Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Change: A.D. 700 –1300

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The current volume would never have reached publication without the hard work of the chapter authors, whose diligence in meeting deadlines kept the publication on schedule. I want to particularly thank Christina Rieth, who not only wrote three of the chapters, but also assumed much of the editorial burden for the book. Thanks also to the two referees, who provided timely and very thoughtful comments on the book and its chapters. Finally, many thanks to Jack Skiba for managing the book’s publication and for redrafting many of the figures. John P. Hart August 2002 xiv Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Change: A.D. 700–1300
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Christina B. Rieth WHEN VIEWED WITHIN A REGIONAL CONTEXT, the early Late Prehistoric period (A.D. 700-1300) represents one of the most dynamic periods in Northeast prehistory. This period has been viewed as the time in which prehistoric populations adopted tropical domesticates (maize, beans, and squash), made the transition from a mobile to a semisedentary lifestyle, and carried out important changes in material culture including the replacement of thick-walled stamped ceramics with thinner-walled cordmarked containers, and a general simplification of lithic technology (Ritchie and Funk 1973:372 as cited in Oskam 1999:69; Ritchie 1994; Ritchie 1994; Wright 1966). While these changes do apply to some early Late Prehistoric populations, recent research suggests that the above summarized characterization is oversimplified and does not accurately depict the range of behaviors practiced by the prehistoric populations of the Northeast. It is with this idea in mind that the current volume is presented. Eleven of the chapters in the volume were initially presented as papers in a symposium entitled “Early Late Prehistoric (A.D. 700-1300) Settlement and Subsistence Change in the Northeast” at the New York Natural History Conference held at the New York State Museum in April 2000; the remaining chapters represent solicited contributions from scholars who could not attend the conference. The intent of the symposium was to provide a forum in which scholars from different theoretical and methodological backgrounds could gather to discuss the diversity of settlement and subsistence patterns in the region and present research directed toward understanding how such patterns are reflected in the distribution of artifacts and archaeological features. The resulting chapters cover a wide range of environments and report on societies that exhibit a diverse array of settlement and subsistence attributes as measured through resources exploited, settlement locations, and socioeconomic organization. Despite the different theoretical and methodological frameworks in which the individual chapter authors have pursued their work, this volume is united not only by a common temporal and thematic focus, but also by the authors’ decisions to seriously question existing settlement and subsistence models in light of new data and theories in order to understand one of the most important periods in Northeast prehistory. GEOGRAPHIC AND TEMPORAL SCOPE OF VOLUME The Northeast, as defined here, includes the area extending from the eastern Great Lakes south to the central Ohio River Valley and northeast to the Canadian Maritimes. The chapters in this volume draw from a variety of regions and encompass both upland and lowland locations across the Allegheny Plateau and Appalachian Highlands region of New Brunswick, New England, New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, and southern Ontario. Traditionally viewed as part of the Eastern Woodlands, few volumes focus solely on the settlement and subsistence characteristics of the Northeast (but see Hart 1999e; Levine et al. 2000). Instead, the Northeast and the surrounding regions are often treated as a single-culture area with similar traits and limited internal variation (Trigger 1978). However, as Trigger (1978) points out, the cultures of the Eastern Woodlands are marked by substantial differences in their dependence on agriculture, population density, settlement characteristics, and degree of sociopolitical stratification. Before we can fully understand the differences between these Eastern Woodland populations, we must first understand the range of behaviors that characterize local and subregional populations. This volume does just this by providing a comprehensive discussion of Northeast settlement and subsistence patterning. While the early Late Prehistoric period dates Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Change: A.D. 700–1300 by John P. Hart and Christina B. Rieth. New York State Museum © 2002 by the University of the State of New York, The State Education Department, Albany, New York. All rights reserved. Chapter 1 Introduction 1
Page 1 and 2: Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Ch
Page 3 and 4: Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Ch
Page 5 and 6: TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures L
Page 7 and 8: LIST OF FIGURES 2.1 Map of the cent
Page 9 and 10: 9.3 Topographic map of Broome Tech.
