Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Change: A.D. 700 –1300

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the southwestern Sandusky Bay region. Ohio Archaeologist 42(2):4-9. Stothers, D. M. (1994). The “Wayne” taxonomic construct in Michigan prehistory. North American Archaeologist 15:1-15. Stothers, D. M. (1995). The “Michigan Owasco” and the Iroquois co- tradition: Late Woodland conflict, conquest, and cultural realignment in the western and lower Great Lakes. Northeast Anthropology 49:5-41. Stothers, D. M. (1999). Late Woodland models for cultural development in southern Michigan. In Retrieving Michigan’s Buried Past: Prehistoric and Historic Archaeology in the Great Lakes State, edited by J. R. Halsey, pp. 194-211. Bulletin, Vol. 64. Cranbrook Institute of Science, Bloomfield Hills, Michigan. Stothers, D. M., and Abel, T. J. (1989). The position of the “Pearson Complex” in the late prehistory of northern Ohio. Archaeology of Eastern North America 17:109-142. Stothers, D. M., and Abel, T. J. (1990). Filling the gap: Baker I and the Green Creek Phase in northcentral Ohio. Ohio Archaeologist 40(1):36-49. Stothers, D. M., and Abel, T. J. (1991). Earliest man in the western Lake Erie Basin: a 1990 perspective. North American Archaeologist 12:195-242. Stothers, D. M., and Abel, T. J. (1993). Archaeological reflections of the Late Archaic and Early Woodland time periods in the western Lake Erie Region. Archaeology of Eastern North America 21:25-110. Stothers, D. M., and Abel, T. J. (2001). Vanishing beneath the waves: the archaeology of southwestern Lake Erie coastal marshes. Archaeology of Eastern North America 29:19-46. Stothers, D. M., and Abel T. J., (n.d.). Early Woodland prehistory (1000-1 B.C.) in the western Lake Erie Basin. In The Early Woodland and Adena Prehistory of the Ohio Area, edited by M. P. Otto. The Ohio Archaeological Council, Columbus. In press. Stothers, D. M., Abel, T. J., and Schneider, A. M. (1998). The Bear Fort complex (33SA8): a stratified prehistoric-protohistoric Sandusky Tradition occupation site. 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An examination of the Upper Mississippian component at the Williams site (33WO7B). Ohio Journal of Science 83(2):65. Stothers, D. M., Graves, J. R., Bechtel, S. J., and Abel, T. J. (1994). Current perspectives on the Late Prehistory of the western Lake Erie region: an alternative to Murphy and Ferris. Archaeology of Eastern North America 22:135-196. Stothers, D. M., Graves, J. R., and Redmond, B. G. (1984). The Sandusky and Western Basin traditions : a comparative analysis of settlement-subsistence systems. Toledo Area Aboriginal Research Bulletin 13:1-39. Stothers, D. M., and Prahl, E. J. (1972). The Squaw Island site 33- SA-7 Sandusky County, Ohio. Toledo Area Aboriginal Research Bulletin 2(1):1-19. Stothers, D. M., and Pratt, G. M. (1981). New perspectives on the Late Woodland cultures of the western Lake Erie region. Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 6:91-121. Stothers, D. M., Pratt, G. M., and Shane, O. C., III (1979). 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Cranbrook Institute of Science, Bloomfield Hills, Michigan. 96 Stothers and Abel
CHAPTER 5 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE PRINCESS POINT COMPLEX IN SOUTHERN ONTARIO 1 David G. Smith and Gary W. Crawford INTRODUCTION The origins of food production, especially plant cultivation, have received widespread and intensive consideration in recent years (see Cowan and Watson 1992a; Gebauer and Price 1992; Price and Gebauer 1995; Smith 1992, 1995). They signal, if not underly, significant economic, social, and other cultural changes. Intensive research over the past two decades has done much to clarify the origins and nature of the earliest plant cultivation and domestication in the North American Eastern Woodlands. This area is not homogeneous, but includes several cultural and ecological zones with diverse historical trajectories. In the southern Midwest, indigenous domestication of plants preceded the subsequent intensification associated with the success of corn in the late