Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Change: A.D. 700 –1300

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Figure 12.1. Distribution of Mohican lands in the upper Hudson River drainage in the 1630s (after Dunn 1994) showing sites discussed in text: (1) Schuylerville, (2) Winney’s Rift, (3) Goldkrest, (4) 211-1-1. 228 Brumbach and Bender
oundaries were given. According to Brasser (1978:200), the off-river boundaries of these lineage tracts were vague, since “ . . . no one would consider laying out a garden in the rocky hinterlands, and there exist no indications of separate ownership of hunting territories.” In the following year, 1631, additional lands along the Hudson from “ . . . below Beeren Island north to Smack’s Island, later called Shad Island . . . ” were transferred. The western boundary was described only as a “two-day’s journey inland” (Dunn 1994:279). In 1634, the Dutch estimated that, despite the land transfers, the Mohican still retained over 2,400 acres of cleared land along both sides of the Hudson River in Albany and Rensselaer Counties, including islands and flats in the river (Dunn 1994: 225-226). The Mohican also had additional cleared lands along the Hudson north of Cohoes, and along major tributaries of the Hudson, including the lower Mohawk, Catskill, and Hoosic, among others. The amount of land cleared for gardens can be compared to the Iroquoian Huron of Ontario, who Heidenreich (1971:163,195- 200) estimated planted about one acre per person, and obtained about two-thirds of their sustenance from maize and an additional 15 percent from beans and squash. Comparable data concerning amount of land planted each year, crop yield, etc., are not available for the Mohican. However, since the Huron maintained large permanent villages with significant accommodation for food storage, we can conclude that they relied more extensively on horticulture than did the Mohican, who had access to a variety of fish and other riverine resources. Like the Mohican, the Huron also relied heavily on fish, focusing on the freshwater species of Georgian Bay and Lake Simcoe (Trigger 1969:30). Hunting was of less importance than either gardening or fishing for the Huron (Trigger 1969:31) and the same might have been true for the Mohican, but additional data are needed to come to any reasonable conclusion. Population size for the Mohican at Contact is reported at 5,300 by Snow (1980:33), but this may not include the Housatonic or the Catskill. Based on Dutch records, Brasser (1978:200) estimates 4,000 to 4,500, while Dunn (1994:257-259), also based on Dutch records, estimates 8,000 for all the Mohican. In order for the Mohican to have obtained two-thirds of their sustenance from maize (assuming similar crop yields), they would have had to have planted between 4,000 and 8,000 acres annually, an amount that may be too high. How much of the cleared lineage land was in use during any one year is unknown. Maize, unlike some of the domesticates native to the Eastern Woodlands (chenopodium, etc.), is a heavy feeder on soils. Continued cropping of maize in one location can result in greatly diminished yields, as well as insect infestations. The Mohican were reported to practice land rotation, allowing cleared lands to lie fallow or return to secondary-growth forest for periods of time, thus making it unlikely that all garden lands were planted at one time. Dunn (1994:225) reports that the Mohican kept the maize plantations open by annual burning, a practice followed by other Northeastern Native peoples. Seventeenth century documents provide other interesting observations on socio-spatial behavior: The Mohican were said to have three villages, all located close to the Hudson but above the floodplains; the men spent the summer fishing, worked at the fish weirs, and collected freshwater mussels, while the women planted maize or gathered wild plants; a Green Corn Ceremony was held in late August; families dispersed for hunting in the fall; and in mid-winter, people returned to the villages, “ . . . perhaps to attend a Bear Sacrifice ritual” (Brasser 1978:199). While the Mohican had many acres of cleared garden lands along the rivers, neither the ethnohistoric nor the archaeological record yield data that suggest that they maintained year-round settlements in close proximity to gardens located on floodplains. The reason for this may be periodic flooding. The Hudson River is prone to late winter-early spring flooding even today, and in the past, before the construction of Sacandaga Lake as an upriver catch-basin, flooding along the Hudson was more extensive. Even today, many of the river’s tributaries are prone to flooding from seasonal runoff or heavy rains, while late winterearly spring ice jams cause flooding along the Hudson and Mohawk Rivers. In the past, this seasonal flooding must have made the land more desirable for gardening, since it helped renew the soil, and because the lands were above the salt-wedge of the Hudson (which could extend as north as Poughkeepsie), flooding would not contaminate the soil with salt as it might in its downriver stretches. Thus, all currently available data argue against year-round occupation of the floodplain by the Mohican. But, it is equally unlikely that the Upper Hudson’s Native residents resided at great distances from their gardens, since maize requires a great deal of care during the growing season, as well as protection from predators. Because maize is extremely attractive to deer, raccoon, and other animals, it cannot be planted and left on its own until harvest, unlike Chapter 12 Woodland Period Settlement and Subsistence Change in the Upper Hudson River Valley 229
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Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Ch
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Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Ch
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TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures L
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LIST OF FIGURES 2.1 Map of the cent
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9.3 Topographic map of Broome Tech.
