Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Change: A.D. 700 –1300

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Hart, pp. 133-156. New York State Museum Bulletin No. 494. The University of the State of New York, Albany. Bendremer, J. C., and Dewar, R. E. (1994). The advent of maize horticulture in New England. In Maize and Culture in the Prehistoric New World, edited by S. Johannessen and C. A. Hastorf, pp. 369-393. Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado. Bernstein, D. J. (1992). Prehistoric use of plant foods in the Narragansett Bay region. Man in the Northeast 44:1-13. Bernstein, D. J. (1999). Prehistoric plant use on Long Island and Block Island Sounds. In Current Northeast Paleoethnobotany, edited by J. P. Hart, pp. 101-120. New York State Museum Bulletin 494, The University of the State of New York, Albany. Bradley, J. W., and Spiess, A. E. (1994). Two shell middens on Indian Neck, Wellfleet, Massachusetts: the excavations of Fred A. Luce. Bulletin of the Massachusetts Archaeological Society 55:45-59. Brose, D. S. (1994). The South Park Village Site and the Late Prehistoric Whittlesey Traditon of Northeast Ohio. Monographs in World Archaeology No. 20. Prehistory Press, Madison. Brown, J. D. (1982). The Tower Site and Ohio Monongahela. Kent State Research Papers in Archaeology No. 3. Bumstead, M. P. (1980). VT-CH-94: Vermont’s earliest known agricultural experiment station. Man in the Northeast 19:73-82. Buker, W. E. (1993). The Portman site (36AL40). Pennsylvania Archaeologist 63:7-52. Burkett, K. (1999). Prehistoric occupations at Fishbasket. Pennsylvania Archaeologist 69:1-100. Bursey, J. A. (1994). The transition from the Middle to Late Woodland periods: a re-evaluation. In The Origins of the People of the Longhouse, edited by A. Beckerman and G. Warrick, pp. 43-54. Proceedings of the 21st Annual Symposium of the Ontario Archaeological Society, Inc., Toronto. Carlson, C. C. (1999). History of zooarchaeology in New England. In The Archaeological Northeast, edited by M. Levine, K. E. Sassaman, and M. S. Nassaney, pp. 171- 181. Bergin and Garvey, Westport, Connecticut. Carskadden, J., and Morton, J. (2000). Fort Ancient in the central Muskingum Valley of eastern Ohio: a view from the Philo II site. In Cultures Before Contact: The Late Prehistory of Ohio and Surrounding Regions, edited by R. A. Genheimer, pp. 158-193. The Ohio Archaeological Council, Columbus. Cassedy, D., and Webb, P. (1999). New data on the chronology of maize horticulture in eastern New York and southern New England. In Current Northeast Paleoethnobotany, edited by J. P. Hart, pp. 85-100. New York State Museum Bulletin 494, University of the State of New York, Albany. Ceci, L. (1979). Maize cultivation in coastal New York: the archaeological, agronomical, and documentary evidence. North American Archaeologist 1:45-74. Ceci, L. (1982). Method and theory in coastal New York Archaeology: paradigms of settlement pattern. North American Archaeologist 3:5-36. Chapdelaine, C. (1995). An early Late Woodland pottery sequence east of Lac Sainte-Pierre: definition, chronology, and cultural affiliation. Northeast Anthropology 49:77-95. Chilton, E. S. (1999a). Mobile farmers of pre-Contact southern New England: the archaeological and ethnohistoric evidence. In Current Northeast Paleoethnobotany, edited by J. P. Hart, pp. 157-176. New York State Museum Bulletin 494, The University of the State of New York, Albany. Chilton, E. S. (1999b). One size fits all, typology and alternatives for ceramic research. In Material Meanings, Critical Approaches to the Interpretation of Material Culture, edited by E. S. Chilton, pp. 44-60. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City. Chilton, E. S. (1999c). Ceramic research in New England: breaking the typological mold. In The Archaeological Northeast, edited by M. Levine, K. E. Sassaman, and M. S. Nassaney, pp. 97-111. Bergen and Garvey, Westport, Connecticut. Chilton, E. S., Largy, T. B., and Curran, K. (2000). Evidence for prehistoric maize horticulture at the Pine Hill Site, Deerfield, Massachusetts. Northeast Anthropology 59:23- 46. Church, F. (1987). An Inquiry into the Transition from Late Woodland to Late Prehistoric Cultures in the Central Scioto Valley, Ohio, Circa A.D. 500 to A.D. 1250. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Ohio State University, Columbus. Church, F. (1994). An analysis of the faunal assemblage from the Mon City Site (36WH737). Pennsylvania Archaeologist 64(2):40-53. Clermont, N. (1995). The meaning of early Late Woodland pottery from southwestern Quebec. Northeast Anthropology 49:67-75. Crawford, G. W., Smith, D. G., and Bowyer, V. E. (1997). Dating the entry of maize (Zea mays) into the lower Great Lakes region. American Antiquity 62:112-120. Custer, J. F. (1986). Introduction. In The Early Late Woodland Cultures of the Middle Atlantic Region, edited by J. F. Custer, pp. 11-19. University of Delaware Press, Newark. Dincauze, D. F. (1990). A capsule prehistory of southern New England. In The Pequots of Southern New England, The Fall and Rise of an American Indian Nation, edited by L. M. Hauptman and J. D. Wherry, pp. 19-32. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman. Dragoo, D. W. (1971). Excavations at the Johnston site. In Foundations of Pennsylvania Prehistory, edited by B. Kent, I. F. Smith, and C. McCann, pp. 545-587. Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. Drooker, P. B. (2000). Madisonville Focus revisited: reexcavating southwestern Ohio Fort Ancient from museum collections. In Cultures Before Contact: The Late Prehistory of Ohio and Surrounding Regions, edited by R. A. Genheimer, pp. 228-271. Ohio Archaeological Council, Columbus. 6 Rieth
Dunnell, R. C. (1971). Systematics in Prehistory. The Free Press, New York. Dunnell, R. C. (1986). Methodological issues in Americanist artifact classification. In Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory, Vol. 9, edited by M. B. Schiffer, pp. 149-207. Academic Press, New York. Ellis, C. J. (1990). Introduction. In The Archaeology of Southern Ontario to A.D. 1650, edited by C. J. Ellis and N. Ferris, pp. 1-4. Occasional Publications of the London Chapter, OAS Number 5. London, Ontario. Fecteau, R. D. (1985). The Introduction and Diffusion of Cultivated Plants in Southern Ontario. Master’s thesis, Department of Geography, York University, Toronto, Ontario. Feder, K. L. (1984). Pots, plants, and people: the Late Woodland period in Connecticut. Bulletin of the Archaeological Society of Connecticut 47:99-111. Feder, K. L. (1990). Late Woodland occupation of the uplands of northwestern Connecticut. Bulletin of the Massachusetts Archaeological Society 51:61-68. Fox, W. A. (1990). The Middle Woodland to Late Woodland transition. In The Archaeology of Southern Ontario to A.D. 1650, edited by C. J. Ellis and N. Ferris, pp. 171-188. Occasional Publications of the London Chapter, OAS No. 5. Garman, J. C. (1991). Prehistoric maize at Riverside, Gill. Bulletin of the Massachusetts Archaeological Society 52:1-7. Garrahan, F. D. (1990). Airport II site: a Clemson Island/Owasco settlement on the North Branch of the Susquehanna River. Pennsylvania Archaeologist 60(1):1- 31. George, R. L. (1974). Monongahela settlement patterns and the Ryan site. Pennsylvania Archaeologist 44(1-2):1-22. George, R. L. (1983). The Gnagey site and the Monongahela occupation of the Somerset Plateau. Pennsylvania Archaeologist 53(4):1-97. Graybill, J. R. (1973). The Shenks Ferry settlement patterns in southern Lancaster County. The Kituhwan: Journal of the Anthropology Club Franklin and Marshall College 5:7-24. Graybill, J. R. (1980). Marietta Works, Ohio, and the eastern periphery of Fort Ancient. Pennsylvania Archaeologist 50(1-2):51-60. Graybill, J. R. (1981). The Eastern Periphery of Fort Ancient (A.D. 1050-1650): A Diachronic Approach to Settlement Variability. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Washington, Seattle. Griffin, J. B. (1978). The Midlands. In Ancient North Americans, edited by J. D. Jennings, pp. 243-302. W. H. Freeman and Company, New York. Hart, J. P. (1993). Monongahela subsistence-settlement change: the Late Prehistoric period in the lower upper Ohio River Valley. Journal of World Prehistory 7:71-120. Hart, J. P. (1994). Archaeological investigations at the Mon City site (36WH737), Washington County, Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania Archaeologist 64(2):7-39. Hart, J. P. (1995). Storage and Monongahela subsistence-settlement change. Archaeology of Eastern North America 23:41-56. Hart, J. P. (1999a). Another look at “Clemson’s Island.” Northeast Anthropology 57:19-26. Hart, J. P. (1999b). Dating Roundtop’s domesticates: implications for Northeast prehistory. In Current Northeast Paleoethnobotany, edited J. P. Hart, pp. 47-68. New York State Museum Bulletin 494, The University of the State of New York, Albany. Hart, J. P. (1999c). Maize agriculture evolution in the Eastern Woodlands of North America: a Darwinian perspective. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 6:137- 180. Hart, J. P. (1999d). Introduction. In Current Northeast Paleoethnobotany, edited by J. P. Hart, pp. 1-10. New York State Museum Bulletin 494. The University of the State of New York, Albany. Hart, J. P. (editor) (1999e). Current Northeast Paleoethnobotany. New York State Museum Bulletin 494. The University of the State of New York, Albany. Hart, J. P. (2000a). New dates from old collections: the Roundtop site and maize-beans-squash agriculture in the Northeast. North American Archaeologist 21:7-17. Hart, J. P. (2000b). New dates from classic New York sites: just how old are those longhouses? Northeast Anthropology 60:1-20. Hart, J. P. (2001). Maize, matrilocality, migrations and northern Iroquoian evolution. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 8:151-182. Hart, J. P., Asch, D. L., Scarry, C. M., and Crawford, G. W. (2002). The age of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) in the northern Eastern Woodlands of North America. Antiquity 76: 377.385. Hart, J. P., and Asch Sidell, N. (1996). Prehistoric agricultural systems in the West Branch of the Susquehanna River basin A.D. 800 to A.D. 1350. Northeast Anthropology 52:1-30. Hart, J. P., and Scarry, C. M. (1999). The age of common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) in the northeastern United States. American Antiquity 64:653-658. Hart, J. P., and Nass, J. P. (2002). Fracturing the Monogahela adaptive type. In Evolutionary Explanations of the Archaeological Record: Promises and Problems, edited by R. C. Dunnell and R. A. Leonard, Utah University Press (in press). Hasenstab, R. (1999). Fishing, farming, and finding the village sites: centering Late Woodland New England Algonquian. In The Archaeological Northeast, edited by M. Levine, K. E. Sassaman, and M. S. Nassaney, pp. 139-153. Bergin and Garvey, Westport, Connecticut. Heckenberger, M. J., Peterson, J. B., and Asch Sidell, N. (1992). Early evidence of maize agriculture in the Connecticut River Valley of Vermont. Archaeology of Eastern North America 20:125-150. Herbstritt, J. T. (1981). Bonnie Brook: a multicomponent aboriginal locus in west-central Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania Archaeologist 51(3):1-52. Hodder, I. (1986). Reading the Past: Current Approaches to Interpretation in Archaeology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Chapter 1 Introduction 7
Page 1 and 2: Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Ch
Page 3 and 4: Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Ch
Page 5 and 6: TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures L
Page 7 and 8: LIST OF FIGURES 2.1 Map of the cent
Page 9 and 10: 9.3 Topographic map of Broome Tech.
