Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Change: A.D. 700 –1300

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Table 13.2. Indicator Species in Prehistoric Forests of the Northeast. TREE TYPE HABITAT Archaeobotanical Mesic Dry, Open Disturbed Floodplain Classification Forest Woods Woods Forest Coniferous Cedar o Fir X Hemlock X Pitch Pine X While Pine X Spruce X Nut Trees Beech X Butternut X Chestnut X X Hickory X Red Oak group o X o White Oak group o X o Fruit Trees Cherry X Hawthorn X Understory Hop hornbeam X Hornbeam X Other Alder X Ash X Basswood X Birch X Elm X Poplar X Sassafras X Sugar Maple X Willow X X = most common association o = other association sides and riverbanks or wet woods (House 1924:563). Butternut grows in rich or rocky woods, often along streams. It is frequent or common across New York State (House 1924:253). ARCHAEOLOGICAL CHARCOAL Sites selected for inclusion in this study are in general ones that have been subjected to extensive water flotation or fine water screening and have been analyzed using uniform archaeobotanical methods developed at the Center for American Archeology in 1971 (D. Asch and N. Asch 1985a). All of the sites were analyzed under contract to universities, state agencies, or consulting firms throughout the Northeast; analysis is ongoing at some of the Maine sites. Sampling strategies varied among the sites. If numerous features were excavated, at least one flotation/water-screened sample from each was analyzed. Often, all the charcoal from a feature would be lumped to make one large sample that was subsampled to economize on analysis time. At sites with only a few features, several samples from each may have been analyzed to determine vari- 246 Sidell
ation in feature contents. For multicomponent sites, several components have been included in this summary, even if sampling was not uniform among the components. Table 13.6 at the end of this chapter lists the number of samples and weight of charcoal examined from each component. Wood Wood charcoal from most archaeological sites is presumed to be the result of everyday cooking fires, using deadwood collected near the site. Therefore, the species composition of the wood charcoal can be used to gain a rough idea of the nature of the vegetation in the vicinity of a site. Looking at charcoal composition grouped by indicator species (Figure 13.3), it is evident that there are regional differences in charcoal composition that relate to the vegetational differences described by Braun. In Figure 13.3, wood charcoal from each site or component was grouped as follows: (1) beech-maple-birchwhite pine (includes mesic species, basswood, hornbeam and hop hornbeam, and all coniferous wood except pitch pine); (2) oak-hickory-chestnut; (3) bottomland forest (ash, elm, butternut, alder, and willow); (4) disturbed woods or thicket (cherry, hawthorn, poplar, sassafras, and pitch pine); and (5) other (ring porous, diffuse porous, and unidentifiable). In Maine most sites have more than 50 percent wood charcoal, typical of a mature northern hardwoods-hemlock-white pine forest—namely beech, maple, birch, basswood, and coniferous wood. 1 In contrast, southern New England and southeastern New York sites, in the oak-chestnut forest region, have less than 10 percent beech, maple, and other trees that characterize the northern hardwoods-hemlock-white pine forest. At the southern Connecticut and southeastern New York sites, the majority of wood charcoal was composed of oak, hickory, and chestnut. There was also abundant oak and hickory to the south in Pennsylvania. There is more variability in New York sites, where southern species have migrated into the state via the large river valleys. There is more beech–maple–birch–white pine in the upland sites (Raish, Park Creek I, Park Creek II) and at sites that are in the uppermost reaches of the large river valleys (Couse Goat, Fivemile Dam). At two New York bottomland sites (Broome Tech, Lamb), there is evidence both from wood charcoal and food remains that human activities may have altered the natural vegetation of the area through time. This evidence of anthropogenesis will be discussed later. Nut Trees and Nutshell Various types of nutshell are routinely found in small quantities at archaeological sites in the Northeast. Gardner (1997) considers factors that might have entered into mast exploitation strategies in the Eastern Woodlands, including management of nut trees. In the Northeast, where there is so much variation in the number of widespread species of nut trees and in the proportion of wood from nut trees represented at archaeological sites (as discussed above), the data on nutshell density can be used to test the idea that use of nuts at a particular site might be related to the availability of nut trees in the vicinity of the site. The percentage of oak and hickory wood charcoal was compared with a nutshell index based on the number of shell fragments larger than 2 mm per gram of total charcoal (Figure 13.4). The use of an index based on charcoal weight rather than soil volume eliminates differences that may relate to excavation technique, such as selection of charcoal concentrations instead of random sampling within cultural horizons. It was found that there is a direct correlation between percentage of oak and hickory wood charcoal and nutshell concentration at sites in the oakchestnut vegetation zone in southern New England and southeastern New York State in the Hudson River Valley. At the edge of the oak–chestnut zone at the Memorial Park site in Pennsylvania there is also a rough correlation between percentage of oak–hickory charcoal and density of nutshell. At the four small New York upland sites in this study, there were very few oak and hickory fragments in the wood charcoal and a corresponding very low density of nutshell fragments. At four of the five bottomland sites in New York, there was less than 10 percent oak and hickory trees, and three of those four sites had a very low percentage of nutshell. An exception to this pattern was the Fivemile Dam site in the middle Mohawk River Valley, where the Late Archaic to Terminal Archaic occupations engaged in collecting all kinds of nuts in the area, particularly butternuts. The focus upon nut collecting at that site may mean that there was a butternut grove located nearby. Within the part of New York that Braun (1950) mapped as having southern species in the major river valleys, the Broome Tech site showed variation in the percentage of oak–hickory trees through time that may relate to anthropogenesis. Chapter 13 Paleoethnobotanical Indicators of Subsistence and Settlement Change in the Northeast 247
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Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Ch
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Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Ch
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TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures L
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LIST OF FIGURES 2.1 Map of the cent
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9.3 Topographic map of Broome Tech.