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11.1 Upper Susquehanna Site Types (
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PREFACE The New York State Museum h
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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Christina B.
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domesticates and the occupation of
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and Rieth highlight the important c
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Dunnell, R. C. (1971). Systematics
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Anthropology, University of Massach
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CHAPTER 2 CENTRAL OHIO VALLEY DURIN
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L a k e E r i e PENNSYLVANIA INDIAN
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L a k e E r i e INDIANA R i v e r G
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Olentangy River and other minor tri
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Figure 2.6. Comparison of Late Wood
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support the notion of resource stre
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F4 F7 F5 F6 F3 F2 F9 F10 F12 F13 F1
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B B M F42 F43 F41 F44 S5 S4 S1 F30
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Table 2.3. continued Temporal Age A
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Table 2.3. continued Temporal Age A
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L a k e E r i e INDIANA o i O h Sal
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Figure 2.13. Map of the Late Prehis
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Figure 2.15. Map of households with
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Figure 2.17. Sample of Late Prehist
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Barkes, B. M. (1982). An Analysis o
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Fort Ancient Tradition, edited by J
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CHAPTER 3 “ . . . to reconstruct
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IT TAKES A VILLAGE Figure 3.2. Arti
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social organizations is drawn prima
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elements of the village, the spaces
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Diametric, concentric, and circumfe
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egion, including Reckner (Augustine
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Chapter 3 Modeling Village Communit
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Figure 3.9. Architectural and nonar
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Figure 3.11. Measuring distances in
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Table 3.2. Descriptive Statistics f
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DISCUSSION Table 3.3. Descriptive S
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Figure 3.14. Box-and-whisker plot o
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Augustine, E. A. (1938d). Important
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Among Some Amazon Tribes. Privately
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on Black Mesa, Arizona. The Univers
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CHAPTER 4 THE EARLY LATE WOODLAND I
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Figure 4.3. Gibraltar Cordmarked ce
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Figure 4.5. Ceramics of the Gibralt
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points and notched Chesser or Lowe
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dated to A.D. 890 (1025) 1230 (DIC-
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Table 4.3. Available Stable Carbon
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where fishing and farming may have
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Figure 4.10. Ceramic of the Sandusk
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singular Mixter Stamped vessels typ
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urial with the dead, broadcasted a
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during the early Late Woodland time
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Valley. North American Archaeologis
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CHAPTER 5 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN TH
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interest in exchange of service or
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CURRENT INVESTIGATIONS In view of t
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710 Area C 700 B-75084 TO-4556 TO-4
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Table 5.1. Summary of Artifacts fro
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e Bull's Point C o o t e s P a r a
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classification system has been appl
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(Crawford et al. 1997a). The same i
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in Ontario was Middle Woodland-deri
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207-212. Smithsonian Institution, W
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CHAPTER 6 EARLY LATE WOODLAND IN SO
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Figure 6.2. Lower Grand River Valle
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Table 6.1. Radiocarbon Dates from t
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segment of the terrace that effecti
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Figure 6.7. Meyer site terrace, vie
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Figure 6.10. Forster site reconstru
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Figure 6.12. Middle Thames River 20
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Figure 6.13. Site situation: a comp
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Dieterman, F. (2001). Princess Poin
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CHAPTER 7 EARLY LATE PREHISTORIC SE
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ticultural hamlets, small and large
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that Clemson Island was greatly inf
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local deposits. Alternately, Stimme
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Table 7.1. Radiocarbon Dates from S
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Pennsylvania continued to practice
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level) overlaps with the West Branc
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Under a population metaphysic, the
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Hatch, J. W., and Koontz, K. L. (19
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CHAPTER 8 NEW DATES FOR OWASCO POTS
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Table 8.1. Key Components of the Th
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Figure 8.1. Location of the Kipp Is
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Table 8.4. Carpenter Brook Phase Ho
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Table 8.5. Physical Characteristics
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Table 8.6. AMS Dates and Calibrated
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REFERENCES CITED Ammerman, A. J., a
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CHAPTER 9 PITS, PLANTS, AND PLACE:
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Thomas/Luckey Broome Tech N 0 0 50
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confluence with the Susquehanna Riv
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Figure 9.3. Topographic map of Broo
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Table 9.2. Feature Types at Thomas/
Page 191 and 192: Figure 9.4. Histogram of feature de
Page 193 and 194: Table 9.4. Plant Remains from Thoma
Page 195 and 196: Figure 9.7. Sample composition of n
Page 197 and 198: Figure 9.9. Seed composition (exclu
Page 199 and 200: suggests that the gathering of wild
Page 201 and 202: of posts may mark remnants of tempo
Page 203 and 204: for allowing me repeated and unteth
Page 205 and 206: History Press, Garden City, New Yor
Page 207 and 208: CHAPTER 10 UPLAND LAND USE PATTERNS
Page 209 and 210: LOCAL LEVEL ANALYSIS Local level an
Page 211 and 212: N104 E101 Unit 19A Unit 7A Unit 12A
Page 213 and 214: Table 10.2. Park Creek II Feature A
Page 215 and 216: Fea. 2 Fea. 5 0 1 2 N Figure 10.4.