Page 11 and 12: 11.1 Upper Susquehanna Site Types (
Page 13 and 14: PREFACE The New York State Museum h
Page 15 and 16: CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Christina B.
Page 17 and 18: domesticates and the occupation of
Page 19: and Rieth highlight the important c
Page 23 and 24: Anthropology, University of Massach
Page 25 and 26: CHAPTER 2 CENTRAL OHIO VALLEY DURIN
Page 27 and 28: L a k e E r i e PENNSYLVANIA INDIAN
Page 29 and 30: L a k e E r i e INDIANA R i v e r G
Page 31 and 32: Olentangy River and other minor tri
Page 33 and 34: Figure 2.6. Comparison of Late Wood
Page 35 and 36: support the notion of resource stre
Page 37 and 38: F4 F7 F5 F6 F3 F2 F9 F10 F12 F13 F1
Page 39 and 40: B B M F42 F43 F41 F44 S5 S4 S1 F30
Page 41 and 42: Table 2.3. continued Temporal Age A
Page 43 and 44: Table 2.3. continued Temporal Age A
Page 45 and 46: L a k e E r i e INDIANA o i O h Sal
Page 47 and 48: Figure 2.13. Map of the Late Prehis
Page 49 and 50: Figure 2.15. Map of households with
Page 51 and 52: Figure 2.17. Sample of Late Prehist
Page 53 and 54: Barkes, B. M. (1982). An Analysis o
Page 55 and 56: Fort Ancient Tradition, edited by J
Page 57 and 58: CHAPTER 3 “ . . . to reconstruct
Page 59 and 60: IT TAKES A VILLAGE Figure 3.2. Arti
Page 61 and 62: social organizations is drawn prima
Page 63 and 64: elements of the village, the spaces
Page 65 and 66: Diametric, concentric, and circumfe
Page 67 and 68: egion, including Reckner (Augustine
Page 69 and 70: Chapter 3 Modeling Village Communit
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Figure 3.9. Architectural and nonar
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Figure 3.11. Measuring distances in
Page 75 and 76:
Table 3.2. Descriptive Statistics f
Page 77 and 78:
DISCUSSION Table 3.3. Descriptive S
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Figure 3.14. Box-and-whisker plot o
Page 81 and 82:
Augustine, E. A. (1938d). Important
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Among Some Amazon Tribes. Privately
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on Black Mesa, Arizona. The Univers
Page 87 and 88:
CHAPTER 4 THE EARLY LATE WOODLAND I
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Figure 4.3. Gibraltar Cordmarked ce
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Figure 4.5. Ceramics of the Gibralt
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points and notched Chesser or Lowe
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dated to A.D. 890 (1025) 1230 (DIC-
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Table 4.3. Available Stable Carbon
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where fishing and farming may have
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Figure 4.10. Ceramic of the Sandusk
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singular Mixter Stamped vessels typ
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urial with the dead, broadcasted a
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during the early Late Woodland time
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Valley. North American Archaeologis
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CHAPTER 5 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN TH
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interest in exchange of service or
Page 115 and 116:
CURRENT INVESTIGATIONS In view of t
Page 117 and 118:
710 Area C 700 B-75084 TO-4556 TO-4
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Table 5.1. Summary of Artifacts fro
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e Bull's Point C o o t e s P a r a
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classification system has been appl
