Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Change: A.D. 700 –1300

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Table 11.4. List of Wild and Domesticated Plants Identified at Late Middle and Early Late Woodland Sites. Taxonomic Name Common Name Late Middle Early Late Sites Woodland Woodland Wild Plants and Nuts Carya sp. Hickory x --- 2,7 Corylus sp. Hazelnut x --- 1,2,7,9 Cyperus sp. Sedge x --- 6 Fabaceae Pulse Family x --- 6 Rhus sp. Sumac x --- 6 Vitus sp. Grape x --- 1 Junglans cinerea Butternut x x 1,2,3,4,5,8 Junglans nigra Walnut x x 1,3 Polygonum sp. Knotweed, Smartweed x x 3,6 Rubus sp. Raspberry x x 1,3,5,6,9,8 Amaranthus sp. Amaranth --- x 8 Chenopodium sp. 1 Goosefoot --- x 2,3,8 Sambucus canadensis Elderberry --- x 8 Crataegus sp. Hawthorn --- x 3 Eleocharis sp. Spike rush --- x 3 Gramineae sp. Grass Family --- x 3,9 Oxalis sp. Wood Sorrel --- x 9 Prunus sp. Cherry --- x 3 Prunus pensylvanica Pin cherry --- x 8 Trifolium sp. Clover --- x 3 Domesticated Plants Zea mays Maize --- x 5 1 Floral remains have not been analyzed to determine if they represent domesticated or wild specimens. In the absence of such information, it is assumed that they are wild. Key: 1-Fortin II, late Middle Woodland component (Funk 1998a). 2-Street, late Middle Woodland component (Starna and Gutierrez 1980; Wellman 1998). 3-Ouleout Creek (Hartgen Archaeological Associates, Inc., 1989). 4-Street, early Late Woodland component (Starna and Gutierrez 1980; Wellman 1998). 5-Fortin II, early Late Woodland component (Funk 1998a). 6-SUBi-505, Middle Woodland occupation (Wanser 1977). 7-Sternberg, Middle Woodland component (Funk 1993, 1998b). 8-Otego Yard, Late Woodland component (Hartgen Archaeological Associates, Inc., 1988). 9-Hudson Lake, Late Woodland component (Weide 1975; Snethkamp 1976). include butternut, hazelnut, walnut, knotweed or smartweed, and raspberries. While this disparity was initially thought to represent different seasons of exploitation, plants associated with spring-summer and fall-winter occupations are present in both the late Middle and early Late Woodland assemblages. In the future, additional work is needed to determine whether these patterns are real or if they represent a sampling bias. The early Late Woodland period is largely defined by the use and gradual intensification of maize horticulture. Maize has been recovered from the western and central portions of the Susquehanna Valley as early as the eighth century A.D. (Hart and Sidell 1996) and from the upper Susquehanna Valley during the eleventh century A.D. (Prezzano 1993; Prezzano and Rieth 2001; Ritchie 1994; Wurst and Versaggi 1993). Despite this, little direct evidence of maize horticulture has been identified in the Oneonta-Worchester area. Currently, only the Fortin II site has produced charred corn kernels. According to Funk (1993b, 1998a:78), two charred corn kernels were recovered from features in Occupation Zone 4. These corn kernels appear to have been found in association with cordmarked pottery (Funk 1998a) and probably date to the occupation of the site during the twelfth century A.D. 218 Rieth
Table 11.5. Summary of Seed Identifications from Sites in the Oneonta-Worchester Region. 1 Site Occupation Identification Type of Remains No. No. Carbonized Uncarbonized Street 2 Late Middle Woodland Polygonum sp. (Knotweed) Seed (fragment) 1 --- (Locus 1, Zone B) Scirpus sp. (Bulrush) Unidentified --- 6 Junglans sp. (Buttternut or Walnut) Nut (fragment) 1 --- Junglans cinera (Butternut) Nut (fragment) 13 --- Shell (fragment) 1 --- Carya sp. or Junglans cinera (Hickory or Butternut) Nut (fragment) 1 --- Corylus sp. (Hazelnut) Nut (fragment) 1 --- Unidentified Seed (whole) 1 --- Seed (fragment) 1 --- Early Late Woodland Chenopodium sp. (Goosefoot) Seed (whole) 3 --- (Locus 2, Zone B) Rubus sp. (Raspberry) Seed (whole) --- 3 Junglans cinera (Butternut) Nut (fragment) 2 --- Fortin II 3 Late Middle Woodland Junglans sp. or Carya sp. (Butternut or Hickory) Shell (fragment) 1 --- (Occupation 3) Junglans cinera (Butternut) Nut (fragment) 24 --- Junglans cinera or Junglans nigra (Butternut or Black Walnut) Nut (fragment) 6 --- Junglans sp. (Butternut or Walnut) Nut (fragment) 4 --- Corylus sp. (Hazelnut) Nut (fragment) 5? --- Vitus sp. (Grape) Seed (fragment) 1 --- Rubus sp. (Raspberry or Blackberry) Seed (fragment) 2 --- Early Late Woodland Zea mays (Maize) Kernels (whole) 2 --- (Occupation 4) Junglans cinera (Butternut) Nut (fragment) 3 --- Junglans cinera or Junglans nigra (Butternut or Black Walnut) Nut (fragments) 3 --- Rubus sp. (Raspberry or Blackberry) Seed (whole) 1 --- Sternberg 4 Late Middle Woodland Carya sp. (Hickory) Nut (fragment) 2 --- Corylus sp. (Hazelnut) Nut (fragment) 2 --- 1 Uncarbonized seeds are not included in Table 11.4. 2 Information based on floral report prepared by Moeller (n.d.), South (1976 as cited in Wellman 1998:Table 71), and Wellman (1998:136). 3 Information derived from Funk (1998a:75-78) and field notes at the New York State Museum. 4 Information derived from Funk (1998b) and field notes at the New York State Museum. Chapter 11 Early Late Prehistoric <strong>Settlement</strong> and <strong>Subsistence</strong> Diversity in the Southern Tier of New York 219
