Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Change: A.D. 700 –1300

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560 550 540 Lone Pine AfGx-113 0 5 10 m Surface collection Excavated area N 530 520 510 500 490 480 470 440 450 460 470 480 490 500 510 520 530 540 J. Skiba Figure 5.4. Excavations at the Lone Pine site (1993-1994). The surface collection and excavations at Lone Pine yielded an artifact assemblage dominated by pottery and chert. The pottery is decorated primarily with cord-wrapped stick motifs. A seriation analysis of 26 rim sections (Bekerman 1995) demonstrates that the pottery is characteristic of the late part of the Princess Point period, and is most similar to the assemblage from the Porteous site; in fact, the seriation placed Lone Pine later than Porteous. Analysis of the flaked lithic material (Ormerod 1994) shows that the assemblage is largely made up of informal flake tools, with a small number of bifaces (including Levanna-like projectile points). Bone was present, but in small quantities. Ceramic smoking pipes were recovered in surprisingly large numbers (9 pipe bowls compared to 26 pottery vessels). Plant remains in the flotation samples are not particularly diverse and include maize, American nightshade (Solanum americanum), bramble (Rubus sp.), acorn (Quercus sp.), and sumac (Rhus sp.). Two radiocarbon dates on maize are 1040±60 B.P. (cal A.D. 890 (1010) 1160) (TO-4586) and 800±50 B.P. (cal A.D. 1210 (1250) 1280) (TO-4083). The latter date would extend occupation of the site well into the later part of the Early Ontario Iroquoian period; if it is correct, it complicates our understanding of the relationship between Princess Point and Glen Meyer. <strong>Settlement</strong> features include two hearth floors, but no definite post molds could be discerned in the heavy clay subsoil in the small areas that were exposed. We can infer that living structures were present on the site, but it is impossible to say from this limited evidence whether there are longhouses similar to those on the earlier Porteous site. Interpretation of the nature of Lone Pine is hampered by the limited information available for this site and the current state of cultural classification in Ontario. We do not have enough settlement data to state unequivocally that Lone Pine is a village, but this 106 Smith and Crawford
e Bull's Point C o o t e s P a r a Sassafras Point d i s Princess Point Cattail marsh Shallow water N 0 1000 m J. Skiba Figure 5.5. Cootes Paradise. seems the most reasonable interpretation at present. Its geographic situation is typical of later Iroquoian village sites, and atypical of known Princess Point components. The radiocarbon dates for Lone Pine and its seriation later than Porteous suggest that Lone Pine could be considered a Glen Meyer site. On the other hand, the pottery styles from both Porteous and Lone Pine have clearer affinities with Princess Point than with later Glen Meyer ceramics. We will return to this thorny issue later in the paper. Young 1 (AfGx-6) The Young 1 site was discovered during Stothers’ survey of the lower Grand River Valley. It is a small site located on a terrace above the Grand River, on the edge of a knoll about 400 m from the river and about 0.5 km from the Grand Banks site. It is heavily plough disturbed except for a fencerow running over the knoll, and is underlain by heavy clay. The plowing has brought heavy clay through to the surface, making excavation exceedingly difficult and screening nearly impossible. Nevertheless, a number of shovel test pits were excavated as well as two 1 sq. m test squares in 1993. A very small and fragmentary artifact sample was recovered, including cord-wrapped stick marked rim sherd and a limited number of flakes. Young 1 may be a short-term seasonal camp, perhaps a spring refuge from minor flooding for inhabitants of the Grand Banks site, but data are too limited to be definitive. Cootes Paradise Cootes Paradise is a sizable wetland at the western tip of Lake Ontario (Figure 5.5). Until about one hundred years ago, it was apparently a true marshland dominated by cattail and sedge. Modification through canal construction and the introduction of carp produced the present body of shallow open water (Figure 5.5). Excavations were conducted at the Princess Point type site by Stothers and Kenyon in 1968, and by Noble in 1969 (Stothers 1969). Also in 1969, Stothers conducted an archaeological survey around the periphery of Cootes Paradise and found an additional six Princess Point sites (Stothers n.d.). The Old Lilac Gardens site underwent mitigative excavation in 1984 to rescue a portion of it from impact by the construction of Highway 403 (Knight 1984). Smith directed two University of Toronto archaeological field schools, one in 1995 and another in 1996, in the Royal Botanical Gardens area of Cootes Paradise (Smith 1996c). The Princess Point occupation of Cootes Paradise is represented by a variety of settlement locations and sizes, although estimates of site dimension for most of these is hampered by a lack of extensive investigation. Both the Princess Point (AhGx-1) and Sassafras Point (AhGx-3) sites are situated on low-lying peninsulas and appear to be the largest occupations at Cootes Paradise. The Old Lilac Gardens site (AhGx-6), is located on a peninsula higher above the water and is smaller than either Princess or Sassafras Point. The Chapter 5 Recent Developments in the Archaeology of the Princess Point Complex in Southern Ontario 107
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Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Ch
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Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Ch
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TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures L
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LIST OF FIGURES 2.1 Map of the cent
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9.3 Topographic map of Broome Tech.
