Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Change: A.D. 700 –1300

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xii Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Change: A.D. 700–1300
PREFACE The New York State Museum has a long history of publishing important works on the archaeology of New York. William M. Beauchamp, Arthur C. Parker, William A. Ritchie, and Robert E. Funk all published classic monographs through the Museum that helped to define the archaeology of their times. Continuing with this tradition, the Museum has begun a series of edited volumes in its Bulletin series that present important new research results on the archaeology of New York and the greater Northeast. The first, Current Northeast Paleoethnobotany (Bulletin 494), is a collection of papers that highlights the importance of botanical remains in the interpretation of prehistoric subsistence in the Northeast. It was followed by Nineteenth- and Early Twentieth-Century Domestic Site Archaeology in New York State (Bulletin 495), a collection of papers that highlights the importance of archaeology in the understanding of our relatively recent history. This third volume, Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Change: A.D. 700-1300 (Bulletin 496) brings together a collection of papers that presents the results of recent research on early Late Prehistoric period (A.D. 700–1300) subsistence and settlement. The volume developed from a symposium I organized with coeditor Christina Rieth for the New York Natural History Conference VI, which was held at the New York State Museum in April 2000. Our goal for the symposium was to bring together regional experts in the early Late Prehistoric period to describe the scope of research being done on subsistence and settlement issues across the broader Northeast. Eighteen papers were presented, covering the region from the western end of Lake Erie through southern Ontario, Pennsylvania, New York, New England, and New Brunswick. The symposium was very well received, and we thought it would work well as an edited book. As such things go, not all of the symposium participants were able to prepare their papers for publication, and some had made commitments to publish elsewhere, but we were able to assemble a collection of 18 chapters that covers a broad geographical region and a diversity of topics concerned with subsistence and settlement during a 600-year period of prehistory. With the help of the volume contributors, we were able to bring the book to publication in the relatively short period of two years. The early Late Prehistoric period is an important time in Northeastern prehistory because it was then that many of the subsistence and settlement traits of Native populations recorded during the early Historic period first become evident in the archeological record. The chapters in this book provide regional summaries, analyses of specific sites and site categories, analyses of pottery and paleoethnobotanical data, and models for the adoption of maize-based agriculture. While it would have been possible to organize the chapters on topical grounds, we felt that a geographical organization would provide a better sense of the range of variation in subsistence and settlement traits across the region. We also thought that such an organization would provide a sense for current controversies in the various subregions covered by the book. To those ends, the chapters are organized in a transect from west-to-east and south-to-north, sandwiched between an introduction by Christina Rieth and a concluding chapter by me and Bernard Means. We hope that this book will not only provide a sense of current research on the early Late Prehistoric period in the Northeast, but will spur additional research on this critical period of time. As this book goes to press, additional volumes are in production in the Bulletin series that will highlight other important topics in New York and Northeast archaeology. Geoarchaeology of Landscapes in the Glacial Northeast (Bulletin 497) will bring together papers that highlight current geoarchaeological research in the Northeast. The collected papers in The Archaeology of Albany will present the results of recent archaeological investigations in Albany, New York, one of the oldest continually occupied Euroamerican settlements in the United States. Other topical volumes will follow in subsequent years. Preface xiii
Page 1 and 2: Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Ch
Page 3 and 4: Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Ch
Page 5 and 6: TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures L
Page 7 and 8: LIST OF FIGURES 2.1 Map of the cent
Page 9 and 10: 9.3 Topographic map of Broome Tech.
Page 11: 11.1 Upper Susquehanna Site Types (
Page 15 and 16: CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Christina B.