Page 11 and 12: 11.1 Upper Susquehanna Site Types (
Page 13: PREFACE The New York State Museum h
Page 17 and 18: domesticates and the occupation of
Page 19 and 20: and Rieth highlight the important c
Page 21 and 22: Dunnell, R. C. (1971). Systematics
Page 23 and 24: Anthropology, University of Massach
Page 25 and 26: CHAPTER 2 CENTRAL OHIO VALLEY DURIN
Page 27 and 28: L a k e E r i e PENNSYLVANIA INDIAN
Page 29 and 30: L a k e E r i e INDIANA R i v e r G
Page 31 and 32: Olentangy River and other minor tri
Page 33 and 34: Figure 2.6. Comparison of Late Wood
Page 35 and 36: support the notion of resource stre
Page 37 and 38: F4 F7 F5 F6 F3 F2 F9 F10 F12 F13 F1
Page 39 and 40: B B M F42 F43 F41 F44 S5 S4 S1 F30
Page 41 and 42: Table 2.3. continued Temporal Age A
Page 43 and 44: Table 2.3. continued Temporal Age A
Page 45 and 46: L a k e E r i e INDIANA o i O h Sal
Page 47 and 48: Figure 2.13. Map of the Late Prehis
Page 49 and 50: Figure 2.15. Map of households with
Page 51 and 52: Figure 2.17. Sample of Late Prehist
Page 53 and 54: Barkes, B. M. (1982). An Analysis o
Page 55 and 56: Fort Ancient Tradition, edited by J
Page 57 and 58: CHAPTER 3 “ . . . to reconstruct
Page 59 and 60: IT TAKES A VILLAGE Figure 3.2. Arti
Page 61 and 62: social organizations is drawn prima
Page 63 and 64: elements of the village, the spaces
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Diametric, concentric, and circumfe
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egion, including Reckner (Augustine
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Chapter 3 Modeling Village Communit
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Figure 3.9. Architectural and nonar
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Figure 3.11. Measuring distances in
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Table 3.2. Descriptive Statistics f
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DISCUSSION Table 3.3. Descriptive S
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Figure 3.14. Box-and-whisker plot o
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Augustine, E. A. (1938d). Important
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Among Some Amazon Tribes. Privately
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on Black Mesa, Arizona. The Univers
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CHAPTER 4 THE EARLY LATE WOODLAND I
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Figure 4.3. Gibraltar Cordmarked ce
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Figure 4.5. Ceramics of the Gibralt
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points and notched Chesser or Lowe
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dated to A.D. 890 (1025) 1230 (DIC-
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Table 4.3. Available Stable Carbon
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where fishing and farming may have
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Figure 4.10. Ceramic of the Sandusk
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singular Mixter Stamped vessels typ
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urial with the dead, broadcasted a
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during the early Late Woodland time
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Valley. North American Archaeologis
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CHAPTER 5 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN TH
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interest in exchange of service or
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CURRENT INVESTIGATIONS In view of t
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710 Area C 700 B-75084 TO-4556 TO-4
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Table 5.1. Summary of Artifacts fro
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e Bull's Point C o o t e s P a r a
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classification system has been appl
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(Crawford et al. 1997a). The same i
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in Ontario was Middle Woodland-deri
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207-212. Smithsonian Institution, W
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CHAPTER 6 EARLY LATE WOODLAND IN SO
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Figure 6.2. Lower Grand River Valle
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Table 6.1. Radiocarbon Dates from t
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segment of the terrace that effecti
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Figure 6.7. Meyer site terrace, vie
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Figure 6.10. Forster site reconstru
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Figure 6.12. Middle Thames River 20
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Figure 6.13. Site situation: a comp
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Dieterman, F. (2001). Princess Poin
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CHAPTER 7 EARLY LATE PREHISTORIC SE
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ticultural hamlets, small and large
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that Clemson Island was greatly inf
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local deposits. Alternately, Stimme
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Table 7.1. Radiocarbon Dates from S
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Pennsylvania continued to practice
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level) overlaps with the West Branc
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Under a population metaphysic, the
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Hatch, J. W., and Koontz, K. L. (19
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CHAPTER 8 NEW DATES FOR OWASCO POTS
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Table 8.1. Key Components of the Th
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Figure 8.1. Location of the Kipp Is
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Table 8.4. Carpenter Brook Phase Ho
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Table 8.5. Physical Characteristics
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Table 8.6. AMS Dates and Calibrated
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REFERENCES CITED Ammerman, A. J., a
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CHAPTER 9 PITS, PLANTS, AND PLACE:
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Thomas/Luckey Broome Tech N 0 0 50
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confluence with the Susquehanna Riv
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Figure 9.3. Topographic map of Broo
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Table 9.2. Feature Types at Thomas/
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Figure 9.4. Histogram of feature de
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Table 9.4. Plant Remains from Thoma
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Figure 9.7. Sample composition of n
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Figure 9.9. Seed composition (exclu
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suggests that the gathering of wild
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of posts may mark remnants of tempo
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for allowing me repeated and unteth
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History Press, Garden City, New Yor
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CHAPTER 10 UPLAND LAND USE PATTERNS
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LOCAL LEVEL ANALYSIS Local level an
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N104 E101 Unit 19A Unit 7A Unit 12A
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Table 10.2. Park Creek II Feature A
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Fea. 2 Fea. 5 0 1 2 N Figure 10.4.