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Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Ch
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Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Ch
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TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures L
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LIST OF FIGURES 2.1 Map of the cent
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9.3 Topographic map of Broome Tech.
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11.1 Upper Susquehanna Site Types (
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PREFACE The New York State Museum h
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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Christina B.
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domesticates and the occupation of
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and Rieth highlight the important c
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Dunnell, R. C. (1971). Systematics
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Anthropology, University of Massach
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CHAPTER 2 CENTRAL OHIO VALLEY DURIN
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L a k e E r i e PENNSYLVANIA INDIAN
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L a k e E r i e INDIANA R i v e r G
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Olentangy River and other minor tri
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Figure 2.6. Comparison of Late Wood
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support the notion of resource stre
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F4 F7 F5 F6 F3 F2 F9 F10 F12 F13 F1
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B B M F42 F43 F41 F44 S5 S4 S1 F30
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Table 2.3. continued Temporal Age A
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Table 2.3. continued Temporal Age A
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L a k e E r i e INDIANA o i O h Sal
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Figure 2.13. Map of the Late Prehis
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Figure 2.15. Map of households with
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Figure 2.17. Sample of Late Prehist
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Barkes, B. M. (1982). An Analysis o
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Fort Ancient Tradition, edited by J
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CHAPTER 3 “ . . . to reconstruct
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IT TAKES A VILLAGE Figure 3.2. Arti
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social organizations is drawn prima
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elements of the village, the spaces
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Diametric, concentric, and circumfe
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egion, including Reckner (Augustine
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Chapter 3 Modeling Village Communit
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Figure 3.9. Architectural and nonar
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Figure 3.11. Measuring distances in
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Table 3.2. Descriptive Statistics f
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DISCUSSION Table 3.3. Descriptive S
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Figure 3.14. Box-and-whisker plot o
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Augustine, E. A. (1938d). Important
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Among Some Amazon Tribes. Privately
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on Black Mesa, Arizona. The Univers
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CHAPTER 4 THE EARLY LATE WOODLAND I
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Figure 4.3. Gibraltar Cordmarked ce
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Figure 4.5. Ceramics of the Gibralt
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points and notched Chesser or Lowe