second millennium B.P. Through the interpretive work of Gayle Fritz, Kristen Gremillion, Bruce Smith, Patty Jo Watson, and others, this region is no longer viewed as an area of secondary origins through diffusion. Rather, it is a region of indigenous domestication (Fritz 1990; Smith 1987, 1992; Watson 1985, 1989). Horticultural origins in the Lower Great Lakes, central and southern New York and Pennsylvania as well as New England are, however, considered to be the result of “secondary origins;” that is, diffusion or migration or both (Cowan and Watson 1992b). The Lower Great Lakes region, in particular, lacks a cogent synthesis of agricultural origins based on rigorously collected and dated materials. To remedy this neglect, we have focused our research on the Princess Point Complex in southcentral Ontario (Figure 5.1) since 1993, and in this paper we report the contributions this program has made so far. After conducting a review of agricultural origins, Gebauer and Price (1992:3) note that there is no single, accepted, general theory for the origins of agriculture. Thus, we are turning in recent years to elucidating local processes to expand our database on the problem of agricultural origins. Southern Ontario is one region in the world that is surprisingly lacking in substantial information on the problem. Considering that horticulture became an important, if not predominant component of subsistence after A.D. 1000, this lack certainly hinders our understanding of Late Woodland Native economies in this region. In 1993, we initiated a research program to address a series of issues pertaining to the shift to crop production in the Lower Great Lakes. Princess Point is generally viewed as the context in which the transition from strictly hunting and gathering to a mixed horticulturalhunter-gatherer way of life took place in southern Ontario. Princess Point is one of a number of archaeological cultures in the Lower Great Lakes region dating to between 1,000 and 1,500 years ago, and is possibly ancestral to later Iroquoian societies in this region (Crawford and Smith 1996; Crawford et al. 1997a; Fox 1990; Noble 1975; Smith and Crawford 1995; Stothers 1977; Trigger 1985; Wright 1984). Princess Point was originally defined as a “complex” (Stothers 1977), but for reasons discussed below, we believe that the term “complex” no longer applies, although, for lack of a better alternative, we continue to use the term “Princess Point Complex.” Our research has removed any doubt that corn is associated with Princess Point contexts (Crawford et al. 1997a), and has provided the first detailed interdisciplinary examination of floodplains and agricultural origins in the Northeast (Crawford et al. 1997b; Walker et al. 1997). This paper summarizes past research on Princess Point, details the work that we have conducted over the past three years, 1 Originally published in Canadian Journal of Archaeology 21:9-32. Reprinted with the permission of the editor. Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Change: A.D. 700–1300 by John P. Hart and Christina B. Rieth. New York State Museum © 2002 by the University of the State of New York, The State Education Department, Albany, New York. All rights reserved. Chapter 5 Recent Developments in the Archaeology of the Princess Point Complex in Southern Ontario 97
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Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Ch
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Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Ch
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TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures L
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LIST OF FIGURES 2.1 Map of the cent
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9.3 Topographic map of Broome Tech.
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11.1 Upper Susquehanna Site Types (
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PREFACE The New York State Museum h
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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Christina B.
