Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Change: A.D. 700 –1300

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Asch Sidell 1999; Cowie et al. 1999). This has already cost many thousands of dollars at this one institution alone, probably well over $100,000 to $150,000 cumulatively. These costs are related to the retention of feature fill during fieldwork, its processing in the laboratory, and payment for analysis of samples. How will such labor-intensive and potentially very expensive research be possible for those of us who only do nonconsulting research? It probably will not be possible in many cases for various reasons. Consequently, without systematic recovery and processing of Middle and Late Woodland samples and correlative paleoethnobotanical analysis, we should be cautious regarding pronouncements about the nature of regional subsistence patterns during these (and other) periods. Likewise, past samples derived from excavations screened using only 1/4 inch mesh, or those left completely unscreened, cannot be used to reliably reconstruct subsistence, generally, no matter how carefully they were excavated and analyzed. Paleoethnobotanical Data Moving on to the results of the regional research of paleoethnobotanists, a wide range of domesticates and native, noncultivated plants have been identified over the past decade. We need not fully repeat these results here, given other chapters in the present volume and the recent volume edited by Hart (1999c). Nonetheless, the available paleoethnobotanical evidence alone suggests that Late Woodland peoples used a wide variety of cultivated and wild plant resources, along with wild animal foods. We believe that minimally cultigens were commonly raised and perhaps became important in riverine settings across New England and to the south and west during early Late Woodland times, that is, ca. A.D. 1000-1300 (uncalibrated), and more certainly by A.D. 1300 (e.g., Chapdelaine 1993; Fritz 1990; King 1999; Smith 1989:1570). Although still relatively rare, divergent dates are available for maize at various sites in the broad Northeast, in some cases only generally associated and in others directly dated, among other cultigens and more diverse wild plant remains (Table 14.1). Details from recent paleoethnobotanical research and absolute dating, if taken on face value, suggest that maize took more than 1,500 years to spread from Ohio and Pennsylvania to its prehistoric limit in the Northeast and far Northeast, with pertinent dates still older farther south and west. Beans seemingly arrived later and squash arrived much earlier, although relevant data are scarce. Here we are tentatively assuming that the general associations between radiocarbon dates and cultigens we have included in our review are correct (see Table 14.1) and that cultigens were grown locally where they have been recovered and dated. More conservatively, using direct AMS dates alone, it appears that it took 500 to 1,000 years for maize horticulture to spread from Ohio and southern Ontario into northern New England, but this time span may not be fully representative due to the small number of available dates. In any case, the relevant AMS dates for cultigens are as early as ca. A.D. 380-450 (A.D. 442, 448, 468, 482, 530 and A.D. 562, 592, 596 calibrated) at Grand Banks in southern Ontario. In northern New England, the few direct AMS dates on Late Woodland cultigens range from ca. A.D. 1110 to 1380 (A.D. 1216, 1275 and A.D. 1334, 1336, 1400 calibrated) combined. These direct dates are based on maize at the Headquarters site on the Missisquoi River in Vermont, a bean at Skitchewaug on the Connecticut River in Vermont, and maize at Little Ossipee North on the Saco River in Maine, for example. From the Hudson River eastward to Maine, maize apparently spread over this same period, between A.D. 1110 (A.D. 1216 calibrated) in the west and A.D. 1380 (A.D. 1334, 1336, 1400 calibrated) in the east, using the few available direct AMS dates (see Table 14.1; cf. Crawford et al. 1997:Table 1; Hart 1999b:Table 1, 1999c). Maizebeans-squash horticulture also appeared more widely and perhaps more rapidly in various other nearby areas, including the full breadth of the Middle Atlantic region by ca. A.D. 900-1200 (uncalibrated), or so various researchers have argued (e.g., Custer 1996:263-264; Dent 1995:254, 268; Potter 1993:143, Table 9; but see Hart and Scarry 1999; Hart et al. 2002). As noted above, however, there are apparently notable exceptions such as along much of the Delmarva Peninsula, coastal New York on Long Island, and some of the southern coast of New England, where cultigens are rare or have yet to be commonly identified (e.g., Bernstein 1999; Stewart 1994:Figure 82). Additional data from New England are relevant here. In the Connecticut River drainage of Vermont, maize apparently appeared by at least A.D. 1100±50 (A.D. 1212 calibrated), as represented at the Skitchewaug site, with beans and squash roughly contemporaneous at Skitchewaug or soon thereafter. However, most of the Skitchewaug dates are only general associations (Heckenberger et al. 1992). Several recent AMS dates for beans from Skitchewaug include A.D. 1185±50 (A.D. 1275 calibrated), along with A.D 1280 (A.D. 1297 calibrated) and A.D. 1350 (A.D. 1327, 1346, 1393 calibrated) (Hart and Scarry 1999). Notably, 270 Petersen and Cowie