Page 217 and 218: encounterlike hunting/butchering st
Page 219 and 220: END NOTES 1. A village is defined a
Page 221 and 222: Perrelli, D. J. (1994). Gender, Mob
Page 223 and 224: CHAPTER 11 EARLY LATE PREHISTORIC S
Page 225 and 226: Table 11.1. Upper Susquehanna Site
Page 227 and 228: Table 11.2. Summary of Late Middle
Page 229 and 230: Table 11.3. Settlement Features of
Page 231 and 232: approximately 1,000 sq. ft, there i
Page 233 and 234: Table 11.5. Summary of Seed Identif
Page 235 and 236: importance of hunting and hunting-r
Page 237 and 238: portion of the Susquehanna Valley,
Page 239 and 240: Herrick, J. W., and Snow, D. R. (19
Page 241: CHAPTER 12 WOODLAND PERIOD SETTLEME
Page 245 and 246: Table 12.1: Selected Radiocarbon an
Page 247 and 248: shads and herrings of the family Cl
Page 249 and 250: consists of large concentrations of
Page 251 and 252: (1990) survey of recorded sites in
Page 253 and 254: York State 92:1-8. Busby, M. (1966)
Page 255 and 256: CHAPTER 13 PALEOETHNOBOTANICAL INDI
Page 257 and 258: Figure 13.1. Forest regions of the
Page 259 and 260: Table 13.1. Distribution of Nut Tre
Page 261 and 262: ation in feature contents. For mult
Page 263 and 264: Figure 13.4. Nutshell density (gray
Page 265 and 266: Figure 13.5. Seed density and maize
Page 267 and 268: Table 13.3. Seed Indicators-Maine S
Page 269 and 270: Table 13.4. Broome Tech Site: Selec
Page 271 and 272: 6, and it occurred in 58 percent of
Page 273 and 274: Table 13.6. Continued Site Uncalibr
Page 275 and 276: Acknowledgments I thank John Hart f
Page 277 and 278: y K. J. Gremillion, pp. 161-178. Th
Page 279 and 280: CHAPTER 14 FROM HUNTER-GATHERER CAM
Page 281 and 282: Figure 14.1. Distribution of select
Page 283 and 284: available to Ceci were simply too l
Page 285 and 286: the AMS date of A.D. 1185 (A.D. 127
Page 287 and 288: Table 14.1. Continued Site Lab C14
Page 289 and 290: within single settlements remains e
Page 291 and 292: noncoastal residential sites certai
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Figure 14.3. Two stratigraphic prof
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to the Maritime Provinces on the Gu
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other related questions yet, and so
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Northeast Historical Archaeology 21
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Thomas, P. A. (1976). Contrastive s
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CHAPTER 15 “towns they have none
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Table 15.1. Key to Figure 15.1: Arc
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Maize will normally not preserve fo
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artifacts. Cowie (2000) suggests th
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creativity to resolve, but is also
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Ph.D. dissertation, Department of A
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CHAPTER 16 OUT OF THE BLUE AND INTO
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Figure 16.2. Map of the Bliss Islan
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shell-bearing sites located on the
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site. Middle Maritime Woodland occu
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(e.g., Black 1992:190) limit and co
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Table 16.3. Faunal Remains Associat
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and often poor vertebrate faunal pr
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the Maine/Maritimes area have argue
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SE: warm season (Rojo 1987:221); sp
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Ethnohistory 36:257-284. Bourque, B
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CHAPTER 17 ABORIGINAL LAND AND RESO
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Table 17.1. Chronological and Ceram
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Among the food plants listed above,
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species, the American eel (Anguilla
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the Early Woodland period. Tools ma
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Copper Resources Throughout the Lat
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midden deposits were located along
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a model with two distinct populatio
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Table 17.2. Summary of Landscape an
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File Report 93-1, Fredericton. Alle
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Anthropology, Temple University, Ph
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stone age found at Maquapit Lake. N
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CHAPTER 18 MAIZE AND VILLAGES: A Su
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use of the term “small village”
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1325 [1425] 1460) (Boyd et al. 1998
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several centuries after its first a
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from excavations at village sites h
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133-156. New York State Museum Bull
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longhouses. American Antiquity 55:4
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CONTRIBUTORS Timothy J. Abel. Carth
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Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Change: A.D. 700 –1300

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