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11.1 Upper Susquehanna Site Types (
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PREFACE The New York State Museum h
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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Christina B.
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domesticates and the occupation of
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and Rieth highlight the important c
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Dunnell, R. C. (1971). Systematics
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Anthropology, University of Massach
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CHAPTER 2 CENTRAL OHIO VALLEY DURIN
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L a k e E r i e PENNSYLVANIA INDIAN
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L a k e E r i e INDIANA R i v e r G
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Olentangy River and other minor tri
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Figure 2.6. Comparison of Late Wood
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support the notion of resource stre
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F4 F7 F5 F6 F3 F2 F9 F10 F12 F13 F1
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B B M F42 F43 F41 F44 S5 S4 S1 F30
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Table 2.3. continued Temporal Age A
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Table 2.3. continued Temporal Age A
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L a k e E r i e INDIANA o i O h Sal
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Figure 2.13. Map of the Late Prehis
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Figure 2.15. Map of households with
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Figure 2.17. Sample of Late Prehist
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Barkes, B. M. (1982). An Analysis o
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Fort Ancient Tradition, edited by J
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CHAPTER 3 “ . . . to reconstruct
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IT TAKES A VILLAGE Figure 3.2. Arti
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social organizations is drawn prima
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elements of the village, the spaces
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Diametric, concentric, and circumfe
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egion, including Reckner (Augustine
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Chapter 3 Modeling Village Communit
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Figure 3.9. Architectural and nonar
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Figure 3.11. Measuring distances in
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Table 3.2. Descriptive Statistics f
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DISCUSSION Table 3.3. Descriptive S
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Figure 3.14. Box-and-whisker plot o
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Augustine, E. A. (1938d). Important
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Among Some Amazon Tribes. Privately
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on Black Mesa, Arizona. The Univers
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CHAPTER 4 THE EARLY LATE WOODLAND I
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Figure 4.3. Gibraltar Cordmarked ce
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Figure 4.5. Ceramics of the Gibralt
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points and notched Chesser or Lowe
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dated to A.D. 890 (1025) 1230 (DIC-
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Table 4.3. Available Stable Carbon
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where fishing and farming may have
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Figure 4.10. Ceramic of the Sandusk
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singular Mixter Stamped vessels typ
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urial with the dead, broadcasted a
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during the early Late Woodland time
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Valley. North American Archaeologis
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CHAPTER 5 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN TH
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interest in exchange of service or
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CURRENT INVESTIGATIONS In view of t
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710 Area C 700 B-75084 TO-4556 TO-4
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Table 5.1. Summary of Artifacts fro
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e Bull's Point C o o t e s P a r a
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classification system has been appl
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(Crawford et al. 1997a). The same i
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in Ontario was Middle Woodland-deri
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207-212. Smithsonian Institution, W
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CHAPTER 6 EARLY LATE WOODLAND IN SO
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Figure 6.2. Lower Grand River Valle
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Table 6.1. Radiocarbon Dates from t
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segment of the terrace that effecti
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Figure 6.7. Meyer site terrace, vie
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Figure 6.10. Forster site reconstru
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Figure 6.12. Middle Thames River 20
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Figure 6.13. Site situation: a comp
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Dieterman, F. (2001). Princess Poin
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CHAPTER 7 EARLY LATE PREHISTORIC SE
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ticultural hamlets, small and large
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that Clemson Island was greatly inf
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local deposits. Alternately, Stimme
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Table 7.1. Radiocarbon Dates from S
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Pennsylvania continued to practice
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level) overlaps with the West Branc
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Under a population metaphysic, the
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Hatch, J. W., and Koontz, K. L. (19
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CHAPTER 8 NEW DATES FOR OWASCO POTS
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Table 8.1. Key Components of the Th
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Figure 8.1. Location of the Kipp Is
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Table 8.4. Carpenter Brook Phase Ho
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Table 8.5. Physical Characteristics
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Table 8.6. AMS Dates and Calibrated
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REFERENCES CITED Ammerman, A. J., a
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CHAPTER 9 PITS, PLANTS, AND PLACE:
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Thomas/Luckey Broome Tech N 0 0 50
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confluence with the Susquehanna Riv
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Figure 9.3. Topographic map of Broo
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Table 9.2. Feature Types at Thomas/
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Figure 9.4. Histogram of feature de
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Table 9.4. Plant Remains from Thoma
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Figure 9.7. Sample composition of n
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Figure 9.9. Seed composition (exclu
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suggests that the gathering of wild
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of posts may mark remnants of tempo
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for allowing me repeated and unteth
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History Press, Garden City, New Yor
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CHAPTER 10 UPLAND LAND USE PATTERNS
Page 209 and 210: LOCAL LEVEL ANALYSIS Local level an
Page 211 and 212: N104 E101 Unit 19A Unit 7A Unit 12A
Page 213 and 214: Table 10.2. Park Creek II Feature A
Page 215 and 216: Fea. 2 Fea. 5 0 1 2 N Figure 10.4.