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(Crawford et al. 1997a). The same i
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in Ontario was Middle Woodland-deri
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207-212. Smithsonian Institution, W
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CHAPTER 6 EARLY LATE WOODLAND IN SO
Page 133 and 134:
Figure 6.2. Lower Grand River Valle
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Table 6.1. Radiocarbon Dates from t
Page 137 and 138:
segment of the terrace that effecti
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Figure 6.7. Meyer site terrace, vie
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Figure 6.10. Forster site reconstru
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Figure 6.12. Middle Thames River 20
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Figure 6.13. Site situation: a comp
Page 147 and 148:
Dieterman, F. (2001). Princess Poin
Page 149 and 150:
CHAPTER 7 EARLY LATE PREHISTORIC SE
Page 151 and 152:
ticultural hamlets, small and large
Page 153 and 154:
that Clemson Island was greatly inf
Page 155 and 156:
local deposits. Alternately, Stimme
Page 157 and 158:
Table 7.1. Radiocarbon Dates from S
Page 159 and 160:
Pennsylvania continued to practice
Page 161 and 162:
level) overlaps with the West Branc
Page 163 and 164:
Under a population metaphysic, the
Page 165 and 166:
Hatch, J. W., and Koontz, K. L. (19
Page 167 and 168:
CHAPTER 8 NEW DATES FOR OWASCO POTS
Page 169 and 170:
Table 8.1. Key Components of the Th
Page 171 and 172:
Figure 8.1. Location of the Kipp Is
Page 173 and 174:
Table 8.4. Carpenter Brook Phase Ho
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Table 8.5. Physical Characteristics
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Table 8.6. AMS Dates and Calibrated
Page 179 and 180:
REFERENCES CITED Ammerman, A. J., a
Page 181 and 182:
CHAPTER 9 PITS, PLANTS, AND PLACE:
Page 183 and 184:
Thomas/Luckey Broome Tech N 0 0 50
Page 185 and 186:
confluence with the Susquehanna Riv
Page 187 and 188:
Figure 9.3. Topographic map of Broo
Page 189 and 190:
Table 9.2. Feature Types at Thomas/
Page 191 and 192:
Figure 9.4. Histogram of feature de
Page 193 and 194:
Table 9.4. Plant Remains from Thoma
Page 195 and 196:
Figure 9.7. Sample composition of n
Page 197 and 198:
Figure 9.9. Seed composition (exclu
Page 199 and 200:
suggests that the gathering of wild
Page 201 and 202:
of posts may mark remnants of tempo
Page 203 and 204:
for allowing me repeated and unteth
Page 205 and 206:
History Press, Garden City, New Yor
Page 207 and 208:
CHAPTER 10 UPLAND LAND USE PATTERNS
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LOCAL LEVEL ANALYSIS Local level an
Page 211 and 212:
N104 E101 Unit 19A Unit 7A Unit 12A
Page 213 and 214:
Table 10.2. Park Creek II Feature A
Page 215 and 216:
Fea. 2 Fea. 5 0 1 2 N Figure 10.4.
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encounterlike hunting/butchering st
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END NOTES 1. A village is defined a
Page 221 and 222:
Perrelli, D. J. (1994). Gender, Mob
Page 223 and 224:
CHAPTER 11 EARLY LATE PREHISTORIC S
Page 225 and 226:
Table 11.1. Upper Susquehanna Site
Page 227 and 228:
Table 11.2. Summary of Late Middle
Page 229 and 230:
Table 11.3. Settlement Features of
Page 231 and 232:
approximately 1,000 sq. ft, there i
Page 233 and 234:
Table 11.5. Summary of Seed Identif
Page 235 and 236:
importance of hunting and hunting-r
Page 237 and 238:
portion of the Susquehanna Valley,
Page 239 and 240:
Herrick, J. W., and Snow, D. R. (19
Page 241 and 242:
CHAPTER 12 WOODLAND PERIOD SETTLEME
Page 243 and 244:
oundaries were given. According to
Page 245 and 246:
