Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Change: A.D. 700 –1300

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L a k e E r i e PENNSYLVANIA INDIANA River 12 O H I O e R i o iv o i O h Salt Rolling R i Fork v e r River Kentucky Great Miami Little Miami River 2 1 3 13 8 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 River O h i o Licking River 9 23 11 10 Scioto River 22 21 KENTUCKY i R Ho cking River v e r Muskingum Kanawha R. River O h WEST VIRGINIA MARYLAND VIRGINIA LEGEND Turpin Phase Related Sites 1. Guard 8. Killen 2. Leonard Haag 9. Enos Homes 3. Stateline 10. Howard Baum 4. Watson 11. Blain 5. Horseshoe Johnson 12. Voss 6. Madisonville 7. Turpin Osborne Phase 13. Cleek-McCabe 14. Eagle Creek 15. Dry Run 16. Yates 17. Jameson 18. Grazier 19. Moir 20. 15-Mer-1 Croghan Phase 21. Feurt 22. Thompson 23. Scioto County Home 0 0 50 miles 80 kilometers N J. Skiba Figure 2.7. Map locating pre-A.D. 1200/1250 Late Prehistoric sites within the central Ohio River Valley. for some Turpin phase sites in southwestern Ohio as well (Cowan 1986). Beyond Ohio proper, supporting data for this transition are apparent from Kentucky sites, where settlement and technological developments of the Osborne and Crogham phases mirror those for southern Ohio (Sharp and Turnbow 1987; Turnbow and Sharp 1988). This pattern is at odds with that posited by Graybill (1981), who has argued for the exclusive existence of formally planned villages across southern Ohio shortly after A.D. 1000. Dwellings within these early sites are either circular or rectangular in shape, the latter form appearing for the first time in both Kentucky and Ohio after A.D. 1000. In addition, both pithouse-like and aboveground dwellings are evident. There does, however, seem to be a preference for pithouse-like dwellings within the Little and Great Miami Valleys. Data on dwelling size is available for only Killen, and it is not possible at present to discern a change in dwelling size between the Late Woodland and the transitional Late Prehistoric sites. While the collective settlement pattern (including the spatial organization of behavior) is more an extension of the Late Woodland period, aspects of the social and economic spheres were in a state of change. One noted change in social space is that played by ritual. The combination of ritual and social space is different at Voss, Killen, Blain, Howard Baum, Enos Holmes, and at some Turpin phase sites. At these sites, mounds become an integrated component of the social environment. This is a marked change from the 22 Church and Nass
F4 F7 F5 F6 F3 F2 F9 F10 F12 F13 F14 F1 F21 F22 0 12m N F17 F19 F20 J. Skiba Figure 2.8. Map of the Transitional Late Prehistoric Voss site (adapted from Church 1987). Late Woodland, for example, at which burials are found in shallow graves (such as Sabre Farms) or are intruded into earlier burial tumuli. Braun (1988:26-27) suggests that this incorporation of mounds into the community indicates a greater need for public ritual within daily life than was evident earlier. The integration of domestic and ritual/ceremonial spheres can also mean an increasing interdependency among household units (Braun 1988:27). Economically, maize, which was already becoming an important high ranking domesticate for populations in West Virginia and Kentucky, quickly replaces the remaining native cultigens and domesticates, and varieties of it are present at all early Fort Ancient sites within Ohio, Kentucky, and West Virginia (Rossen 1992; Wagner 1987). Sunflower, another domesticate from outside the Ohio Valley, becomes the dominant oily seed domesticate (Rossen 1992). Archaeobotanical analyses have also identified pumpkin, squash, and gourd, as well as hickory and black walnut, Chenopodium, sumac, and erect knotweed from these sites (Rossen 1988; Wagner 1987). Although cultigens are storable, none of the transitional sites appear to have been occupied for more than a few years and good data supporting year-round occupation or “sedentism” can be argued either way. Calculated niche widths (see Hardesty 1975) for faunal collections from sites such as Muir in Kentucky, and Turpin, Howard Baum, Blain, Killen, and State Line in Ohio reflect diversity, yet record a concentration on those species that are abundant, high calorie-yielding, reliable, and capable of rebounding from heavy predation (Breitburg 1988, 1990) (see Table 2.2). Not surprisingly, white-tailed deer and wild turkey head the lists of high ranking staples. Again, the issue of year-round occupation can be argued either way. In terms of technology, the dominant projectile point form in the central Ohio Valley (regardless of phase designation) is a long, narrow isosceles triangle. Most are made from locally available lithic materials, especially those from fluvially derived sources (see Table 2.2). This pattern of local stone utilization has also been documented at Late Woodland sites. These data support the opinion that group mobility and/or access to nonlocal sources of lithic material has not increased over time. Conversely, it may also Chapter 2 Central Ohio Valley During the Late Prehistoric Period: Subsistance-<strong>Settlement</strong> Systems’ Responses to Risk 23
Page 1 and 2: Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Ch
Page 3 and 4: Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Ch
Page 5 and 6: TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures L
Page 7 and 8: LIST OF FIGURES 2.1 Map of the cent
Page 9 and 10: 9.3 Topographic map of Broome Tech.