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dated to A.D. 890 (1025) 1230 (DIC-
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Table 4.3. Available Stable Carbon
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where fishing and farming may have
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Figure 4.10. Ceramic of the Sandusk
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singular Mixter Stamped vessels typ
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urial with the dead, broadcasted a
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during the early Late Woodland time
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Valley. North American Archaeologis
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CHAPTER 5 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN TH
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interest in exchange of service or
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CURRENT INVESTIGATIONS In view of t
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710 Area C 700 B-75084 TO-4556 TO-4
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Table 5.1. Summary of Artifacts fro
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e Bull's Point C o o t e s P a r a
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classification system has been appl
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(Crawford et al. 1997a). The same i
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in Ontario was Middle Woodland-deri
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207-212. Smithsonian Institution, W
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CHAPTER 6 EARLY LATE WOODLAND IN SO
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Figure 6.2. Lower Grand River Valle
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Table 6.1. Radiocarbon Dates from t
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segment of the terrace that effecti
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Figure 6.7. Meyer site terrace, vie
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Figure 6.10. Forster site reconstru
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Figure 6.12. Middle Thames River 20
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Figure 6.13. Site situation: a comp
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Dieterman, F. (2001). Princess Poin
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CHAPTER 7 EARLY LATE PREHISTORIC SE
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ticultural hamlets, small and large
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that Clemson Island was greatly inf
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local deposits. Alternately, Stimme
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Table 7.1. Radiocarbon Dates from S
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Pennsylvania continued to practice
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level) overlaps with the West Branc
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Under a population metaphysic, the
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Hatch, J. W., and Koontz, K. L. (19
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CHAPTER 8 NEW DATES FOR OWASCO POTS
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Table 8.1. Key Components of the Th
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Figure 8.1. Location of the Kipp Is
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Table 8.4. Carpenter Brook Phase Ho
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Table 8.5. Physical Characteristics
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Table 8.6. AMS Dates and Calibrated
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REFERENCES CITED Ammerman, A. J., a
Page 181 and 182: CHAPTER 9 PITS, PLANTS, AND PLACE:
Page 183 and 184: Thomas/Luckey Broome Tech N 0 0 50
Page 185 and 186: confluence with the Susquehanna Riv
Page 187 and 188: Figure 9.3. Topographic map of Broo
Page 189 and 190: Table 9.2. Feature Types at Thomas/
Page 191 and 192: Figure 9.4. Histogram of feature de
Page 193 and 194: Table 9.4. Plant Remains from Thoma
Page 195 and 196: Figure 9.7. Sample composition of n
Page 197 and 198: Figure 9.9. Seed composition (exclu
Page 199 and 200: suggests that the gathering of wild
Page 201 and 202: of posts may mark remnants of tempo
Page 203 and 204: for allowing me repeated and unteth
Page 205 and 206: History Press, Garden City, New Yor
Page 207 and 208: CHAPTER 10 UPLAND LAND USE PATTERNS
Page 209 and 210: LOCAL LEVEL ANALYSIS Local level an
Page 211 and 212: N104 E101 Unit 19A Unit 7A Unit 12A
Page 213 and 214: Table 10.2. Park Creek II Feature A
Page 215 and 216: Fea. 2 Fea. 5 0 1 2 N Figure 10.4.
