Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Change: A.D. 700 –1300

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egional population is assumed at this time, its verification cannot be unequivocally demonstrated given existing settlement data (Dancey 1992). To offset possible economic perturbations caused by the fusion of maize into the subsistence system, at least one member of the starchy seed plants (Chenopodium sp.) and one member of the oily seed plants (sunflower) and nuts continued to be components of the diet (Rossen 1992; Wagner 1987). Successful harvests of maize and these two plants were made possible through the careful selection of soils that warmed early in the spring, were well drained, and easily tillable with the prevailing digging stick/shell hoe technology (Nass 1989). In addition, a more focused exploitation of fewer high yield resources, the construction of large subterranean storage facilities, and the expansion of garden plots into larger fields were strategies to help ensure the continued maintenance of the subsistence system. Since construction of wattle/daub structures such as those identified at Killen (Brose 1982), larger storage pits, and cleared garden plots require major energy expenditures, mobility would be further impaired for two reasons: (1) households would not want to rebuild these costly features anew on a yearly basis; and (2) although concealment of stored agricultural produce was a community-wide tactic, households would not want to leave stored resources unattended for long periods of time. The range of radiocarbon dates from individual early Late Prehistoric sites supports our contention that these household clusters were fairly stable over time, with some sites, such as Voss, experiencing a rhythm of abandonment and reoccupation over a long period of time (Table 2.3). The strategy of incorporating domestic and ritual/ceremonial spaces (i.e., mounds) within the community, such as Killen, supports Braun’s (1988) argument of interdependence among households when faced with decreasing group mobility, a growing dependency on a narrow range of resources, and the risks of food shortages due to environmental perturbations. Finally, this continuing pattern of household aggregation is clearly seen in the post-A.D. 1200 Fort Ancient communities found across the central Ohio Valley during the Late Prehistoric period. These sites were larger, having from 12 to 25 discrete domestic dwellings. Social relations within communities were more complex, as indicated by the presence of specialized community structures (Nass 1987; Nass and Yerkes 1995). The role of ceremony as a strategy to mitigate subsistence risk seems indicated by evidence for archaeoastronomical alignments, such as those found at Sunwatch. Although the presence of palisades surrounding most of these sites implies competition between groups for access to land for farming and hunting, as well as to protect stored resources, the presence of such features may also signify the social space of a population (Means 2000; Pearson and Richards 1994). Although entire populations could not abandon a site, the differential occurrence of faunal elements (Shane and Wagner 1980) and the presence of small, cold weather upland procurement sites distant to villages (Turbnow and Job 1984) are indicators of strategies and tactics to maintain a continued supply of necessary resources for all members of the community, especially those restricted to the immediate environs of the village. In summary, an integrated set of strategies and tactics to counter ecological and social perturbations was developed and implemented beginning in the Late Woodland in central Ohio and continuing into the Late Prehistoric. A fluctuating pattern of population nucleation and dispersal characterizes settlement in the region, tied to changing economic and social activities as reflected in site location, community plan, and changing technology. The greatest effects of these strategies and tactics can be seen in the settlement, subsistence, and technological data of the Late Prehistoric populations inhabiting Ohio, Kentucky, and West Virginia. Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank Annette Ericksen for her review of a draft of this paper, as well as the two anonymous reviewers. REFERENCES CITED Baby, R. S., Potter, M. A., and Saurborn B. S. (1968). Excavation of the Enos Holmes Mound, Paint Creek Reservoir Area, Highland County, Ohio. Manuscript on file, Department of Archaeology, the Ohio Historical Society, Columbus. Baby, R. S., Potter, M. A., and Sawyer, B. L. (1967). Exploration of the O. C. Voss Village Site, Big Darby Reservoir Area, Franklin County, Ohio. Manuscript on file, Department of Archaeology, the Ohio Historical Society, Columbus. Baerreis, D. A., Bryson, R., andKutzbach, J. (1976). Climate and culture in the western Great Lakes region. Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 1:39-57. Barkes, B. M. (1977). The Ufferman Site in Delaware County, Ohio: A Brief Report. Unpublished manuscript on file at the Ohio Historical Society, Department of Archaeology, Columbus. 38 Church and Nass
Barkes, B. M. (1982). An Analysis of Late Woodland Ceramics from the DECCO (33 Dl 28), Ufferman (33 Dl 12), and W. S. Cole (33 Dl 11) Sites: The Cole Complex Reconsidered. Manuscript on file, the Ohio Historical Society, Columbus. Boserup, E. (1965). The Conditions of Agricultural Growth. Aldine Publishing Company, Chicago. Bowen, J. E. (1989). Late Woodland/Fort Ancient Ceramics from the Scioto County Home Site, 33Sc282. Paper presented at the Ohio Valley Woodland Pottery Conference. Braun, D. P. (1988). The sociological and technological roots of “Late Woodland.” Occasional Papers in Anthropology No. 3, pp. 17-38. Department of Anthropology, The Ohio State University, Columbus. Braun, D. P., and Plog, S. (1982). Evolution of “tribal” social networks: theory and prehistoric North American evidence. American Antiquity 47:504-525. Breitburg, E. (1988). Faunal remains. In Muir an Early Fort Ancient Site in the Inner Bluegrass, edited by C. Turnbow and W. E. Sharp, pp. 215-243. University of Kentucky, Program for Cultural Resource Management, Archaeological Report 165, Lexington. Breitburg, E. (1989). Vertebrate faunal remains. In Continuity and Change: Fort Ancient Cultural Dynamics in Northern Kentucky, edited by A. G. Henderson. Report on file, Kentucky Heritage Council, Frankfurt. Broida, M. (1983). Maize in Kentucky Fort Ancient Diets: An Analysis of Carbon Isotope Ratios in Human Bone. Unpublished master’s thesis, Department of Anthropology, University of Kentucky, Lexington. Brose, D. S. (1982). The Archaeological Investigation of a Fort Ancient Community Near Ohio Brush Creek, Adams County, Ohio. Kirtlandia 34, The Cleveland Museum of Natural History. Carr, C. (1988). Correspondence with Brad Baker, Collections Manager, Ohio Historical Society, Columbus. Carskadden, J. and Morton, J. (editors) (1978). The Richards Site and the Philo Phase of the Fort Ancient Tradition. Occasional Papers in Muskingum Valley Archaeology 1-9. The Muskingum Valley Archaeological Survey, Zanesville, Ohio. Carskadden, J. and Moton, J. (2000). Fort Ancient in the central Muskingum Valley of eastern Ohio: a view from the Philo II Site. In Cultures Before Contact: The Late Prehistory of Ohio and Surrounding Regions, edited by R. Genheimer, pp. 185- 193. The Ohio Archaeological Council, Columbus. Church, F. (1987). An Inquiry into the Transition from Late Woodland to Late Prehistoric Cultures in the Central Scioto Valley, Ohio, Circa A.D. 500 to A.D. 1250. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, The Ohio State University, Columbus. Church, F. (1990). Hunter 1 Site: Mitigation of a Multi-component Late Woodland Site in Blue Rock Township, Muskingum County, Ohio. Archaeological Services Consultants, In., Columbus. Report to Texas Eastern Gas Pipeline Company, Houston. Church, F. (1992). Mitigation of 33 Fr 756 and 33 Fr 760: Two Prehistoric Sites West of the Scioto River in Franklin County, Ohio. Archaeological Services Consultants, In., Columbus. Report to M/I Schottenstein Homes, In., Columbus. Church, F. (n.d.). The Philo II Site Faunal Assemblage: Seasonality and Diversity. Manuscript in preparation. Conard, A. R. (1985). A Preliminary Report on Incinerator Site (33My57): Stable Isotope Ratios Used in Dietary Reconstruction. Unpublished master’s thesis, Department of Anthropology, University of Cincinnati. Coombs, G. (1979). Decision theory and subsistence strategies: some theoretical considerations. In Modeling Change in Prehistoric Subsistence Economies, edited by T. K. Earle and A. L. Christenson, pp. 187-208. Academic Press, New York. Cowan, C. W. (1986). Fort Ancient Chronology and Settlement Evaluation in the Great Miami Valley, Volume II: Evaluations and Chronology. Cincinnati Museum of Natural History. Submitted to the Ohio Historical Society, Columbus. Crane, H. R., and Griffin, G. B. (1968). University of Michigan radiocarbon dates XII. Radiocarbon 10:61-114. Crane, H. R., and Griffin, G. B. (1972). University of Michigan radiocarbon dates XV. Radiocarbon 14:195-222. Dancey, W. S. (1992). Village origins in central Ohio: the results and implications of recent Middle and Late Woodland research. In Cultural Variability in Context: Woodland Settlements of the Mid-Ohio Valley, edited by M. Seeman, pp. 24-29. MCJA Special Paper No. 7. The Kent State University Press, Kent, Ohio. Dancey, W. S. (1991). A Middle Woodland settlement in central Ohio: a preliminary report on the Muphy site (33L1212). Pennsylvania Archaeologist 61(1):7-72. Dancey, W. S. (1988). The community plan of an early Late Woodland village in the middle Scioto River Valley. Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 13:223-258. Dancey, W. S., Fricke, M. L., and Church, F. (1987). The Water Plant Site and Other Sites in Southeastern Hamilton Township, Franklin County, Ohio. Ohio Historic Preservation Office, Columbus. Dunnell, R. C. (1983). Aspects of the spatial structure of the Mayo site (15-Jo-14), Johnson County, Kentucky. In Lulu Linear Punctated: Essays in Honor of George Irving Quimby, edited by R. C. Dunnell and D. K. Grayson, pp. 109-166. Anthropological Papers No. 7. Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Dunnell, R. C. (1980). Evolutionary theory and archaeology. In Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory, Vol. 3, edited by M. B. Schiffer, pp. 35-99. Academic Press, New York. Dunnell, R. C., Hanson, L., and Hardesty, D. L. (1971). The Woodside component of the Slone site, Pike County, Kentucky. Southeastern Archaeological Conference Bulletin 14. Ericksen, A. G. (1990). Archaeobotanical analysis. In The Hunter 1 Site: Mitigation of a Multi-component Late Woodland Site in Blue Rock Township, Muskingum County, Ohio, edited by Flora Church, pp. 56-59. Archaeological Services Consultants, Inca., Report to Texas Eastern Gas Pipeline Company, Houston. Ericksen-Latimer, A. G. (1991). Archaeobotanical analysis. In Phase IV Data Recovery at the Sabre Farms (33 Ro 385), A Multi- Component Prehistoric Site in Ross County, Ohio, edited by J. P. Nass, Jr, Archaeological Services Consultants, Inca., Report to Bucher, Willis, and Ratliff, Chillicothe, Ohio. Essenpreis, P. S. (1982). The Anderson Village Site: Redefining the Anderson Phase of the Fort Ancient Tradition of the Middle Chapter 2 Central Ohio Valley During the Late Prehistoric Period: Subsistance-Settlement Systems’ Responses to Risk 39
Page 1 and 2: Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Ch
Page 3 and 4: Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Ch
Page 5 and 6: TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures L
Page 7 and 8: LIST OF FIGURES 2.1 Map of the cent
Page 9 and 10: 9.3 Topographic map of Broome Tech.
Page 11 and 12: 11.1 Upper Susquehanna Site Types (
Page 13 and 14: PREFACE The New York State Museum h
Page 15 and 16: CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Christina B.
