Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Change: A.D. 700 –1300

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Figure 8.6. 2-σ calibrated AMS dates and intercepts from encrusted residues. Owasco type sherds (Nos. 137, 107, 99, 40, 23, 7, 6, 4) are shaded in black, Point Peninsula (Nos. 15, 12, 1) in light gray. The dashed line delineates the classically defined break between the Point Peninsula and Owasco periods. CONCLUSION These 12 dates in combination with other known early dates from Owasco sites, suggest that the Owasco culture may have its origins well before A.D. 900. If ceramic types indeed indicate different cultures, these dates also suggest that Point Peninsula and Owasco cultures overlapped in central New York, perhaps much like Middle and Late Woodland cultures overlapped in southern Ontario (Smith 1997). Both Chapdelaine’s in situ model and Snow’s incursion model allow for an overlap between Point Peninsula and Owasco cultural traditions, while Ritchie’s in situ model does not. The in situ models suggest that the Iroquoian pattern developed either gradually or rapidly from a Point Peninsula base. While the overlap in Point Peninsula- and Owasco-type ceramics seems to support the gradual in situ model, that model remains unsatisfactory in several ways not addressed in this project. Neither of the in situ models explains why the Iroquoian language, a unique language in the Northeast, became dominant (Fiedel 1991), or why the Iroquois are genetically different from their Algonquian-speaking neighbors (Langdon 1995). Snow’s (1996) revised incursion model allows for an overlap in Point Peninsula and Owasco ceramics and explains the appearance of a unique linguistic and biological population in the Northeast. The transition from a primarily foraging economy to one dominated by food production in other parts of the world may shed some light on these new data. Theoretical contributions made by Gregg (1988, 1991) and Bogucki (1995) suggest the transition to farming in Europe was often a long, multilayered process of interaction between foragers and farmers. With intensive radiocarbon dating, we now know that foragers and farmers in Europe coexisted for over 1,000 years (Bogucki 1995). A recent review of radiocarbon dates from Ontario also shows Middle Woodland foraging cultures overlapping with Late Woodland farming cultures for at least 300 years (Smith 1997). It is likely that overlapping of subsistence adaptations also occurred in the Finger Lakes region. The possibility of this situation does not resolve the in situ versus migration debate, but it does suggest the Iroquoian area of New York shares developmental similarities with other parts of the world. Regardless of which model of Iroquoian origins one accepts, the AMS dates presented here indicate that the ceramic chronology developed in the 1940s and the cultural affiliations made on the basis of the ceramic chronology need revisions. Ceramic studies in the future need to address the issue of how strong the linkage is between ceramic types and ethnic groups or cultures. Given the data presented here, it appears the Iroquoian adaptation may have roots several hundred years earlier than is generally accepted. Acknowledgments Funding for this research was provided by the Wenner Gren Foundation (grant #6606) and the Hill Foundation. This project was made possible by the help of Bob Gorall and Betty Prisch. I would especially like to thank Bill Breen for allowing me to use his extraordinary collection. I would also like to thank John Hart and Christina Rieth for inviting me to participate in the conference on Northeast Subsistence- Settlement Change. 164 Schulenberg
REFERENCES CITED Ammerman, A. J., and Cavalli-Sforza, L. L. (1973). A population model for the diffusion of early farming in Europe. In The Explanation of Culture Change, edited by C. Renfrew, pp. 343-357. Duckworth, London. Ammerman, A. J., and Cavalli-Sforza, L. L. (1979). The wave of advance model for the spread of agriculture in Europe. In Transformations: Mathematical Approaches to Culture Change, edited by C. Renfrew and K. L. Cooke, pp. 275-293. Academic Press, New York. Bogucki, P. (1995). Prelude to agriculture in north-central Europe. In Before Farming: The Role of Plants and Animals in Early Societies, edited by D. V. Campana, pp. 105- 116. University Museum, MASCA, Research Papers in Science and Archaeology, Vol. 12 Supplement, Philadelphia. Bogucki, P., and Grygiel, R. (1993). The first farmers of Central Europe: a survey article. Journal of Field Archaeology 20:399- 426. Braidwood, R. J. (1964). Prehistoric Men. 7th ed. Scott, Foresman and Company, Illinois. Braidwood, R. J. (1974). The Iraq Jarmo project. In Archaeological Researches in Retrospect, edited by G. R. Willey, pp. 59-83. Winthrop, Cambridge. Chapdelaine, C. (1993). The sedentarization of the prehistoric Iroquoians: a slow or rapid transformation? Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 12:173-209. Childe, V. G. (1951). Man Makes Himself. Mentor Books, New York. Crawford, G. W., and Smith, D. G. (1996). Migration in prehistory: Princess Point and the northern Iroquoian case. American Antiquity 61:782-790. Divale, W. (1984). Matrilocal Residence in Pre-Literate Society. UMI Research Press, Ann Arbor. Fiedel, S. J. (1991). Correlating archaeology and linguistics: the Algonquian case. Man in the Northeast 41:9-32. Funk, R. E. (1993). Archaeological Investigations in the Upper Susquehanna Valley, New York State. Persimmon Press Monographs in Archaeology, Buffalo. Gregg, S. A. (1988). Foragers and Farmers: Population Interaction and Agricultural Expansion in Prehistoric Europe. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. Gregg, S. A. (1991). Indirect food production: mutualism and the archaeological visibility of cultivation. In Between Bands and States, edited by S. A. Gregg, pp. 203-215. Center for Archaeological Investigations, Occasional Paper No. 9. Southern Illinois University, Carbondale. Griffin, J. B. (1944). The Iroquois in American prehistory. Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters 29:357-374. Hart, J. P. (2000). New dates on classic New York State sites: just how old are those longhouses? Northeast Anthropology 60:1-22. Hart, J. P. (2001). Maize, matrilocality, migration, and northern Iroquoian evolution. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 8:151-182. Kapches, M. (1984). Cabins on Ontario Iroquois sites. North American Archaeologist 3:63-71. Langdon, S. P. (1995). Biological relationships among the Iroquois. Human Biology 67(3):355-374. MacNeish, R. S. (1952). Iroquois Pottery Types: A Technique for the Study of Iroquois Prehistory. National Museum of Canada, Bulletin 124. Ottawa. MacNeish, R. S. (1964). The food-gathering and incipient agriculture stage of prehistoric Middle America. In Natural Environments and Early Cultures, Vol. 1 of Handbook of Middle American Indians, edited by R. C. West, pp. 413-426. University of Texas Press, Austin. MacNeish, R. S. (1971). Speculation about how and why food production and village life developed in the Tehuacan Valley, Mexico. Archaeology 24(4):307-315. Ritchie, W. A. (1928). An Algonkian Village Site Near Levanna, N.Y. Research Record No. 1, Rochester Municipal Museum, Rochester, New York. Ritchie, W. A. (1969). The Archaeology of New York State, Rev. ed. Natural History Press, Garden City, New York. Ritchie, W. A., and Funk, R. E. (1973). Aboriginal Settlement Patterns in the Northeast. Memoir 20. New York State Museum and Science Service. University of the State of New York, Albany. 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American Antiquity 60:59-79. Snow, D. R. (1996). More on migration in prehistory: accommodating new evidence in the northern Iroquoian case. American Antiquity 61:791-796. Starna, W. A., and Funk, R. E. (1994). The place of the in situ hypothesis in Iroquoian archaeology. Northeast Anthropology 47:45-54. Struever, S. (1971). Prehistoric Agriculture. American Museum Sourcebooks in Anthropology, Garden City. Stuiver, M., and Reimer, P. J. (1993). Extended 14C database and revised CALIB radiocarbon calibration program. Radiocarbon 35:215-230. Wurst, L., and Versaggi, N. M. (1993). Under the Asphalt: The Archaeology of the Binghamton Mall Project. Public Archaeology Facility, State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton. Chapter 8 New Dates for Owasco Pots 165
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Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Ch
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Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Ch
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TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures L
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LIST OF FIGURES 2.1 Map of the cent
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9.3 Topographic map of Broome Tech.
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11.1 Upper Susquehanna Site Types (
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PREFACE The New York State Museum h
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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Christina B.