Page 17 and 18: domesticates and the occupation of
Page 19 and 20: and Rieth highlight the important c
Page 21 and 22: Dunnell, R. C. (1971). Systematics
Page 23 and 24: Anthropology, University of Massach
Page 25 and 26: CHAPTER 2 CENTRAL OHIO VALLEY DURIN
Page 27 and 28: L a k e E r i e PENNSYLVANIA INDIAN
Page 29 and 30: L a k e E r i e INDIANA R i v e r G
Page 31 and 32: Olentangy River and other minor tri
Page 33 and 34: Figure 2.6. Comparison of Late Wood
Page 35 and 36: support the notion of resource stre
Page 37 and 38: F4 F7 F5 F6 F3 F2 F9 F10 F12 F13 F1
Page 39 and 40: B B M F42 F43 F41 F44 S5 S4 S1 F30
Page 41 and 42: Table 2.3. continued Temporal Age A
Page 43 and 44: Table 2.3. continued Temporal Age A
Page 45 and 46: L a k e E r i e INDIANA o i O h Sal
Page 47 and 48: Figure 2.13. Map of the Late Prehis
Page 49 and 50: Figure 2.15. Map of households with
Page 51 and 52: Figure 2.17. Sample of Late Prehist
Page 53 and 54: Barkes, B. M. (1982). An Analysis o
Page 55 and 56: Fort Ancient Tradition, edited by J
Page 57 and 58: CHAPTER 3 “ . . . to reconstruct
Page 59 and 60: IT TAKES A VILLAGE Figure 3.2. Arti
Page 61 and 62: social organizations is drawn prima
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elements of the village, the spaces
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Diametric, concentric, and circumfe
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egion, including Reckner (Augustine
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Chapter 3 Modeling Village Communit
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Figure 3.9. Architectural and nonar
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Figure 3.11. Measuring distances in
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Table 3.2. Descriptive Statistics f
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DISCUSSION Table 3.3. Descriptive S
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Figure 3.14. Box-and-whisker plot o
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Augustine, E. A. (1938d). Important
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Among Some Amazon Tribes. Privately
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on Black Mesa, Arizona. The Univers
Page 87 and 88:
CHAPTER 4 THE EARLY LATE WOODLAND I
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Figure 4.3. Gibraltar Cordmarked ce
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Figure 4.5. Ceramics of the Gibralt
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points and notched Chesser or Lowe
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dated to A.D. 890 (1025) 1230 (DIC-
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Table 4.3. Available Stable Carbon
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where fishing and farming may have
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Figure 4.10. Ceramic of the Sandusk
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singular Mixter Stamped vessels typ
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urial with the dead, broadcasted a
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during the early Late Woodland time
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Valley. North American Archaeologis
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CHAPTER 5 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN TH
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interest in exchange of service or
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CURRENT INVESTIGATIONS In view of t
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710 Area C 700 B-75084 TO-4556 TO-4
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Table 5.1. Summary of Artifacts fro
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e Bull's Point C o o t e s P a r a
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classification system has been appl
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(Crawford et al. 1997a). The same i
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in Ontario was Middle Woodland-deri
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207-212. Smithsonian Institution, W
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CHAPTER 6 EARLY LATE WOODLAND IN SO
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Figure 6.2. Lower Grand River Valle
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Table 6.1. Radiocarbon Dates from t
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segment of the terrace that effecti
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Figure 6.7. Meyer site terrace, vie
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Figure 6.10. Forster site reconstru
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Figure 6.12. Middle Thames River 20
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Figure 6.13. Site situation: a comp
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Dieterman, F. (2001). Princess Poin
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CHAPTER 7 EARLY LATE PREHISTORIC SE
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ticultural hamlets, small and large
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that Clemson Island was greatly inf
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local deposits. Alternately, Stimme
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Table 7.1. Radiocarbon Dates from S
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Pennsylvania continued to practice
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level) overlaps with the West Branc
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Under a population metaphysic, the
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Hatch, J. W., and Koontz, K. L. (19
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CHAPTER 8 NEW DATES FOR OWASCO POTS
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Table 8.1. Key Components of the Th
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Figure 8.1. Location of the Kipp Is
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Table 8.4. Carpenter Brook Phase Ho
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Table 8.5. Physical Characteristics
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Table 8.6. AMS Dates and Calibrated
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REFERENCES CITED Ammerman, A. J., a
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CHAPTER 9 PITS, PLANTS, AND PLACE:
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Thomas/Luckey Broome Tech N 0 0 50
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confluence with the Susquehanna Riv
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Figure 9.3. Topographic map of Broo
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Table 9.2. Feature Types at Thomas/
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Figure 9.4. Histogram of feature de
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Table 9.4. Plant Remains from Thoma
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Figure 9.7. Sample composition of n
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Figure 9.9. Seed composition (exclu
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suggests that the gathering of wild
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of posts may mark remnants of tempo
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for allowing me repeated and unteth
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History Press, Garden City, New Yor
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CHAPTER 10 UPLAND LAND USE PATTERNS
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LOCAL LEVEL ANALYSIS Local level an
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N104 E101 Unit 19A Unit 7A Unit 12A
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Table 10.2. Park Creek II Feature A
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Fea. 2 Fea. 5 0 1 2 N Figure 10.4.
