclu
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suggests that the gathering of wild
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of posts may mark remnants of tempo
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for allowing me repeated and unteth
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History Press, Garden City, New Yor
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CHAPTER 10 UPLAND LAND USE PATTERNS
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LOCAL LEVEL ANALYSIS Local level an
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N104 E101 Unit 19A Unit 7A Unit 12A
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Table 10.2. Park Creek II Feature A
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Fea. 2 Fea. 5 0 1 2 N Figure 10.4.
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encounterlike hunting/butchering st
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END NOTES 1. A village is defined a
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Perrelli, D. J. (1994). Gender, Mob
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CHAPTER 11 EARLY LATE PREHISTORIC S
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Table 11.1. Upper Susquehanna Site
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Table 11.2. Summary of Late Middle
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Table 11.3. Settlement Features of
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approximately 1,000 sq. ft, there i
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Table 11.5. Summary of Seed Identif
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importance of hunting and hunting-r
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portion of the Susquehanna Valley,
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Herrick, J. W., and Snow, D. R. (19
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CHAPTER 12 WOODLAND PERIOD SETTLEME
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oundaries were given. According to
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Table 12.1: Selected Radiocarbon an
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shads and herrings of the family Cl
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consists of large concentrations of
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(1990) survey of recorded sites in
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York State 92:1-8. Busby, M. (1966)
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CHAPTER 13 PALEOETHNOBOTANICAL INDI
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Figure 13.1. Forest regions of the
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Table 13.1. Distribution of Nut Tre
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ation in feature contents. For mult
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Figure 13.4. Nutshell density (gray
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Figure 13.5. Seed density and maize
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Table 13.3. Seed Indicators-Maine S
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Table 13.4. Broome Tech Site: Selec
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6, and it occurred in 58 percent of
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Table 13.6. Continued Site Uncalibr
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Acknowledgments I thank John Hart f
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y K. J. Gremillion, pp. 161-178. Th
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CHAPTER 14 FROM HUNTER-GATHERER CAM
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Figure 14.1. Distribution of select
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available to Ceci were simply too l
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the AMS date of A.D. 1185 (A.D. 127
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Table 14.1. Continued Site Lab C14
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within single settlements remains e
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noncoastal residential sites certai
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Figure 14.3. Two stratigraphic prof
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to the Maritime Provinces on the Gu
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other related questions yet, and so
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Northeast Historical Archaeology 21
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Thomas, P. A. (1976). Contrastive s
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CHAPTER 15 “towns they have none
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Table 15.1. Key to Figure 15.1: Arc
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Maize will normally not preserve fo
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artifacts. Cowie (2000) suggests th
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creativity to resolve, but is also
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Ph.D. dissertation, Department of A
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CHAPTER 16 OUT OF THE BLUE AND INTO
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Figure 16.2. Map of the Bliss Islan
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shell-bearing sites located on the
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site. Middle Maritime Woodland occu
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(e.g., Black 1992:190) limit and co
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Table 16.3. Faunal Remains Associat
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and often poor vertebrate faunal pr
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the Maine/Maritimes area have argue
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SE: warm season (Rojo 1987:221); sp
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Ethnohistory 36:257-284. Bourque, B
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CHAPTER 17 ABORIGINAL LAND AND RESO
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Table 17.1. Chronological and Ceram
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Among the food plants listed above,
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species, the American eel (Anguilla
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the Early Woodland period. Tools ma
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Copper Resources Throughout the Lat
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midden deposits were located along
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a model with two distinct populatio
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Table 17.2. Summary of Landscape an
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File Report 93-1, Fredericton. Alle
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Anthropology, Temple University, Ph
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stone age found at Maquapit Lake. N
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CHAPTER 18 MAIZE AND VILLAGES: A Su
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use of the term “small village”
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1325 [1425] 1460) (Boyd et al. 1998
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several centuries after its first a
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from excavations at village sites h
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133-156. New York State Museum Bull
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longhouses. American Antiquity 55:4
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CONTRIBUTORS Timothy J. Abel. Carth
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Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Change: A.D. 700 –1300

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