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domesticates and the occupation of
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and Rieth highlight the important c
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Dunnell, R. C. (1971). Systematics
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Anthropology, University of Massach
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CHAPTER 2 CENTRAL OHIO VALLEY DURIN
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L a k e E r i e PENNSYLVANIA INDIAN
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L a k e E r i e INDIANA R i v e r G
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Olentangy River and other minor tri
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Figure 2.6. Comparison of Late Wood
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support the notion of resource stre
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F4 F7 F5 F6 F3 F2 F9 F10 F12 F13 F1
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B B M F42 F43 F41 F44 S5 S4 S1 F30
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Table 2.3. continued Temporal Age A
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Table 2.3. continued Temporal Age A
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L a k e E r i e INDIANA o i O h Sal
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Figure 2.13. Map of the Late Prehis
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Figure 2.15. Map of households with
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Figure 2.17. Sample of Late Prehist
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Barkes, B. M. (1982). An Analysis o
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Fort Ancient Tradition, edited by J
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CHAPTER 3 “ . . . to reconstruct
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IT TAKES A VILLAGE Figure 3.2. Arti
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social organizations is drawn prima
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elements of the village, the spaces
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Diametric, concentric, and circumfe
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egion, including Reckner (Augustine
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Chapter 3 Modeling Village Communit
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Figure 3.9. Architectural and nonar
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Figure 3.11. Measuring distances in
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Table 3.2. Descriptive Statistics f
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DISCUSSION Table 3.3. Descriptive S
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Figure 3.14. Box-and-whisker plot o
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Augustine, E. A. (1938d). Important
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Among Some Amazon Tribes. Privately
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on Black Mesa, Arizona. The Univers
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CHAPTER 4 THE EARLY LATE WOODLAND I
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Figure 4.3. Gibraltar Cordmarked ce
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Figure 4.5. Ceramics of the Gibralt
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points and notched Chesser or Lowe
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dated to A.D. 890 (1025) 1230 (DIC-
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Table 4.3. Available Stable Carbon
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where fishing and farming may have
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Figure 4.10. Ceramic of the Sandusk
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singular Mixter Stamped vessels typ
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urial with the dead, broadcasted a
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during the early Late Woodland time
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Valley. North American Archaeologis
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CHAPTER 5 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN TH
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interest in exchange of service or
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CURRENT INVESTIGATIONS In view of t
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710 Area C 700 B-75084 TO-4556 TO-4
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Table 5.1. Summary of Artifacts fro
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e Bull's Point C o o t e s P a r a
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classification system has been appl
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(Crawford et al. 1997a). The same i
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Page 129 and 130: 207-212. Smithsonian Institution, W
Page 131 and 132: CHAPTER 6 EARLY LATE WOODLAND IN SO
Page 133 and 134: Figure 6.2. Lower Grand River Valle
Page 135 and 136: Table 6.1. Radiocarbon Dates from t
Page 137 and 138: segment of the terrace that effecti
Page 139 and 140: Figure 6.7. Meyer site terrace, vie
Page 141 and 142: Figure 6.10. Forster site reconstru
Page 143 and 144: Figure 6.12. Middle Thames River 20
Page 145 and 146: Figure 6.13. Site situation: a comp
Page 147 and 148: Dieterman, F. (2001). Princess Poin
Page 149 and 150: CHAPTER 7 EARLY LATE PREHISTORIC SE
Page 151 and 152: ticultural hamlets, small and large
Page 153 and 154: that Clemson Island was greatly inf
Page 155 and 156: local deposits. Alternately, Stimme
Page 157 and 158: Table 7.1. Radiocarbon Dates from S
Page 159 and 160: Pennsylvania continued to practice
Page 161 and 162: level) overlaps with the West Branc
Page 163 and 164: Under a population metaphysic, the
Page 165 and 166: Hatch, J. W., and Koontz, K. L. (19
Page 167 and 168: CHAPTER 8 NEW DATES FOR OWASCO POTS
Page 169 and 170: Table 8.1. Key Components of the Th
Page 171 and 172: Figure 8.1. Location of the Kipp Is
Page 173 and 174: Table 8.4. Carpenter Brook Phase Ho
Page 175 and 176: Table 8.5. Physical Characteristics
Page 177: Table 8.6. AMS Dates and Calibrated
Page 181 and 182: CHAPTER 9 PITS, PLANTS, AND PLACE:
Page 183 and 184: Thomas/Luckey Broome Tech N 0 0 50
Page 185 and 186: confluence with the Susquehanna Riv
Page 187 and 188: Figure 9.3. Topographic map of Broo
Page 189 and 190: Table 9.2. Feature Types at Thomas/
Page 191 and 192: Figure 9.4. Histogram of feature de
Page 193 and 194: Table 9.4. Plant Remains from Thoma
Page 195 and 196: Figure 9.7. Sample composition of n
Page 197 and 198: Figure 9.9. Seed composition (exclu
Page 199 and 200: suggests that the gathering of wild
Page 201 and 202: of posts may mark remnants of tempo
Page 203 and 204: for allowing me repeated and unteth
Page 205 and 206: History Press, Garden City, New Yor
Page 207 and 208: CHAPTER 10 UPLAND LAND USE PATTERNS
Page 209 and 210: LOCAL LEVEL ANALYSIS Local level an
Page 211 and 212: N104 E101 Unit 19A Unit 7A Unit 12A
Page 213 and 214: Table 10.2. Park Creek II Feature A
Page 215 and 216: Fea. 2 Fea. 5 0 1 2 N Figure 10.4.