the AMS date of A.D. 1185 (A.D. 1275 calibrated) on a bean helps confirm the general association of A.D. 1100 (A.D. 1212 calibrated) with cultigens at Skitchewaug, since it provides a statistically indistinguishable date for the same storage pit feature. Recent direct and generally associated dates for maize from northwestern Vermont lend additional support for its relatively early arrival in interior northern New England. As sampled by the UMF Archaeology Research Center, deeply buried, stratified deposits at the Headquarters site on the Missisquoi River delta in Swanton, Vermont, document a long prehistoric sequence, with a series of Late Woodland dates on maize, ca. A.D. 1110-1540 (A.D. 1216-1452 calibrated). Overall, these include one direct AMS date for maize of A.D. 1110±40 (A.D. 1216 calibrated) at Headquarters, which is statically indistinguishable from the earliest general maize date from Skitchewaug. Three other dates from stratified Late Woodland contexts with general maize associations at the Headquarters site include A.D. 1330±50 (A.D. 1315, 1354, 1387 calibrated), A.D. 1370±70 (A.D. 1332, 1340, 1398 calibrated), and A.D. 1540±40 (A.D. 1452 calibrated). The University of Vermont Consulting Archaeology Program recently dated another general association for maize at the single-component Bohannon site, just across Lake Champlain from the Missisquoi delta in Alburg, Vermont. A general maize date of A.D. 1250±60 (A.D. 1290 calibrated) was obtained from a Bohannon pit feature (Mandell et al. 2001; J. Crock, pers. comm. 2001). In addition, the Donohue site on the lower Winooski River in western Vermont previously produced a general association for maize as early as A.D. 1440±115 (A.D. 1421 calibrated) (Bumstead 1980; Thomas and Bumstead 1979). The Pine Hill site near the Connecticut River in Massachusetts has produced a direct AMS date on maize of A.D. 1550±60 (A.D. 1450 calibrated) (Chilton et al. 2000). The Burnham-Shepard site, farther south in the Connecticut portion of the drainage, produced a direct AMS date of A.D. 1330±70 (A.D. 1315, 1354, 1387 calibrated) on maize and A.D. 1400±60 (A.D. 1407 calibrated) on a bean (Bendremer and Dewar 1993). Still other contemporaneous dates are known from the Mago Point, Morgan, and Selden Island sites, among others, but these are only general associations (Bendremer and Dewar 1993; Cassedy and Webb 1999). The earliest general Skitchewaug date and the direct AMS date from Headquarters in Vermont roughly match the reassessed and earliest maize at the Roundtop site in the Susquehanna River drainage of New York State (Ritchie 1969b). The Roundtop association has been confirmed by one of a series of AMS dates obtained by Hart (1999a, 2000). However, farther south and west maize may be as old as A.D. 705-965 (A.D. 776-1024 calibrated) at the Catawissa, Fisher Farm, and Memorial Park sites, among others, in the Susquehanna drainage of Pennsylvania, along with older squash and younger beans based on other recent research (see King 1999:Table 2.3). However, of the maize-related later components at these sites, only maize from Memorial Park has been directly dated using the AMS technique, including dates of A.D. 965 (A.D. 1024 calibrated) and A.D. 1530 (A.D. 1448 calibrated) (e.g., Hart and Asch Sidell 1996; King 1999). Thus, as elsewhere except where AMS dates are available, the precise dating of these domesticates remains uncertain. Squash, or gourd, is much older than maize and beans in the Northeast, dating back to 675±45 B.C. (801 B.C. calibrated) at Memorial Park on the basis of a direct AMS date. It is perhaps much older there, also directly AMS dated to 3454±552 B.C. (4318, 4298, 4251 B.C. calibrated). Squash/gourd is slightly older still at the Sharrow site in Maine, where it has been directly AMS dated to 3745±110 B.C. (4522, 4509, 4503 B.C. calibrated) (Hart and Asch Sidell 1996, 1997; King 1999; Petersen 1991; Petersen and Asch Sidell 1996). The significance of these early finds has yet to be fully appreciated and the potential implications are quite diverse. In the Hudson Valley of New York, recent dates on maize include general and direct associations at the Roeliff Jansen Kill site (211-1-1). Using only associations that seem reliable, we find maize directly AMS dated to A.D. 1140±50 (A.D. 1224, 1231, 1239 calibrated) at Roeliff Jansen Kill (Cassedy and Webb 1999). A general association for maize is also known from the Hornblower II site on Martha’s Vineyard at A.D. 1160±80 (A.D. 1259 calibrated) (Ritchie 1969a). Farther to the north and east, maize is represented by A.D. 1380-1490 (A.D. 1334, 1336, 1400-1439 calibrated) in general associations at the Early Fall site on the Saco River, again with squash and beans. Asch Sidell (1999:213) tells us: “It was unexpected to find that 70 percent of the water-screened samples from Early Fall site contained the remains of cultivated plants in low frequencies, a percentage that is comparable to Mississippian sites in the Midwest where maize is thought to have been an important part of the diet.” At the nearby Little Ossippee North site, also on the Saco River, an AMS date of A.D. 1380±40 (A.D. 1334, 1336, 1400 calibrated) provides another direct association for maize, and this equals the oldest general Chapter 14 From Hunter-Gatherer Camp to Horticultural Village: Late Prehistoric Indigenous Subsistence and Settlement 271