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encounterlike hunting/butchering st
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END NOTES 1. A village is defined a
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Perrelli, D. J. (1994). Gender, Mob
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CHAPTER 11 EARLY LATE PREHISTORIC S
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Table 11.1. Upper Susquehanna Site
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Table 11.2. Summary of Late Middle
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Table 11.3. Settlement Features of
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approximately 1,000 sq. ft, there i
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Table 11.5. Summary of Seed Identif
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importance of hunting and hunting-r
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portion of the Susquehanna Valley,
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Herrick, J. W., and Snow, D. R. (19
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CHAPTER 12 WOODLAND PERIOD SETTLEME
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oundaries were given. According to
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Table 12.1: Selected Radiocarbon an
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shads and herrings of the family Cl
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consists of large concentrations of
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(1990) survey of recorded sites in
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York State 92:1-8. Busby, M. (1966)
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CHAPTER 13 PALEOETHNOBOTANICAL INDI
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Figure 13.1. Forest regions of the
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Table 13.1. Distribution of Nut Tre
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ation in feature contents. For mult
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Figure 13.4. Nutshell density (gray
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Figure 13.5. Seed density and maize
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Table 13.3. Seed Indicators-Maine S
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Table 13.4. Broome Tech Site: Selec
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6, and it occurred in 58 percent of
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Table 13.6. Continued Site Uncalibr
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Acknowledgments I thank John Hart f
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y K. J. Gremillion, pp. 161-178. Th
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CHAPTER 14 FROM HUNTER-GATHERER CAM
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Figure 14.1. Distribution of select
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available to Ceci were simply too l
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the AMS date of A.D. 1185 (A.D. 127
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Table 14.1. Continued Site Lab C14
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within single settlements remains e
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noncoastal residential sites certai
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Figure 14.3. Two stratigraphic prof
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to the Maritime Provinces on the Gu
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other related questions yet, and so
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Northeast Historical Archaeology 21
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Thomas, P. A. (1976). Contrastive s
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CHAPTER 15 “towns they have none
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Table 15.1. Key to Figure 15.1: Arc
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Maize will normally not preserve fo
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artifacts. Cowie (2000) suggests th
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creativity to resolve, but is also
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Ph.D. dissertation, Department of A
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CHAPTER 16 OUT OF THE BLUE AND INTO
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Figure 16.2. Map of the Bliss Islan
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shell-bearing sites located on the
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site. Middle Maritime Woodland occu
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(e.g., Black 1992:190) limit and co
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Table 16.3. Faunal Remains Associat
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and often poor vertebrate faunal pr
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the Maine/Maritimes area have argue
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SE: warm season (Rojo 1987:221); sp
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Ethnohistory 36:257-284. Bourque, B
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CHAPTER 17 ABORIGINAL LAND AND RESO
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Table 17.1. Chronological and Ceram
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Among the food plants listed above,
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species, the American eel (Anguilla
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the Early Woodland period. Tools ma
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Copper Resources Throughout the Lat
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midden deposits were located along
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a model with two distinct populatio
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Table 17.2. Summary of Landscape an
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File Report 93-1, Fredericton. Alle
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Anthropology, Temple University, Ph
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stone age found at Maquapit Lake. N
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CHAPTER 18 MAIZE AND VILLAGES: A Su
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use of the term “small village”
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1325 [1425] 1460) (Boyd et al. 1998
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several centuries after its first a
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from excavations at village sites h
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133-156. New York State Museum Bull
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longhouses. American Antiquity 55:4
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CONTRIBUTORS Timothy J. Abel. Carth
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Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Change: A.D. 700 –1300

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