Page 217 and 218: encounterlike hunting/butchering st
Page 219 and 220: END NOTES 1. A village is defined a
Page 221 and 222: Perrelli, D. J. (1994). Gender, Mob
Page 223 and 224: CHAPTER 11 EARLY LATE PREHISTORIC S
Page 225 and 226: Table 11.1. Upper Susquehanna Site
Page 227 and 228: Table 11.2. Summary of Late Middle
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Table 11.3. Settlement Features of
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approximately 1,000 sq. ft, there i
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Table 11.5. Summary of Seed Identif
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importance of hunting and hunting-r
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portion of the Susquehanna Valley,
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Herrick, J. W., and Snow, D. R. (19
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CHAPTER 12 WOODLAND PERIOD SETTLEME
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oundaries were given. According to
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Table 12.1: Selected Radiocarbon an
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shads and herrings of the family Cl
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consists of large concentrations of
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(1990) survey of recorded sites in
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York State 92:1-8. Busby, M. (1966)
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CHAPTER 13 PALEOETHNOBOTANICAL INDI
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Figure 13.1. Forest regions of the
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Table 13.1. Distribution of Nut Tre
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ation in feature contents. For mult
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Figure 13.4. Nutshell density (gray
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Figure 13.5. Seed density and maize
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Table 13.3. Seed Indicators-Maine S
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Table 13.4. Broome Tech Site: Selec
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6, and it occurred in 58 percent of
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Table 13.6. Continued Site Uncalibr
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Acknowledgments I thank John Hart f
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y K. J. Gremillion, pp. 161-178. Th
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CHAPTER 14 FROM HUNTER-GATHERER CAM
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Figure 14.1. Distribution of select
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available to Ceci were simply too l
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the AMS date of A.D. 1185 (A.D. 127
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Table 14.1. Continued Site Lab C14
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within single settlements remains e
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noncoastal residential sites certai
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Figure 14.3. Two stratigraphic prof
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to the Maritime Provinces on the Gu
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other related questions yet, and so
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Northeast Historical Archaeology 21
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Thomas, P. A. (1976). Contrastive s
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CHAPTER 15 “towns they have none
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Table 15.1. Key to Figure 15.1: Arc
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Maize will normally not preserve fo
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artifacts. Cowie (2000) suggests th
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creativity to resolve, but is also
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Ph.D. dissertation, Department of A
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CHAPTER 16 OUT OF THE BLUE AND INTO
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Figure 16.2. Map of the Bliss Islan
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shell-bearing sites located on the
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site. Middle Maritime Woodland occu
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(e.g., Black 1992:190) limit and co
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Table 16.3. Faunal Remains Associat
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and often poor vertebrate faunal pr
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the Maine/Maritimes area have argue
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SE: warm season (Rojo 1987:221); sp
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Ethnohistory 36:257-284. Bourque, B
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CHAPTER 17 ABORIGINAL LAND AND RESO
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Table 17.1. Chronological and Ceram
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Among the food plants listed above,
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species, the American eel (Anguilla
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the Early Woodland period. Tools ma
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Copper Resources Throughout the Lat
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midden deposits were located along
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a model with two distinct populatio
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Table 17.2. Summary of Landscape an
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File Report 93-1, Fredericton. Alle
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Anthropology, Temple University, Ph
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stone age found at Maquapit Lake. N
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CHAPTER 18 MAIZE AND VILLAGES: A Su
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use of the term “small village”
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1325 [1425] 1460) (Boyd et al. 1998
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several centuries after its first a
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from excavations at village sites h
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133-156. New York State Museum Bull
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longhouses. American Antiquity 55:4
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CONTRIBUTORS Timothy J. Abel. Carth
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Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Change: A.D. 700 –1300

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