Page 217 and 218: encounterlike hunting/butchering st
Page 219 and 220: END NOTES 1. A village is defined a
Page 221 and 222: Perrelli, D. J. (1994). Gender, Mob
Page 223 and 224: CHAPTER 11 EARLY LATE PREHISTORIC S
Page 225 and 226: Table 11.1. Upper Susquehanna Site
Page 227 and 228: Table 11.2. Summary of Late Middle
Page 229 and 230: Table 11.3. Settlement Features of
Page 231 and 232: approximately 1,000 sq. ft, there i
Page 233 and 234: Table 11.5. Summary of Seed Identif
Page 235 and 236: importance of hunting and hunting-r
Page 237 and 238: portion of the Susquehanna Valley,
Page 239 and 240: Herrick, J. W., and Snow, D. R. (19
Page 241 and 242: CHAPTER 12 WOODLAND PERIOD SETTLEME
Page 243 and 244: oundaries were given. According to
Page 245 and 246: Table 12.1: Selected Radiocarbon an
Page 247 and 248: shads and herrings of the family Cl
Page 249 and 250: consists of large concentrations of
Page 251 and 252: (1990) survey of recorded sites in
Page 253 and 254: York State 92:1-8. Busby, M. (1966)
Page 255 and 256: CHAPTER 13 PALEOETHNOBOTANICAL INDI
Page 257 and 258: Figure 13.1. Forest regions of the
Page 259: Table 13.1. Distribution of Nut Tre
Page 263 and 264: Figure 13.4. Nutshell density (gray
Page 265 and 266: Figure 13.5. Seed density and maize
Page 267 and 268: Table 13.3. Seed Indicators-Maine S
Page 269 and 270: Table 13.4. Broome Tech Site: Selec
Page 271 and 272: 6, and it occurred in 58 percent of
Page 273 and 274: Table 13.6. Continued Site Uncalibr
Page 275 and 276: Acknowledgments I thank John Hart f
Page 277 and 278: y K. J. Gremillion, pp. 161-178. Th
Page 279 and 280: CHAPTER 14 FROM HUNTER-GATHERER CAM
Page 281 and 282: Figure 14.1. Distribution of select
Page 283 and 284: available to Ceci were simply too l
Page 285 and 286: the AMS date of A.D. 1185 (A.D. 127
Page 287 and 288: Table 14.1. Continued Site Lab C14
Page 289 and 290: within single settlements remains e
Page 291 and 292: noncoastal residential sites certai
Page 293 and 294: Figure 14.3. Two stratigraphic prof
Page 295 and 296: to the Maritime Provinces on the Gu
Page 297 and 298: other related questions yet, and so
Page 299 and 300: Northeast Historical Archaeology 21
Page 301 and 302: Thomas, P. A. (1976). Contrastive s
Page 303 and 304: CHAPTER 15 “towns they have none
Page 305 and 306: Table 15.1. Key to Figure 15.1: Arc
Page 307 and 308: Maize will normally not preserve fo
Page 309 and 310: artifacts. Cowie (2000) suggests th
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creativity to resolve, but is also
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Ph.D. dissertation, Department of A
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CHAPTER 16 OUT OF THE BLUE AND INTO
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Figure 16.2. Map of the Bliss Islan
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shell-bearing sites located on the
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site. Middle Maritime Woodland occu
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(e.g., Black 1992:190) limit and co
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Table 16.3. Faunal Remains Associat
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and often poor vertebrate faunal pr
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the Maine/Maritimes area have argue
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SE: warm season (Rojo 1987:221); sp
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Ethnohistory 36:257-284. Bourque, B
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CHAPTER 17 ABORIGINAL LAND AND RESO
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Table 17.1. Chronological and Ceram
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Among the food plants listed above,
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species, the American eel (Anguilla
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the Early Woodland period. Tools ma
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Copper Resources Throughout the Lat
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midden deposits were located along
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a model with two distinct populatio
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Table 17.2. Summary of Landscape an
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File Report 93-1, Fredericton. Alle
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Anthropology, Temple University, Ph
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stone age found at Maquapit Lake. N
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CHAPTER 18 MAIZE AND VILLAGES: A Su
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use of the term “small village”
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1325 [1425] 1460) (Boyd et al. 1998
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several centuries after its first a
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from excavations at village sites h
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133-156. New York State Museum Bull
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longhouses. American Antiquity 55:4
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CONTRIBUTORS Timothy J. Abel. Carth
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Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Change: A.D. 700 –1300

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