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domesticates and the occupation of
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and Rieth highlight the important c
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Dunnell, R. C. (1971). Systematics
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Anthropology, University of Massach
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CHAPTER 2 CENTRAL OHIO VALLEY DURIN
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L a k e E r i e PENNSYLVANIA INDIAN
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L a k e E r i e INDIANA R i v e r G
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Olentangy River and other minor tri
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Figure 2.6. Comparison of Late Wood
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support the notion of resource stre
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F4 F7 F5 F6 F3 F2 F9 F10 F12 F13 F1
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B B M F42 F43 F41 F44 S5 S4 S1 F30
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Table 2.3. continued Temporal Age A
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Table 2.3. continued Temporal Age A
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L a k e E r i e INDIANA o i O h Sal
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Figure 2.13. Map of the Late Prehis
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Figure 2.15. Map of households with
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Figure 2.17. Sample of Late Prehist
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Barkes, B. M. (1982). An Analysis o
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Fort Ancient Tradition, edited by J
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CHAPTER 3 “ . . . to reconstruct
Page 59 and 60: IT TAKES A VILLAGE Figure 3.2. Arti
Page 61 and 62: social organizations is drawn prima
Page 63 and 64: elements of the village, the spaces
Page 65 and 66: Diametric, concentric, and circumfe
Page 67 and 68: egion, including Reckner (Augustine
Page 69 and 70: Chapter 3 Modeling Village Communit
Page 71 and 72: Figure 3.9. Architectural and nonar
Page 73 and 74: Figure 3.11. Measuring distances in
Page 75 and 76: Table 3.2. Descriptive Statistics f
Page 77 and 78: DISCUSSION Table 3.3. Descriptive S
Page 79 and 80: Figure 3.14. Box-and-whisker plot o
Page 81 and 82: Augustine, E. A. (1938d). Important
Page 83 and 84: Among Some Amazon Tribes. Privately
Page 85 and 86: on Black Mesa, Arizona. The Univers
Page 87 and 88: CHAPTER 4 THE EARLY LATE WOODLAND I
Page 89 and 90: Figure 4.3. Gibraltar Cordmarked ce
Page 91 and 92: Figure 4.5. Ceramics of the Gibralt
Page 93 and 94: points and notched Chesser or Lowe
Page 95 and 96: dated to A.D. 890 (1025) 1230 (DIC-
Page 97 and 98: Table 4.3. Available Stable Carbon
Page 99 and 100: where fishing and farming may have
Page 101 and 102: Figure 4.10. Ceramic of the Sandusk
Page 103 and 104: singular Mixter Stamped vessels typ
Page 105 and 106: urial with the dead, broadcasted a
Page 107 and 108: during the early Late Woodland time
Page 109: Valley. North American Archaeologis
Page 113 and 114: interest in exchange of service or
Page 115 and 116: CURRENT INVESTIGATIONS In view of t
Page 117 and 118: 710 Area C 700 B-75084 TO-4556 TO-4
Page 119 and 120: Table 5.1. Summary of Artifacts fro
Page 121 and 122: e Bull's Point C o o t e s P a r a
Page 123 and 124: classification system has been appl
Page 125 and 126: (Crawford et al. 1997a). The same i
Page 127 and 128: in Ontario was Middle Woodland-deri
Page 129 and 130: 207-212. Smithsonian Institution, W
Page 131 and 132: CHAPTER 6 EARLY LATE WOODLAND IN SO
Page 133 and 134: Figure 6.2. Lower Grand River Valle
Page 135 and 136: Table 6.1. Radiocarbon Dates from t
Page 137 and 138: segment of the terrace that effecti
Page 139 and 140: Figure 6.7. Meyer site terrace, vie
Page 141 and 142: Figure 6.10. Forster site reconstru
Page 143 and 144: Figure 6.12. Middle Thames River 20
Page 145 and 146: Figure 6.13. Site situation: a comp
Page 147 and 148: Dieterman, F. (2001). Princess Poin
Page 149 and 150: CHAPTER 7 EARLY LATE PREHISTORIC SE
Page 151 and 152: ticultural hamlets, small and large
Page 153 and 154: that Clemson Island was greatly inf
Page 155 and 156: local deposits. Alternately, Stimme
Page 157 and 158: Table 7.1. Radiocarbon Dates from S
Page 159 and 160: Pennsylvania continued to practice
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level) overlaps with the West Branc
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Under a population metaphysic, the
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Hatch, J. W., and Koontz, K. L. (19
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CHAPTER 8 NEW DATES FOR OWASCO POTS
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Table 8.1. Key Components of the Th
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Figure 8.1. Location of the Kipp Is
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Table 8.4. Carpenter Brook Phase Ho
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Table 8.5. Physical Characteristics
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Table 8.6. AMS Dates and Calibrated
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REFERENCES CITED Ammerman, A. J., a
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CHAPTER 9 PITS, PLANTS, AND PLACE:
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Thomas/Luckey Broome Tech N 0 0 50
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confluence with the Susquehanna Riv
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Figure 9.3. Topographic map of Broo
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Table 9.2. Feature Types at Thomas/
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Figure 9.4. Histogram of feature de
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Table 9.4. Plant Remains from Thoma
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Figure 9.7. Sample composition of n
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Figure 9.9. Seed composition (exclu
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suggests that the gathering of wild
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of posts may mark remnants of tempo
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for allowing me repeated and unteth
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History Press, Garden City, New Yor
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CHAPTER 10 UPLAND LAND USE PATTERNS
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LOCAL LEVEL ANALYSIS Local level an
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N104 E101 Unit 19A Unit 7A Unit 12A
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Table 10.2. Park Creek II Feature A
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Fea. 2 Fea. 5 0 1 2 N Figure 10.4.