Page 17 and 18: domesticates and the occupation of
Page 19 and 20: and Rieth highlight the important c
Page 21 and 22: Dunnell, R. C. (1971). Systematics
Page 23 and 24: Anthropology, University of Massach
Page 25 and 26: CHAPTER 2 CENTRAL OHIO VALLEY DURIN
Page 27 and 28: L a k e E r i e PENNSYLVANIA INDIAN
Page 29 and 30: L a k e E r i e INDIANA R i v e r G
Page 31 and 32: Olentangy River and other minor tri
Page 33 and 34: Figure 2.6. Comparison of Late Wood
Page 35 and 36: support the notion of resource stre
Page 37 and 38: F4 F7 F5 F6 F3 F2 F9 F10 F12 F13 F1
Page 39 and 40: B B M F42 F43 F41 F44 S5 S4 S1 F30
Page 41 and 42: Table 2.3. continued Temporal Age A
Page 43 and 44: Table 2.3. continued Temporal Age A
Page 45 and 46: L a k e E r i e INDIANA o i O h Sal
Page 47 and 48: Figure 2.13. Map of the Late Prehis
Page 49 and 50: Figure 2.15. Map of households with
Page 51: Figure 2.17. Sample of Late Prehist
Page 55 and 56: Fort Ancient Tradition, edited by J
Page 57 and 58: CHAPTER 3 “ . . . to reconstruct
Page 59 and 60: IT TAKES A VILLAGE Figure 3.2. Arti
Page 61 and 62: social organizations is drawn prima
Page 63 and 64: elements of the village, the spaces
Page 65 and 66: Diametric, concentric, and circumfe
Page 67 and 68: egion, including Reckner (Augustine
Page 69 and 70: Chapter 3 Modeling Village Communit
Page 71 and 72: Figure 3.9. Architectural and nonar
Page 73 and 74: Figure 3.11. Measuring distances in
Page 75 and 76: Table 3.2. Descriptive Statistics f
Page 77 and 78: DISCUSSION Table 3.3. Descriptive S
Page 79 and 80: Figure 3.14. Box-and-whisker plot o
Page 81 and 82: Augustine, E. A. (1938d). Important
Page 83 and 84: Among Some Amazon Tribes. Privately
Page 85 and 86: on Black Mesa, Arizona. The Univers
Page 87 and 88: CHAPTER 4 THE EARLY LATE WOODLAND I
Page 89 and 90: Figure 4.3. Gibraltar Cordmarked ce
Page 91 and 92: Figure 4.5. Ceramics of the Gibralt
Page 93 and 94: points and notched Chesser or Lowe
Page 95 and 96: dated to A.D. 890 (1025) 1230 (DIC-
Page 97 and 98: Table 4.3. Available Stable Carbon
Page 99 and 100: where fishing and farming may have
Page 101 and 102: Figure 4.10. Ceramic of the Sandusk
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singular Mixter Stamped vessels typ
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urial with the dead, broadcasted a
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during the early Late Woodland time
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Valley. North American Archaeologis
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CHAPTER 5 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN TH
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interest in exchange of service or
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CURRENT INVESTIGATIONS In view of t
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710 Area C 700 B-75084 TO-4556 TO-4
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Table 5.1. Summary of Artifacts fro
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e Bull's Point C o o t e s P a r a
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classification system has been appl
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(Crawford et al. 1997a). The same i
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in Ontario was Middle Woodland-deri
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207-212. Smithsonian Institution, W
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CHAPTER 6 EARLY LATE WOODLAND IN SO
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Figure 6.2. Lower Grand River Valle
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Table 6.1. Radiocarbon Dates from t
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segment of the terrace that effecti
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Figure 6.7. Meyer site terrace, vie
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Figure 6.10. Forster site reconstru
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Figure 6.12. Middle Thames River 20
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Figure 6.13. Site situation: a comp
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Dieterman, F. (2001). Princess Poin
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CHAPTER 7 EARLY LATE PREHISTORIC SE
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ticultural hamlets, small and large
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that Clemson Island was greatly inf
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local deposits. Alternately, Stimme
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Table 7.1. Radiocarbon Dates from S
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Pennsylvania continued to practice
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level) overlaps with the West Branc
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Under a population metaphysic, the
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Hatch, J. W., and Koontz, K. L. (19
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CHAPTER 8 NEW DATES FOR OWASCO POTS
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Table 8.1. Key Components of the Th
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Figure 8.1. Location of the Kipp Is
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Table 8.4. Carpenter Brook Phase Ho
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Table 8.5. Physical Characteristics
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Table 8.6. AMS Dates and Calibrated
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REFERENCES CITED Ammerman, A. J., a
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CHAPTER 9 PITS, PLANTS, AND PLACE:
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Thomas/Luckey Broome Tech N 0 0 50
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confluence with the Susquehanna Riv
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Figure 9.3. Topographic map of Broo
Page 189 and 190:
Table 9.2. Feature Types at Thomas/
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Figure 9.4. Histogram of feature de
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Table 9.4. Plant Remains from Thoma
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Figure 9.7. Sample composition of n
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Figure 9.9. Seed composition (exclu
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suggests that the gathering of wild
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of posts may mark remnants of tempo
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for allowing me repeated and unteth
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History Press, Garden City, New Yor
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CHAPTER 10 UPLAND LAND USE PATTERNS
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LOCAL LEVEL ANALYSIS Local level an
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N104 E101 Unit 19A Unit 7A Unit 12A
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Table 10.2. Park Creek II Feature A
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Fea. 2 Fea. 5 0 1 2 N Figure 10.4.