Page 11 and 12: 11.1 Upper Susquehanna Site Types (
Page 13 and 14: PREFACE The New York State Museum h
Page 15 and 16: CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Christina B.
Page 17 and 18: domesticates and the occupation of
Page 19 and 20: and Rieth highlight the important c
Page 21 and 22: Dunnell, R. C. (1971). Systematics
Page 23 and 24: Anthropology, University of Massach
Page 25 and 26: CHAPTER 2 CENTRAL OHIO VALLEY DURIN
Page 27 and 28: L a k e E r i e PENNSYLVANIA INDIAN
Page 29 and 30: L a k e E r i e INDIANA R i v e r G
Page 31 and 32: Olentangy River and other minor tri
Page 33 and 34: Figure 2.6. Comparison of Late Wood
Page 35: support the notion of resource stre
Page 39 and 40: B B M F42 F43 F41 F44 S5 S4 S1 F30
Page 41 and 42: Table 2.3. continued Temporal Age A
Page 43 and 44: Table 2.3. continued Temporal Age A
Page 45 and 46: L a k e E r i e INDIANA o i O h Sal
Page 47 and 48: Figure 2.13. Map of the Late Prehis
Page 49 and 50: Figure 2.15. Map of households with
Page 51 and 52: Figure 2.17. Sample of Late Prehist
Page 53 and 54: Barkes, B. M. (1982). An Analysis o
Page 55 and 56: Fort Ancient Tradition, edited by J
Page 57 and 58: CHAPTER 3 “ . . . to reconstruct
Page 59 and 60: IT TAKES A VILLAGE Figure 3.2. Arti
Page 61 and 62: social organizations is drawn prima
Page 63 and 64: elements of the village, the spaces
Page 65 and 66: Diametric, concentric, and circumfe
Page 67 and 68: egion, including Reckner (Augustine
Page 69 and 70: Chapter 3 Modeling Village Communit
Page 71 and 72: Figure 3.9. Architectural and nonar
Page 73 and 74: Figure 3.11. Measuring distances in
Page 75 and 76: Table 3.2. Descriptive Statistics f
Page 77 and 78: DISCUSSION Table 3.3. Descriptive S
Page 79 and 80: Figure 3.14. Box-and-whisker plot o
Page 81 and 82: Augustine, E. A. (1938d). Important
Page 83 and 84: Among Some Amazon Tribes. Privately
Page 85 and 86: on Black Mesa, Arizona. The Univers
Page 87 and 88:
CHAPTER 4 THE EARLY LATE WOODLAND I
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Figure 4.3. Gibraltar Cordmarked ce
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Figure 4.5. Ceramics of the Gibralt
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points and notched Chesser or Lowe
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dated to A.D. 890 (1025) 1230 (DIC-
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Table 4.3. Available Stable Carbon
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where fishing and farming may have
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Figure 4.10. Ceramic of the Sandusk
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singular Mixter Stamped vessels typ
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urial with the dead, broadcasted a
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during the early Late Woodland time
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Valley. North American Archaeologis
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CHAPTER 5 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN TH
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interest in exchange of service or
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CURRENT INVESTIGATIONS In view of t
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710 Area C 700 B-75084 TO-4556 TO-4
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Table 5.1. Summary of Artifacts fro
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e Bull's Point C o o t e s P a r a
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classification system has been appl
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(Crawford et al. 1997a). The same i
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in Ontario was Middle Woodland-deri
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207-212. Smithsonian Institution, W
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CHAPTER 6 EARLY LATE WOODLAND IN SO
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Figure 6.2. Lower Grand River Valle
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Table 6.1. Radiocarbon Dates from t
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segment of the terrace that effecti
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Figure 6.7. Meyer site terrace, vie
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Figure 6.10. Forster site reconstru
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Figure 6.12. Middle Thames River 20
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Figure 6.13. Site situation: a comp
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Dieterman, F. (2001). Princess Poin
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CHAPTER 7 EARLY LATE PREHISTORIC SE
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ticultural hamlets, small and large
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that Clemson Island was greatly inf
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local deposits. Alternately, Stimme
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Table 7.1. Radiocarbon Dates from S
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Pennsylvania continued to practice
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level) overlaps with the West Branc
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Under a population metaphysic, the
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Hatch, J. W., and Koontz, K. L. (19
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CHAPTER 8 NEW DATES FOR OWASCO POTS
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Table 8.1. Key Components of the Th
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Figure 8.1. Location of the Kipp Is
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Table 8.4. Carpenter Brook Phase Ho
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Table 8.5. Physical Characteristics
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Table 8.6. AMS Dates and Calibrated
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REFERENCES CITED Ammerman, A. J., a
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CHAPTER 9 PITS, PLANTS, AND PLACE:
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Thomas/Luckey Broome Tech N 0 0 50
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confluence with the Susquehanna Riv
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Figure 9.3. Topographic map of Broo
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Table 9.2. Feature Types at Thomas/
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Figure 9.4. Histogram of feature de
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Table 9.4. Plant Remains from Thoma
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Figure 9.7. Sample composition of n
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Figure 9.9. Seed composition (exclu
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suggests that the gathering of wild
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of posts may mark remnants of tempo
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for allowing me repeated and unteth
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History Press, Garden City, New Yor
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CHAPTER 10 UPLAND LAND USE PATTERNS
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LOCAL LEVEL ANALYSIS Local level an
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N104 E101 Unit 19A Unit 7A Unit 12A
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Table 10.2. Park Creek II Feature A
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Fea. 2 Fea. 5 0 1 2 N Figure 10.4.