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Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Ch
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Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Ch
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TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures L
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LIST OF FIGURES 2.1 Map of the cent
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9.3 Topographic map of Broome Tech.
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11.1 Upper Susquehanna Site Types (
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PREFACE The New York State Museum h
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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Christina B.
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domesticates and the occupation of
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and Rieth highlight the important c
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Dunnell, R. C. (1971). Systematics
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Anthropology, University of Massach
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CHAPTER 2 CENTRAL OHIO VALLEY DURIN
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L a k e E r i e PENNSYLVANIA INDIAN
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L a k e E r i e INDIANA R i v e r G
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Olentangy River and other minor tri
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Figure 2.6. Comparison of Late Wood
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support the notion of resource stre
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F4 F7 F5 F6 F3 F2 F9 F10 F12 F13 F1
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B B M F42 F43 F41 F44 S5 S4 S1 F30
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Table 2.3. continued Temporal Age A
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Table 2.3. continued Temporal Age A
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L a k e E r i e INDIANA o i O h Sal
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Figure 2.13. Map of the Late Prehis
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Figure 2.15. Map of households with
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Figure 2.17. Sample of Late Prehist
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Barkes, B. M. (1982). An Analysis o
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Fort Ancient Tradition, edited by J
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CHAPTER 3 “ . . . to reconstruct
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IT TAKES A VILLAGE Figure 3.2. Arti
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social organizations is drawn prima
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elements of the village, the spaces
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Diametric, concentric, and circumfe
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egion, including Reckner (Augustine
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Chapter 3 Modeling Village Communit
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Figure 3.9. Architectural and nonar
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Figure 3.11. Measuring distances in
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Table 3.2. Descriptive Statistics f
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DISCUSSION Table 3.3. Descriptive S
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Figure 3.14. Box-and-whisker plot o
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Augustine, E. A. (1938d). Important
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Among Some Amazon Tribes. Privately
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on Black Mesa, Arizona. The Univers
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CHAPTER 4 THE EARLY LATE WOODLAND I
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Figure 4.3. Gibraltar Cordmarked ce
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Figure 4.5. Ceramics of the Gibralt
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points and notched Chesser or Lowe
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dated to A.D. 890 (1025) 1230 (DIC-
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Table 4.3. Available Stable Carbon
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where fishing and farming may have
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Figure 4.10. Ceramic of the Sandusk