Page 217 and 218: encounterlike hunting/butchering st
Page 219 and 220: END NOTES 1. A village is defined a
Page 221 and 222: Perrelli, D. J. (1994). Gender, Mob
Page 223 and 224: CHAPTER 11 EARLY LATE PREHISTORIC S
Page 225 and 226: Table 11.1. Upper Susquehanna Site
Page 227 and 228: Table 11.2. Summary of Late Middle
Page 229 and 230: Table 11.3. Settlement Features of
Page 231: approximately 1,000 sq. ft, there i
Page 235 and 236: importance of hunting and hunting-r
Page 237 and 238: portion of the Susquehanna Valley,
Page 239 and 240: Herrick, J. W., and Snow, D. R. (19
Page 241 and 242: CHAPTER 12 WOODLAND PERIOD SETTLEME
Page 243 and 244: oundaries were given. According to
Page 245 and 246: Table 12.1: Selected Radiocarbon an
Page 247 and 248: shads and herrings of the family Cl
Page 249 and 250: consists of large concentrations of
Page 251 and 252: (1990) survey of recorded sites in
Page 253 and 254: York State 92:1-8. Busby, M. (1966)
Page 255 and 256: CHAPTER 13 PALEOETHNOBOTANICAL INDI
Page 257 and 258: Figure 13.1. Forest regions of the
Page 259 and 260: Table 13.1. Distribution of Nut Tre
Page 261 and 262: ation in feature contents. For mult
Page 263 and 264: Figure 13.4. Nutshell density (gray
Page 265 and 266: Figure 13.5. Seed density and maize
Page 267 and 268: Table 13.3. Seed Indicators-Maine S
Page 269 and 270: Table 13.4. Broome Tech Site: Selec
Page 271 and 272: 6, and it occurred in 58 percent of
Page 273 and 274: Table 13.6. Continued Site Uncalibr
Page 275 and 276: Acknowledgments I thank John Hart f
Page 277 and 278: y K. J. Gremillion, pp. 161-178. Th
Page 279 and 280: CHAPTER 14 FROM HUNTER-GATHERER CAM
Page 281 and 282: Figure 14.1. Distribution of select
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available to Ceci were simply too l
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the AMS date of A.D. 1185 (A.D. 127
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Table 14.1. Continued Site Lab C14
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within single settlements remains e
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noncoastal residential sites certai
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Figure 14.3. Two stratigraphic prof
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to the Maritime Provinces on the Gu
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other related questions yet, and so
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Northeast Historical Archaeology 21
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Thomas, P. A. (1976). Contrastive s
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CHAPTER 15 “towns they have none
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Table 15.1. Key to Figure 15.1: Arc
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Maize will normally not preserve fo
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artifacts. Cowie (2000) suggests th
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creativity to resolve, but is also
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Ph.D. dissertation, Department of A
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CHAPTER 16 OUT OF THE BLUE AND INTO
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Figure 16.2. Map of the Bliss Islan
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shell-bearing sites located on the
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site. Middle Maritime Woodland occu
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(e.g., Black 1992:190) limit and co
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Table 16.3. Faunal Remains Associat
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and often poor vertebrate faunal pr
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the Maine/Maritimes area have argue
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SE: warm season (Rojo 1987:221); sp
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Ethnohistory 36:257-284. Bourque, B
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CHAPTER 17 ABORIGINAL LAND AND RESO
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Table 17.1. Chronological and Ceram
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Among the food plants listed above,
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species, the American eel (Anguilla
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the Early Woodland period. Tools ma
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Copper Resources Throughout the Lat
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midden deposits were located along
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a model with two distinct populatio
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Table 17.2. Summary of Landscape an
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File Report 93-1, Fredericton. Alle
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Anthropology, Temple University, Ph
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stone age found at Maquapit Lake. N
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CHAPTER 18 MAIZE AND VILLAGES: A Su
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use of the term “small village”
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1325 [1425] 1460) (Boyd et al. 1998
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several centuries after its first a
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from excavations at village sites h
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133-156. New York State Museum Bull
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longhouses. American Antiquity 55:4
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CONTRIBUTORS Timothy J. Abel. Carth
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Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Change: A.D. 700 –1300

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