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encounterlike hunting/butchering st
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END NOTES 1. A village is defined a
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Perrelli, D. J. (1994). Gender, Mob
Page 223 and 224:
CHAPTER 11 EARLY LATE PREHISTORIC S
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Table 11.1. Upper Susquehanna Site
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Table 11.2. Summary of Late Middle
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Table 11.3. Settlement Features of
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approximately 1,000 sq. ft, there i
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Table 11.5. Summary of Seed Identif
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importance of hunting and hunting-r
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portion of the Susquehanna Valley,
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Herrick, J. W., and Snow, D. R. (19
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CHAPTER 12 WOODLAND PERIOD SETTLEME
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oundaries were given. According to
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Table 12.1: Selected Radiocarbon an
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shads and herrings of the family Cl
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consists of large concentrations of
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(1990) survey of recorded sites in
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York State 92:1-8. Busby, M. (1966)
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CHAPTER 13 PALEOETHNOBOTANICAL INDI
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Figure 13.1. Forest regions of the
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Table 13.1. Distribution of Nut Tre
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ation in feature contents. For mult
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Figure 13.4. Nutshell density (gray
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Figure 13.5. Seed density and maize
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Table 13.3. Seed Indicators-Maine S
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Table 13.4. Broome Tech Site: Selec
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6, and it occurred in 58 percent of
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Table 13.6. Continued Site Uncalibr
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Acknowledgments I thank John Hart f
Page 277 and 278:
y K. J. Gremillion, pp. 161-178. Th
Page 279 and 280:
CHAPTER 14 FROM HUNTER-GATHERER CAM
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Figure 14.1. Distribution of select
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available to Ceci were simply too l
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the AMS date of A.D. 1185 (A.D. 127
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Table 14.1. Continued Site Lab C14
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within single settlements remains e
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noncoastal residential sites certai
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Figure 14.3. Two stratigraphic prof
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to the Maritime Provinces on the Gu
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other related questions yet, and so
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Northeast Historical Archaeology 21
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Thomas, P. A. (1976). Contrastive s
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CHAPTER 15 “towns they have none
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Table 15.1. Key to Figure 15.1: Arc
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Maize will normally not preserve fo
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artifacts. Cowie (2000) suggests th
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creativity to resolve, but is also
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Ph.D. dissertation, Department of A
Page 315 and 316:
CHAPTER 16 OUT OF THE BLUE AND INTO
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Figure 16.2. Map of the Bliss Islan
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shell-bearing sites located on the
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site. Middle Maritime Woodland occu
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(e.g., Black 1992:190) limit and co
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Table 16.3. Faunal Remains Associat
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and often poor vertebrate faunal pr
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the Maine/Maritimes area have argue
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SE: warm season (Rojo 1987:221); sp
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Ethnohistory 36:257-284. Bourque, B
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CHAPTER 17 ABORIGINAL LAND AND RESO
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Table 17.1. Chronological and Ceram
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Among the food plants listed above,
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species, the American eel (Anguilla
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the Early Woodland period. Tools ma
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Copper Resources Throughout the Lat
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midden deposits were located along
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a model with two distinct populatio
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Table 17.2. Summary of Landscape an
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File Report 93-1, Fredericton. Alle
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Anthropology, Temple University, Ph
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stone age found at Maquapit Lake. N
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CHAPTER 18 MAIZE AND VILLAGES: A Su
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use of the term “small village”
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1325 [1425] 1460) (Boyd et al. 1998
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several centuries after its first a
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from excavations at village sites h
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133-156. New York State Museum Bull
Page 371 and 372:
longhouses. American Antiquity 55:4
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CONTRIBUTORS Timothy J. Abel. Carth
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Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Change: A.D. 700 –1300

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