Table 12.1: Selected Radiocarbon an
Page 247 and 248:
shads and herrings of the family Cl
Page 249 and 250:
consists of large concentrations of
Page 251 and 252:
(1990) survey of recorded sites in
Page 253 and 254:
York State 92:1-8. Busby, M. (1966)
Page 255 and 256:
CHAPTER 13 PALEOETHNOBOTANICAL INDI
Page 257 and 258:
Figure 13.1. Forest regions of the
Page 259 and 260:
Table 13.1. Distribution of Nut Tre
Page 261 and 262:
ation in feature contents. For mult
Page 263 and 264:
Figure 13.4. Nutshell density (gray
Page 265 and 266:
Figure 13.5. Seed density and maize
Page 267 and 268:
Table 13.3. Seed Indicators-Maine S
Page 269 and 270:
Table 13.4. Broome Tech Site: Selec
Page 271 and 272:
6, and it occurred in 58 percent of
Page 273 and 274:
Table 13.6. Continued Site Uncalibr
Page 275 and 276:
Acknowledgments I thank John Hart f
Page 277 and 278:
y K. J. Gremillion, pp. 161-178. Th
Page 279 and 280:
CHAPTER 14 FROM HUNTER-GATHERER CAM
Page 281 and 282:
Figure 14.1. Distribution of select
Page 283 and 284:
available to Ceci were simply too l
Page 285 and 286:
the AMS date of A.D. 1185 (A.D. 127
Page 287 and 288:
Table 14.1. Continued Site Lab C14
Page 289 and 290:
within single settlements remains e
Page 291 and 292:
noncoastal residential sites certai
Page 293 and 294:
Figure 14.3. Two stratigraphic prof
Page 295 and 296:
to the Maritime Provinces on the Gu
Page 297 and 298:
other related questions yet, and so
Page 299 and 300:
Northeast Historical Archaeology 21
Page 301 and 302:
Thomas, P. A. (1976). Contrastive s
Page 303 and 304:
CHAPTER 15 “towns they have none
Page 305 and 306:
Table 15.1. Key to Figure 15.1: Arc
Page 307 and 308:
Maize will normally not preserve fo
Page 309 and 310:
artifacts. Cowie (2000) suggests th
Page 311 and 312:
creativity to resolve, but is also
Page 313 and 314:
Ph.D. dissertation, Department of A
Page 315 and 316:
CHAPTER 16 OUT OF THE BLUE AND INTO
Page 317 and 318:
Figure 16.2. Map of the Bliss Islan
Page 319 and 320:
shell-bearing sites located on the
Page 321 and 322:
site. Middle Maritime Woodland occu
Page 323 and 324:
(e.g., Black 1992:190) limit and co
Page 325 and 326:
Table 16.3. Faunal Remains Associat
Page 327 and 328:
and often poor vertebrate faunal pr
Page 329 and 330:
the Maine/Maritimes area have argue
Page 331 and 332:
SE: warm season (Rojo 1987:221); sp
Page 333 and 334:
Ethnohistory 36:257-284. Bourque, B
Page 335 and 336:
CHAPTER 17 ABORIGINAL LAND AND RESO
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Table 17.1. Chronological and Ceram
Page 339 and 340:
Among the food plants listed above,
Page 341 and 342:
species, the American eel (Anguilla
Page 343 and 344:
the Early Woodland period. Tools ma
Page 345 and 346:
Copper Resources Throughout the Lat
Page 347 and 348:
midden deposits were located along
Page 349 and 350:
a model with two distinct populatio
Page 351 and 352:
Table 17.2. Summary of Landscape an
Page 353 and 354:
File Report 93-1, Fredericton. Alle
Page 355 and 356:
Anthropology, Temple University, Ph
Page 357 and 358:
stone age found at Maquapit Lake. N
Page 359 and 360:
CHAPTER 18 MAIZE AND VILLAGES: A Su
Page 361 and 362:
use of the term “small village”
Page 363 and 364:
1325 [1425] 1460) (Boyd et al. 1998
Page 365 and 366:
several centuries after its first a
Page 367 and 368:
from excavations at village sites h
Page 369 and 370:
133-156. New York State Museum Bull
Page 371 and 372:
longhouses. American Antiquity 55:4
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CONTRIBUTORS Timothy J. Abel. Carth
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Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Change: A.D. 700 –1300

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