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11.1 Upper Susquehanna Site Types (
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PREFACE The New York State Museum h
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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Christina B.
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domesticates and the occupation of
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and Rieth highlight the important c
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Dunnell, R. C. (1971). Systematics
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Anthropology, University of Massach
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CHAPTER 2 CENTRAL OHIO VALLEY DURIN
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L a k e E r i e PENNSYLVANIA INDIAN
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L a k e E r i e INDIANA R i v e r G
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Olentangy River and other minor tri
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Figure 2.6. Comparison of Late Wood
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support the notion of resource stre
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F4 F7 F5 F6 F3 F2 F9 F10 F12 F13 F1
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B B M F42 F43 F41 F44 S5 S4 S1 F30
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Table 2.3. continued Temporal Age A
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Table 2.3. continued Temporal Age A
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L a k e E r i e INDIANA o i O h Sal
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Figure 2.13. Map of the Late Prehis
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Figure 2.15. Map of households with
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Figure 2.17. Sample of Late Prehist
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Barkes, B. M. (1982). An Analysis o
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Fort Ancient Tradition, edited by J
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CHAPTER 3 “ . . . to reconstruct
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IT TAKES A VILLAGE Figure 3.2. Arti
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social organizations is drawn prima
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elements of the village, the spaces
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Diametric, concentric, and circumfe
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egion, including Reckner (Augustine
Page 69 and 70: Chapter 3 Modeling Village Communit
Page 71 and 72: Figure 3.9. Architectural and nonar
Page 73 and 74: Figure 3.11. Measuring distances in
Page 75 and 76: Table 3.2. Descriptive Statistics f
Page 77 and 78: DISCUSSION Table 3.3. Descriptive S
Page 79 and 80: Figure 3.14. Box-and-whisker plot o
Page 81 and 82: Augustine, E. A. (1938d). Important
Page 83 and 84: Among Some Amazon Tribes. Privately
Page 85 and 86: on Black Mesa, Arizona. The Univers
Page 87 and 88: CHAPTER 4 THE EARLY LATE WOODLAND I
Page 89 and 90: Figure 4.3. Gibraltar Cordmarked ce
Page 91 and 92: Figure 4.5. Ceramics of the Gibralt
Page 93 and 94: points and notched Chesser or Lowe
Page 95 and 96: dated to A.D. 890 (1025) 1230 (DIC-
Page 97 and 98: Table 4.3. Available Stable Carbon
Page 99 and 100: where fishing and farming may have
Page 101 and 102: Figure 4.10. Ceramic of the Sandusk
Page 103 and 104: singular Mixter Stamped vessels typ
Page 105 and 106: urial with the dead, broadcasted a
Page 107 and 108: during the early Late Woodland time
Page 109 and 110: Valley. North American Archaeologis
Page 111 and 112: CHAPTER 5 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN TH
Page 113 and 114: interest in exchange of service or
Page 115 and 116: CURRENT INVESTIGATIONS In view of t
Page 117 and 118: 710 Area C 700 B-75084 TO-4556 TO-4
Page 119: Table 5.1. Summary of Artifacts fro
Page 123 and 124: classification system has been appl
Page 125 and 126: (Crawford et al. 1997a). The same i
Page 127 and 128: in Ontario was Middle Woodland-deri
Page 129 and 130: 207-212. Smithsonian Institution, W
Page 131 and 132: CHAPTER 6 EARLY LATE WOODLAND IN SO
Page 133 and 134: Figure 6.2. Lower Grand River Valle
Page 135 and 136: Table 6.1. Radiocarbon Dates from t
Page 137 and 138: segment of the terrace that effecti
Page 139 and 140: Figure 6.7. Meyer site terrace, vie
Page 141 and 142: Figure 6.10. Forster site reconstru
Page 143 and 144: Figure 6.12. Middle Thames River 20
Page 145 and 146: Figure 6.13. Site situation: a comp
Page 147 and 148: Dieterman, F. (2001). Princess Poin
Page 149 and 150: CHAPTER 7 EARLY LATE PREHISTORIC SE
Page 151 and 152: ticultural hamlets, small and large
Page 153 and 154: that Clemson Island was greatly inf
Page 155 and 156: local deposits. Alternately, Stimme
Page 157 and 158: Table 7.1. Radiocarbon Dates from S
Page 159 and 160: Pennsylvania continued to practice
Page 161 and 162: level) overlaps with the West Branc
Page 163 and 164: Under a population metaphysic, the
Page 165 and 166: Hatch, J. W., and Koontz, K. L. (19
Page 167 and 168: CHAPTER 8 NEW DATES FOR OWASCO POTS
Page 169 and 170: Table 8.1. Key Components of the Th
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Figure 8.1. Location of the Kipp Is
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Table 8.4. Carpenter Brook Phase Ho
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Table 8.5. Physical Characteristics
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Table 8.6. AMS Dates and Calibrated
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REFERENCES CITED Ammerman, A. J., a
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CHAPTER 9 PITS, PLANTS, AND PLACE:
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Thomas/Luckey Broome Tech N 0 0 50
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confluence with the Susquehanna Riv
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Figure 9.3. Topographic map of Broo