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encounterlike hunting/butchering st
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END NOTES 1. A village is defined a
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Perrelli, D. J. (1994). Gender, Mob
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CHAPTER 11 EARLY LATE PREHISTORIC S
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Table 11.1. Upper Susquehanna Site
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Table 11.2. Summary of Late Middle
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Table 11.3. Settlement Features of
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approximately 1,000 sq. ft, there i
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Table 11.5. Summary of Seed Identif
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importance of hunting and hunting-r
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portion of the Susquehanna Valley,
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Herrick, J. W., and Snow, D. R. (19
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CHAPTER 12 WOODLAND PERIOD SETTLEME
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oundaries were given. According to
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Table 12.1: Selected Radiocarbon an
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shads and herrings of the family Cl
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consists of large concentrations of
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(1990) survey of recorded sites in
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York State 92:1-8. Busby, M. (1966)
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CHAPTER 13 PALEOETHNOBOTANICAL INDI
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Figure 13.1. Forest regions of the
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Table 13.1. Distribution of Nut Tre
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ation in feature contents. For mult
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Figure 13.4. Nutshell density (gray
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Figure 13.5. Seed density and maize
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Table 13.3. Seed Indicators-Maine S
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Table 13.4. Broome Tech Site: Selec
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6, and it occurred in 58 percent of
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Table 13.6. Continued Site Uncalibr
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Acknowledgments I thank John Hart f
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y K. J. Gremillion, pp. 161-178. Th
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CHAPTER 14 FROM HUNTER-GATHERER CAM
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Figure 14.1. Distribution of select
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available to Ceci were simply too l
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the AMS date of A.D. 1185 (A.D. 127
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Table 14.1. Continued Site Lab C14
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within single settlements remains e
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noncoastal residential sites certai
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Figure 14.3. Two stratigraphic prof
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to the Maritime Provinces on the Gu
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other related questions yet, and so
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Northeast Historical Archaeology 21
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Thomas, P. A. (1976). Contrastive s
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CHAPTER 15 “towns they have none
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Table 15.1. Key to Figure 15.1: Arc
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Maize will normally not preserve fo
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artifacts. Cowie (2000) suggests th
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creativity to resolve, but is also
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Ph.D. dissertation, Department of A
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CHAPTER 16 OUT OF THE BLUE AND INTO
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Figure 16.2. Map of the Bliss Islan
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shell-bearing sites located on the
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site. Middle Maritime Woodland occu
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(e.g., Black 1992:190) limit and co
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Table 16.3. Faunal Remains Associat
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and often poor vertebrate faunal pr
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the Maine/Maritimes area have argue
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SE: warm season (Rojo 1987:221); sp
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Ethnohistory 36:257-284. Bourque, B
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CHAPTER 17 ABORIGINAL LAND AND RESO
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Table 17.1. Chronological and Ceram
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Among the food plants listed above,
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species, the American eel (Anguilla
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the Early Woodland period. Tools ma
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Copper Resources Throughout the Lat
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midden deposits were located along
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a model with two distinct populatio
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Table 17.2. Summary of Landscape an
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File Report 93-1, Fredericton. Alle
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Anthropology, Temple University, Ph
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stone age found at Maquapit Lake. N
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CHAPTER 18 MAIZE AND VILLAGES: A Su
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use of the term “small village”
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1325 [1425] 1460) (Boyd et al. 1998
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several centuries after its first a
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from excavations at village sites h
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133-156. New York State Museum Bull
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longhouses. American Antiquity 55:4
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CONTRIBUTORS Timothy J. Abel. Carth
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Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Change: A.D. 700 –1300

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