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singular Mixter Stamped vessels typ
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urial with the dead, broadcasted a
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during the early Late Woodland time
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Valley. North American Archaeologis
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CHAPTER 5 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN TH
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interest in exchange of service or
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CURRENT INVESTIGATIONS In view of t
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710 Area C 700 B-75084 TO-4556 TO-4
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Table 5.1. Summary of Artifacts fro
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e Bull's Point C o o t e s P a r a
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classification system has been appl
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(Crawford et al. 1997a). The same i
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in Ontario was Middle Woodland-deri
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207-212. Smithsonian Institution, W
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CHAPTER 6 EARLY LATE WOODLAND IN SO
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Figure 6.2. Lower Grand River Valle
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Table 6.1. Radiocarbon Dates from t
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segment of the terrace that effecti
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Figure 6.7. Meyer site terrace, vie
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Figure 6.10. Forster site reconstru
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Figure 6.12. Middle Thames River 20
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Figure 6.13. Site situation: a comp
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Dieterman, F. (2001). Princess Poin
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CHAPTER 7 EARLY LATE PREHISTORIC SE
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ticultural hamlets, small and large
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that Clemson Island was greatly inf
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local deposits. Alternately, Stimme
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Table 7.1. Radiocarbon Dates from S
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Pennsylvania continued to practice
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level) overlaps with the West Branc
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Under a population metaphysic, the
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Hatch, J. W., and Koontz, K. L. (19
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CHAPTER 8 NEW DATES FOR OWASCO POTS
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Table 8.1. Key Components of the Th
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Figure 8.1. Location of the Kipp Is
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Table 8.4. Carpenter Brook Phase Ho
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Table 8.5. Physical Characteristics
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Table 8.6. AMS Dates and Calibrated
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REFERENCES CITED Ammerman, A. J., a
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CHAPTER 9 PITS, PLANTS, AND PLACE:
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Thomas/Luckey Broome Tech N 0 0 50
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confluence with the Susquehanna Riv
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Figure 9.3. Topographic map of Broo
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Table 9.2. Feature Types at Thomas/
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Figure 9.4. Histogram of feature de
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Table 9.4. Plant Remains from Thoma
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Figure 9.7. Sample composition of n
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Figure 9.9. Seed composition (exclu
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suggests that the gathering of wild
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of posts may mark remnants of tempo
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for allowing me repeated and unteth
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History Press, Garden City, New Yor
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CHAPTER 10 UPLAND LAND USE PATTERNS
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LOCAL LEVEL ANALYSIS Local level an
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N104 E101 Unit 19A Unit 7A Unit 12A
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Table 10.2. Park Creek II Feature A
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Fea. 2 Fea. 5 0 1 2 N Figure 10.4.
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encounterlike hunting/butchering st
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END NOTES 1. A village is defined a
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Perrelli, D. J. (1994). Gender, Mob
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CHAPTER 11 EARLY LATE PREHISTORIC S
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Table 11.1. Upper Susquehanna Site
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Table 11.2. Summary of Late Middle
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Table 11.3. Settlement Features of
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approximately 1,000 sq. ft, there i
Page 233 and 234: Table 11.5. Summary of Seed Identif
Page 235 and 236: importance of hunting and hunting-r
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Page 239 and 240: Herrick, J. W., and Snow, D. R. (19
Page 241 and 242: CHAPTER 12 WOODLAND PERIOD SETTLEME
Page 243 and 244: oundaries were given. According to
Page 245 and 246: Table 12.1: Selected Radiocarbon an
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Page 249 and 250: consists of large concentrations of
Page 251 and 252: (1990) survey of recorded sites in
Page 253 and 254: York State 92:1-8. Busby, M. (1966)
Page 255 and 256: CHAPTER 13 PALEOETHNOBOTANICAL INDI
Page 257 and 258: Figure 13.1. Forest regions of the
Page 259 and 260: Table 13.1. Distribution of Nut Tre
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Page 263 and 264: Figure 13.4. Nutshell density (gray
Page 265 and 266: Figure 13.5. Seed density and maize
Page 267 and 268: Table 13.3. Seed Indicators-Maine S
Page 269 and 270: Table 13.4. Broome Tech Site: Selec
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Page 273 and 274: Table 13.6. Continued Site Uncalibr
Page 275 and 276: Acknowledgments I thank John Hart f
Page 277 and 278: y K. J. Gremillion, pp. 161-178. Th
Page 279 and 280: CHAPTER 14 FROM HUNTER-GATHERER CAM
Page 281 and 282: Figure 14.1. Distribution of select
Page 283: available to Ceci were simply too l
Page 287 and 288: Table 14.1. Continued Site Lab C14
Page 289 and 290: within single settlements remains e
Page 291 and 292: noncoastal residential sites certai
Page 293 and 294: Figure 14.3. Two stratigraphic prof
Page 295 and 296: to the Maritime Provinces on the Gu
Page 297 and 298: other related questions yet, and so
Page 299 and 300: Northeast Historical Archaeology 21
Page 301 and 302: Thomas, P. A. (1976). Contrastive s
Page 303 and 304: CHAPTER 15 “towns they have none
Page 305 and 306: Table 15.1. Key to Figure 15.1: Arc
Page 307 and 308: Maize will normally not preserve fo
Page 309 and 310: artifacts. Cowie (2000) suggests th
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Page 313 and 314: Ph.D. dissertation, Department of A
Page 315 and 316: CHAPTER 16 OUT OF THE BLUE AND INTO
Page 317 and 318: Figure 16.2. Map of the Bliss Islan
Page 319 and 320: shell-bearing sites located on the
Page 321 and 322: site. Middle Maritime Woodland occu
Page 323 and 324: (e.g., Black 1992:190) limit and co
Page 325 and 326: Table 16.3. Faunal Remains Associat
Page 327 and 328: and often poor vertebrate faunal pr
Page 329 and 330: the Maine/Maritimes area have argue
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Page 333 and 334: Ethnohistory 36:257-284. Bourque, B
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CHAPTER 17 ABORIGINAL LAND AND RESO
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Table 17.1. Chronological and Ceram
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Among the food plants listed above,
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species, the American eel (Anguilla
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the Early Woodland period. Tools ma
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Copper Resources Throughout the Lat
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midden deposits were located along
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a model with two distinct populatio
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Table 17.2. Summary of Landscape an
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File Report 93-1, Fredericton. Alle
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Anthropology, Temple University, Ph
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stone age found at Maquapit Lake. N
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CHAPTER 18 MAIZE AND VILLAGES: A Su
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use of the term “small village”
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1325 [1425] 1460) (Boyd et al. 1998
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several centuries after its first a
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from excavations at village sites h
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133-156. New York State Museum Bull
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longhouses. American Antiquity 55:4
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CONTRIBUTORS Timothy J. Abel. Carth
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Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Change: A.D. 700 –1300

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