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encounterlike hunting/butchering st
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END NOTES 1. A village is defined a
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Perrelli, D. J. (1994). Gender, Mob
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CHAPTER 11 EARLY LATE PREHISTORIC S
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Table 11.1. Upper Susquehanna Site
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Table 11.2. Summary of Late Middle
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Table 11.3. Settlement Features of
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approximately 1,000 sq. ft, there i
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Table 11.5. Summary of Seed Identif
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importance of hunting and hunting-r
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portion of the Susquehanna Valley,
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Herrick, J. W., and Snow, D. R. (19
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CHAPTER 12 WOODLAND PERIOD SETTLEME
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oundaries were given. According to
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Table 12.1: Selected Radiocarbon an
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shads and herrings of the family Cl
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consists of large concentrations of
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(1990) survey of recorded sites in
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York State 92:1-8. Busby, M. (1966)
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CHAPTER 13 PALEOETHNOBOTANICAL INDI
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Figure 13.1. Forest regions of the
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Table 13.1. Distribution of Nut Tre
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ation in feature contents. For mult
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Figure 13.4. Nutshell density (gray
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Figure 13.5. Seed density and maize
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Table 13.3. Seed Indicators-Maine S
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Table 13.4. Broome Tech Site: Selec
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6, and it occurred in 58 percent of
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Table 13.6. Continued Site Uncalibr
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Acknowledgments I thank John Hart f
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y K. J. Gremillion, pp. 161-178. Th
Page 279 and 280:
CHAPTER 14 FROM HUNTER-GATHERER CAM
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Figure 14.1. Distribution of select
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available to Ceci were simply too l
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the AMS date of A.D. 1185 (A.D. 127
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Table 14.1. Continued Site Lab C14
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within single settlements remains e
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noncoastal residential sites certai
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Figure 14.3. Two stratigraphic prof
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to the Maritime Provinces on the Gu
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other related questions yet, and so
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Northeast Historical Archaeology 21
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Thomas, P. A. (1976). Contrastive s
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CHAPTER 15 “towns they have none
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Table 15.1. Key to Figure 15.1: Arc
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Maize will normally not preserve fo
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artifacts. Cowie (2000) suggests th
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creativity to resolve, but is also
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Ph.D. dissertation, Department of A
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CHAPTER 16 OUT OF THE BLUE AND INTO
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Figure 16.2. Map of the Bliss Islan
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shell-bearing sites located on the
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site. Middle Maritime Woodland occu
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(e.g., Black 1992:190) limit and co
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Table 16.3. Faunal Remains Associat
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and often poor vertebrate faunal pr
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the Maine/Maritimes area have argue
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SE: warm season (Rojo 1987:221); sp
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Ethnohistory 36:257-284. Bourque, B
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CHAPTER 17 ABORIGINAL LAND AND RESO
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Table 17.1. Chronological and Ceram
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Among the food plants listed above,
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species, the American eel (Anguilla
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the Early Woodland period. Tools ma
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Copper Resources Throughout the Lat
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midden deposits were located along
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a model with two distinct populatio
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Table 17.2. Summary of Landscape an
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File Report 93-1, Fredericton. Alle
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Anthropology, Temple University, Ph
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stone age found at Maquapit Lake. N
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CHAPTER 18 MAIZE AND VILLAGES: A Su
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use of the term “small village”
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1325 [1425] 1460) (Boyd et al. 1998
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several centuries after its first a
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from excavations at village sites h
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133-156. New York State Museum Bull
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longhouses. American Antiquity 55:4
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CONTRIBUTORS Timothy J. Abel. Carth
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Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Change: A.D. 700 –1300

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