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encounterlike hunting/butchering st
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END NOTES 1. A village is defined a
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Perrelli, D. J. (1994). Gender, Mob
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CHAPTER 11 EARLY LATE PREHISTORIC S
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Table 11.1. Upper Susquehanna Site
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Table 11.2. Summary of Late Middle
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Table 11.3. Settlement Features of
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approximately 1,000 sq. ft, there i
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Table 11.5. Summary of Seed Identif
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importance of hunting and hunting-r
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portion of the Susquehanna Valley,
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Herrick, J. W., and Snow, D. R. (19
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CHAPTER 12 WOODLAND PERIOD SETTLEME
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oundaries were given. According to
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Table 12.1: Selected Radiocarbon an
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shads and herrings of the family Cl
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consists of large concentrations of
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(1990) survey of recorded sites in
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York State 92:1-8. Busby, M. (1966)
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CHAPTER 13 PALEOETHNOBOTANICAL INDI
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Figure 13.1. Forest regions of the
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Table 13.1. Distribution of Nut Tre
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ation in feature contents. For mult
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Figure 13.4. Nutshell density (gray
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Figure 13.5. Seed density and maize
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Table 13.3. Seed Indicators-Maine S
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Table 13.4. Broome Tech Site: Selec
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6, and it occurred in 58 percent of
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Table 13.6. Continued Site Uncalibr
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Acknowledgments I thank John Hart f
Page 277 and 278:
y K. J. Gremillion, pp. 161-178. Th
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CHAPTER 14 FROM HUNTER-GATHERER CAM
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Figure 14.1. Distribution of select
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available to Ceci were simply too l
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the AMS date of A.D. 1185 (A.D. 127
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Table 14.1. Continued Site Lab C14
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within single settlements remains e
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noncoastal residential sites certai
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Figure 14.3. Two stratigraphic prof
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to the Maritime Provinces on the Gu
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other related questions yet, and so
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Northeast Historical Archaeology 21
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Thomas, P. A. (1976). Contrastive s
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CHAPTER 15 “towns they have none
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Table 15.1. Key to Figure 15.1: Arc
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Maize will normally not preserve fo
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artifacts. Cowie (2000) suggests th
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creativity to resolve, but is also
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Ph.D. dissertation, Department of A
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CHAPTER 16 OUT OF THE BLUE AND INTO
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Figure 16.2. Map of the Bliss Islan
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shell-bearing sites located on the
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site. Middle Maritime Woodland occu
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(e.g., Black 1992:190) limit and co
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Table 16.3. Faunal Remains Associat
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and often poor vertebrate faunal pr
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the Maine/Maritimes area have argue
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SE: warm season (Rojo 1987:221); sp
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Ethnohistory 36:257-284. Bourque, B
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CHAPTER 17 ABORIGINAL LAND AND RESO
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Table 17.1. Chronological and Ceram
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Among the food plants listed above,
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species, the American eel (Anguilla
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the Early Woodland period. Tools ma
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Copper Resources Throughout the Lat
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midden deposits were located along
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a model with two distinct populatio
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Table 17.2. Summary of Landscape an
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File Report 93-1, Fredericton. Alle
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Anthropology, Temple University, Ph
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stone age found at Maquapit Lake. N
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CHAPTER 18 MAIZE AND VILLAGES: A Su
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use of the term “small village”
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1325 [1425] 1460) (Boyd et al. 1998
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several centuries after its first a
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from excavations at village sites h
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133-156. New York State Museum Bull
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longhouses. American Antiquity 55:4
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CONTRIBUTORS Timothy J. Abel. Carth
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Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Change: A.D. 700 –1300

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