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Table 9.2. Feature Types at Thomas/
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Figure 9.4. Histogram of feature de
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Table 9.4. Plant Remains from Thoma
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Figure 9.7. Sample composition of n
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Figure 9.9. Seed composition (exclu
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suggests that the gathering of wild
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of posts may mark remnants of tempo
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for allowing me repeated and unteth
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History Press, Garden City, New Yor
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CHAPTER 10 UPLAND LAND USE PATTERNS
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LOCAL LEVEL ANALYSIS Local level an
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N104 E101 Unit 19A Unit 7A Unit 12A
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Table 10.2. Park Creek II Feature A
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Fea. 2 Fea. 5 0 1 2 N Figure 10.4.
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encounterlike hunting/butchering st
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END NOTES 1. A village is defined a
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Perrelli, D. J. (1994). Gender, Mob
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CHAPTER 11 EARLY LATE PREHISTORIC S
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Table 11.1. Upper Susquehanna Site
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Table 11.2. Summary of Late Middle
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Table 11.3. Settlement Features of
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approximately 1,000 sq. ft, there i
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Table 11.5. Summary of Seed Identif
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importance of hunting and hunting-r
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portion of the Susquehanna Valley,
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Herrick, J. W., and Snow, D. R. (19
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CHAPTER 12 WOODLAND PERIOD SETTLEME
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oundaries were given. According to
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Table 12.1: Selected Radiocarbon an
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shads and herrings of the family Cl
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consists of large concentrations of
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(1990) survey of recorded sites in
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York State 92:1-8. Busby, M. (1966)
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CHAPTER 13 PALEOETHNOBOTANICAL INDI
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Figure 13.1. Forest regions of the
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Table 13.1. Distribution of Nut Tre
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ation in feature contents. For mult
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Figure 13.4. Nutshell density (gray
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Figure 13.5. Seed density and maize
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Table 13.3. Seed Indicators-Maine S
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Table 13.4. Broome Tech Site: Selec
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6, and it occurred in 58 percent of
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Table 13.6. Continued Site Uncalibr
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Acknowledgments I thank John Hart f
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y K. J. Gremillion, pp. 161-178. Th
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CHAPTER 14 FROM HUNTER-GATHERER CAM
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Figure 14.1. Distribution of select
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available to Ceci were simply too l
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the AMS date of A.D. 1185 (A.D. 127
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Table 14.1. Continued Site Lab C14
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within single settlements remains e
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noncoastal residential sites certai
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Figure 14.3. Two stratigraphic prof
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to the Maritime Provinces on the Gu
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other related questions yet, and so
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Northeast Historical Archaeology 21
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Thomas, P. A. (1976). Contrastive s
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CHAPTER 15 “towns they have none
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Table 15.1. Key to Figure 15.1: Arc
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Maize will normally not preserve fo
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artifacts. Cowie (2000) suggests th
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creativity to resolve, but is also
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Ph.D. dissertation, Department of A
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CHAPTER 16 OUT OF THE BLUE AND INTO
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Figure 16.2. Map of the Bliss Islan
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shell-bearing sites located on the
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site. Middle Maritime Woodland occu
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(e.g., Black 1992:190) limit and co
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Table 16.3. