Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Change: A.D. 700 –1300

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7. However, the exposure of this site to the northwest may result from erosion caused by sea level rise; it may have been sheltered to the north and exposed to the east at the time of occupation, a locational configuration consistent with many shell-bearing sites in the insular Quoddy Region. 8. This site is located on a large island that probably was attached to the mainland before and during the earlier part of the Late Maritime Woodland period. 9. This site is designated BgDr25 in some previous publications. 10. All radiocarbon dates were calibrated and converted from B.P. to B.C./A.D. using CALIB 4.2. In the Appendix, uncalibrated (B.P.) dates are shown in brackets following their calibrated (B.C./A.D.) equivalents; corresponding laboratory numbers are shown in parentheses. All dates are presented with one standard deviation (±1σ) ranges; calibrated dates are rounded to the nearest half-decade. Dates measured on marine shell samples are designated by s following the date information; all other dates were measured on wood charcoal. Marine shell dates were calibrated using the MARINE98.14C dataset. Carbon in marine shells was assumed to be 100 percent marine in origin; no correction for local marine reservoir effects was included in the calculations. Dates on wood charcoal were calibrated using the INTCAL98.14C dataset. REFERENCES CITED Allen, P. M. (1984). Pointe Aux Sable: A Small Late Period Hunting Site in Baie Ste-Anne, N.B. New Brunswick Archaeology Series 9E. Archaeological Services, Historical and Cultural Resources, Fredericton, New Brunswick. Anderson, D. G. (2001). Climatic and culture change in prehistoric and early historic Eastern North America. Archaeology of Eastern North America 29:143-186. Baird, S. F. (1881). Notes on aboriginal shell mounds on the coasts of New Brunswick and New England. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 4:292-297. Binford, L. R. (1980). Willow smoke and dogs’ tails: hunter-gatherer settlement systems and archaeological site formation. American Antiquity 45:4-20. Bishop, J. C. (1984). The Phils Beach site. Nexus: The Canadian Student Journal of Anthropology 3(1&2):15-59. Bishop, J. C. (1994). The Partridge Island Site: Early and Middle Woodland-Related Sites in Passamaquoddy Bay. The Partridge Island Archaeology Project, vol. 2, edited by D. W. Black. New Brunswick Archaeology Series 28. Archaeological Services, Municipalities, Culture and Housing, Fredericton, New Brunswick. Bishop, J. C., and Black, D. W. (1988). The lands edge also: culture history and seasonality at the Partridge Island shell midden site. Canadian Journal of Archaeology 12:17-37. Black, D. W. (1985). Living in Bliss: An Introduction to the Archaeology of the Bliss Islands Group. New Brunswick Archaeology Series 7. Archaeological Services, Tourism, Recreation and Heritage, Fredericton, New Brunswick. Black, D. W. (1987). An overview of the Bliss Islands archaeology project. Maine Archaeological Society Newsletter 1(2):5-9. Black, D. W. (1990). Final Report on the Insular Quoddy Region Seasonality Project (1989–1990 grant period). Ms. on file, Department of Anthropology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton. Black, D. W. (1991). Stratigraphic integrity in northeastern shell middens: an example from the insular Quoddy Region. In Prehistoric Archaeology in the Maritime Provinces: Past and Present Research, edited by M. Deal and S. E. Blair, pp. 205-220. Committee for Archaeological Cooperation, Reports in Archaeology 8. Council of Maritime Premiers, Fredericton, New Brunswick. Black, D. W. (1992). Living Close to the Ledge: Prehistoric Human Ecology of the Bliss Islands, Insular Quoddy Region, New Brunswick, Canada. Occasional Papers in Northeastern Archaeology 6. Copetown Press, Dundas, Ontario. Black, D. W. (1993). What Images Return: A Study of the Stratigraphy and Seasonality of a Shell Midden in the Insular Quoddy Region of New Brunswick. The Partridge Island Archaeology Project, vol. 1, edited by D. W. Black. New Brunswick Archaeology Series 27. Archaeological Services, Municipalities, Culture and Housing, Fredericton, New Brunswick. Black, D. W. (editor) (1988). Bliss Revisited: Preliminary Accounts of the Bliss Islands Archaeology Project, Phase II. New Brunswick Archaeology Series 24. Archaeological Services, Tourism, Recreation and Heritage, Fredericton, New Brunswick. Black, D. W., and Johnston, D. A. (1986). An Analysis of Column Samples from the Gooseberry Point Site, Quoddy Region, New Brunswick. Manuscript on file, Department of Anthropology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton. Black, D. W., Reading, J. E., and Savage, H. G. (1998). Archaeological Records of the extinct sea mink, Mustela macrodon (Carnivora:Mustelidae), from Canada. Canadian Field-Naturalist 112(2):45-49. Blair, S. E. (2000). The Prehistoric Archaeology of the Grand Manan Archipelago: Cultural History and Regional Integration. New Brunswick Archaeology Series 29. Archaeological Services, Municipalities, Culture and Housing, Fredericton, New Brunswick. Blair, S. E., and Black, D. W. (1993). Developing a database for evaluating and exploring archaeological site information from Charlotte County, New Brunswick. Paper presented at the 26th Annual Meeting of the Canadian Archaeological Association, Montreal. Bourque, B. J. (1973). Aboriginal settlement and subsistence on the central Maine coast. Man In the Northeast 6:3-20. Bourque, B. J. (1989). Ethnicity on the Maritime Peninsula. 318 Black
Ethnohistory 36:257-284. Bourque, B. J. (1994). Evidence for prehistoric exchange on the Maritime Peninsula. In Prehistoric Exchange Systems in North America, edited by T. Baugh and J. E. Ericson, pp. 17-46. Plenum Press, New York. Bourque, B. J. (1995). Diversity and Complexity in Prehistoric Maritime Cultures: A Gulf of Maine Perspective. Plenum Press, New York. Bourque, B. J., and Cox, S. L. (1981). Maine State Museum investigation of the Goddard Site. Man in the Northeast 22:3-27. Burley, D. V. (1981). Proto-historic ecological effects of the fur trade on Micmac culture in northeastern New Brunswick. Ethnohistory 28:203-216. Burns, J. (1978). The faunal analysis of Teachers Cove. In Teachers Cove: A Prehistoric Site on Passamaquoddy Bay, by S. A. Davis, pp. 36-38. New Brunswick Archaeology Series 1. Archaeological Services, Historical Resources Administration, Fredericton, New Brunswick. Christianson, D. J. (1979). The use of subsistence strategy descriptions in determining Wabanaki residence location. The Journal of Anthropology at McMaster 5(1):81-124. Cox, S. L. (1987). Archaeological data recovery at site 61.20, Jonesport, Maine. Maine Archaeological Society Bulletin 27(2):16-35. Davis, S. A. (1978). Teachers Cove: A Prehistoric Site on Passamaquoddy Bay. New Brunswick Archaeology Series 1. Archaeological Services, Historical Resources Administration, Fredericton, New Brunswick. Davis, S. A. (1991). The Ceramic period of Nova Scotia. In Prehistoric Archaeology in the Maritime Provinces: Past and Present Research, edited by M. Deal and S. E. Blair, pp. 93- 108. Committee for Archaeological Cooperation, Reports in Archaeology 8. Council of Maritime Premiers, Fredericton, New Brunswick. Deal, M., J. Morton, and Foulkes, E. (1991). The role of ceramics among the prehistoric hunter-gatherers of the Maine- Maritimes region: a view from the New Brunswick interior. In Prehistoric Archaeology in the Maritime Provinces: Past and Present Research, edited by M. Deal and S. E. Blair, pp. 179-203. Committee for Archaeological Cooperation, Reports in Archaeology 8. Council of Maritime Premiers, Fredericton, New Brunswick. Erickson, V. O. (1978). Maliseet-Passamaquoddy. In Handbook of North American Indians, vol. 15, Northeast, edited by B. G. Trigger, pp. 123-136. W. C. Sturtevant, general editor. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Hale, H. L. (1985). Archaeological Survey and Testing of the St. Croix River and Spednic and Palfrey Lakes, New Brunswick —1984. New Brunswick Archaeology Series 14. Archaeological Services, Historical and Cultural Resources, Fredericton, New Brunswick. Hamilton, N. D., and Mosher, J. P. (2000). Late Woodland subsistence in western Maine. Paper presented at the New York Natural History Conference VI, Albany, New York. Hammon, D. (1984). A Ceramic Period Coastal Adaptation at Holts Point, New Brunswick. Unpublished Master’s thesis, Department of Anthropology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton. Kellogg, D. C. (1982). Environmental Factors in Archaeological Site Location for the Boothbay, Maine Region. Unpublished Master’s thesis, Institute for Quaternary Studies, University of Maine at Orono. Leonard, K. (1995). Woodland or Ceramic Period: a theoretical problem. Northeast Anthropology 50:19-30. Leonard, K. (1996). Mi’kmaq Culture During the Late Woodland and Early Historic Periods. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto, Ontario. Loring, S. (1988). Review of The Carson Site and the Late Ceramic Period in Passamaquoddy Bay by D. Sanger. Maine Archaeological Society Bulletin 28(1):48-54. Luedtke, B. E. (1998). A possible Late Middle Woodland tool kit from Thompson Island, Massachusetts. Northeast Anthropology 55(1):15-30. MacDonald, S. L. (1994). Exploring Patterns of Lithic Material Use in the Insular Quoddy Region, Charlotte County, New Brunswick. Unpublished Master’s thesis, Department of Anthropology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton. Matthew, G. F. (1884). Discoveries at a village of the stone age at Bocabec, New Brunswick. Bulletin of the Natural History Society of New Brunswick 3(2):6-27. Nash, R. J., and Miller, V. P. (1987). Model building and the case of the Micmac economy. Man in the Northeast 34:41-56. Nash, R. J., Stewart, F. L., and Deal, M. (1991). Melanson: a central place in southwestern Nova Scotia. In Prehistoric Archaeology in the Maritime Provinces: Past and Present Research, edited by M. Deal and S. E. Blair, pp. 221-228. Committee for Archaeological Cooperation, Reports in Archaeology 8. Council of Maritime Premiers, Fredericton, New Brunswick. Pearson, R. J. (1970). Archaeological investigations in the St. Andrews area, New Brunswick. Anthropologica 12:181- 190. Petersen, J. B. (1996). Notes on Native ceramics from the Bliss Islands sites. Manuscript on file, Department of Anthropology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick. Petersen, J. B., and Sanger, D. (1991). An aboriginal ceramic sequence for Maine and the Maritime Provinces. In Prehistoric Archaeology in the Maritime Provinces: Past and Present Research, edited by M. Deal and S. E. Blair, pp. 121-178. Committee for Archaeological Cooperation, Reports in Archaeology 8. Council of Maritime Premiers, Fredericton, New Brunswick. Reading, J. E. (1994). The Faunal Remains from the Weir Site (BgDq6), Bliss Islands, Quoddy Region, New Brunswick. Manuscript on file, Department of Anthropology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick. Rojo, A. (1987). Excavated fish vertebrae as predictors in bioarchaeological research. North American Archaeologist 8:209- 225. Rutherford, D. E. (1991). The Ceramic period of Nova Scotia. In Prehistoric Archaeology in the Maritime Provinces: Past and Present Research, edited by M. Deal and S. E. Blair, pp. 109-119. Committee for Archaeological Cooperation, Reports in Archaeology 8. Council of Maritime Premiers, Fredericton, New Brunswick. Chapter 16 Out of the Blue and into the Black: The Middle-Late Maritime Woodland Transition in the Quoddy Region 319
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Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Ch
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Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Ch
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TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures L
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LIST OF FIGURES 2.1 Map of the cent
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9.3 Topographic map of Broome Tech.
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11.1 Upper Susquehanna Site Types (
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PREFACE The New York State Museum h
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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Christina B.
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domesticates and the occupation of
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and Rieth highlight the important c
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Dunnell, R. C. (1971). Systematics
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Anthropology, University of Massach
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CHAPTER 2 CENTRAL OHIO VALLEY DURIN
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L a k e E r i e PENNSYLVANIA INDIAN
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L a k e E r i e INDIANA R i v e r G
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Olentangy River and other minor tri
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Figure 2.6. Comparison of Late Wood
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support the notion of resource stre
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F4 F7 F5 F6 F3 F2 F9 F10 F12 F13 F1
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B B M F42 F43 F41 F44 S5 S4 S1 F30
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Table 2.3. continued Temporal Age A
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Table 2.3. continued Temporal Age A
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L a k e E r i e INDIANA o i O h Sal
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Figure 2.13. Map of the Late Prehis
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Figure 2.15. Map of households with
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Figure 2.17. Sample of Late Prehist
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Barkes, B. M. (1982). An Analysis o
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Fort Ancient Tradition, edited by J
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CHAPTER 3 “ . . . to reconstruct
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IT TAKES A VILLAGE Figure 3.2. Arti
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social organizations is drawn prima
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elements of the village, the spaces
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Diametric, concentric, and circumfe
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egion, including Reckner (Augustine
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Chapter 3 Modeling Village Communit
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Figure 3.9. Architectural and nonar
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Figure 3.11. Measuring distances in
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Table 3.2. Descriptive Statistics f
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DISCUSSION Table 3.3. Descriptive S
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Figure 3.14. Box-and-whisker plot o
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Augustine, E. A. (1938d). Important
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Among Some Amazon Tribes. Privately
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on Black Mesa, Arizona. The Univers
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CHAPTER 4 THE EARLY LATE WOODLAND I
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Figure 4.3. Gibraltar Cordmarked ce
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Figure 4.5. Ceramics of the Gibralt
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points and notched Chesser or Lowe
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dated to A.D. 890 (1025) 1230 (DIC-
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Table 4.3. Available Stable Carbon
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where fishing and farming may have
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Figure 4.10. Ceramic of the Sandusk
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singular Mixter Stamped vessels typ
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urial with the dead, broadcasted a
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during the early Late Woodland time
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Valley. North American Archaeologis
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CHAPTER 5 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN TH
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interest in exchange of service or
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CURRENT INVESTIGATIONS In view of t
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710 Area C 700 B-75084 TO-4556 TO-4
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Table 5.1. Summary of Artifacts fro
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e Bull's Point C o o t e s P a r a
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classification system has been appl
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(Crawford et al. 1997a). The same i
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in Ontario was Middle Woodland-deri
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207-212. Smithsonian Institution, W
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CHAPTER 6 EARLY LATE WOODLAND IN SO
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Figure 6.2. Lower Grand River Valle
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Table 6.1. Radiocarbon Dates from t
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segment of the terrace that effecti
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Figure 6.7. Meyer site terrace, vie
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Figure 6.10. Forster site reconstru
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Figure 6.12. Middle Thames River 20
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Figure 6.13. Site situation: a comp
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Dieterman, F. (2001). Princess Poin
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CHAPTER 7 EARLY LATE PREHISTORIC SE
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ticultural hamlets, small and large
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that Clemson Island was greatly inf
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local deposits. Alternately, Stimme
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Table 7.1. Radiocarbon Dates from S
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Pennsylvania continued to practice
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level) overlaps with the West Branc
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Under a population metaphysic, the
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Hatch, J. W., and Koontz, K. L. (19
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CHAPTER 8 NEW DATES FOR OWASCO POTS
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Table 8.1. Key Components of the Th
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Figure 8.1. Location of the Kipp Is
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Table 8.4. Carpenter Brook Phase Ho
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Table 8.5. Physical Characteristics
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Table 8.6. AMS Dates and Calibrated
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REFERENCES CITED Ammerman, A. J., a
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CHAPTER 9 PITS, PLANTS, AND PLACE:
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Thomas/Luckey Broome Tech N 0 0 50
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confluence with the Susquehanna Riv
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Figure 9.3. Topographic map of Broo
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Table 9.2. Feature Types at Thomas/
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Figure 9.4. Histogram of feature de
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Table 9.4. Plant Remains from Thoma
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Figure 9.7. Sample composition of n
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Figure 9.9. Seed composition (exclu
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suggests that the gathering of wild
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of posts may mark remnants of tempo
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for allowing me repeated and unteth
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History Press, Garden City, New Yor
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CHAPTER 10 UPLAND LAND USE PATTERNS
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LOCAL LEVEL ANALYSIS Local level an
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N104 E101 Unit 19A Unit 7A Unit 12A
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Table 10.2. Park Creek II Feature A
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Fea. 2 Fea. 5 0 1 2 N Figure 10.4.
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encounterlike hunting/butchering st
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END NOTES 1. A village is defined a
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Perrelli, D. J. (1994). Gender, Mob
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CHAPTER 11 EARLY LATE PREHISTORIC S
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Table 11.1. Upper Susquehanna Site
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Table 11.2. Summary of Late Middle
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Table 11.3. Settlement Features of
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approximately 1,000 sq. ft, there i
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Table 11.5. Summary of Seed Identif
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importance of hunting and hunting-r
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portion of the Susquehanna Valley,
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Herrick, J. W., and Snow, D. R. (19
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CHAPTER 12 WOODLAND PERIOD SETTLEME
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oundaries were given. According to
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Table 12.1: Selected Radiocarbon an
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shads and herrings of the family Cl
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consists of large concentrations of
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(1990) survey of recorded sites in
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York State 92:1-8. Busby, M. (1966)
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CHAPTER 13 PALEOETHNOBOTANICAL INDI
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Figure 13.1. Forest regions of the
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Table 13.1. Distribution of Nut Tre
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ation in feature contents. For mult
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Figure 13.4. Nutshell density (gray
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Figure 13.5. Seed density and maize
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Table 13.3. Seed Indicators-Maine S
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Table 13.4. Broome Tech Site: Selec
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6, and it occurred in 58 percent of
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Table 13.6. Continued Site Uncalibr
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Acknowledgments I thank John Hart f
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y K. J. Gremillion, pp. 161-178. Th
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CHAPTER 14 FROM HUNTER-GATHERER CAM
Page 281 and 282: Figure 14.1. Distribution of select
Page 283 and 284: available to Ceci were simply too l
Page 285 and 286: the AMS date of A.D. 1185 (A.D. 127
Page 287 and 288: Table 14.1. Continued Site Lab C14
Page 289 and 290: within single settlements remains e
Page 291 and 292: noncoastal residential sites certai
Page 293 and 294: Figure 14.3. Two stratigraphic prof
Page 295 and 296: to the Maritime Provinces on the Gu
Page 297 and 298: other related questions yet, and so
Page 299 and 300: Northeast Historical Archaeology 21
Page 301 and 302: Thomas, P. A. (1976). Contrastive s
Page 303 and 304: CHAPTER 15 “towns they have none
Page 305 and 306: Table 15.1. Key to Figure 15.1: Arc
Page 307 and 308: Maize will normally not preserve fo
Page 309 and 310: artifacts. Cowie (2000) suggests th
Page 311 and 312: creativity to resolve, but is also
Page 313 and 314: Ph.D. dissertation, Department of A
Page 315 and 316: CHAPTER 16 OUT OF THE BLUE AND INTO
Page 317 and 318: Figure 16.2. Map of the Bliss Islan
Page 319 and 320: shell-bearing sites located on the
Page 321 and 322: site. Middle Maritime Woodland occu
Page 323 and 324: (e.g., Black 1992:190) limit and co
Page 325 and 326: Table 16.3. Faunal Remains Associat
Page 327 and 328: and often poor vertebrate faunal pr
Page 329 and 330: the Maine/Maritimes area have argue
Page 331: SE: warm season (Rojo 1987:221); sp
Page 335 and 336: CHAPTER 17 ABORIGINAL LAND AND RESO
Page 337 and 338: Table 17.1. Chronological and Ceram
Page 339 and 340: Among the food plants listed above,
Page 341 and 342: species, the American eel (Anguilla
Page 343 and 344: the Early Woodland period. Tools ma
Page 345 and 346: Copper Resources Throughout the Lat
Page 347 and 348: midden deposits were located along
Page 349 and 350: a model with two distinct populatio
Page 351 and 352: Table 17.2. Summary of Landscape an
Page 353 and 354: File Report 93-1, Fredericton. Alle
Page 355 and 356: Anthropology, Temple University, Ph
Page 357 and 358: stone age found at Maquapit Lake. N
Page 359 and 360: CHAPTER 18 MAIZE AND VILLAGES: A Su
Page 361 and 362: use of the term “small village”
Page 363 and 364: 1325 [1425] 1460) (Boyd et al. 1998
Page 365 and 366: several centuries after its first a
Page 367 and 368: from excavations at village sites h
Page 369 and 370: 133-156. New York State Museum Bull
Page 371 and 372: longhouses. American Antiquity 55:4
Page 373 and 374: CONTRIBUTORS Timothy J. Abel. Carth
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Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Change: A.D. 700 –1300

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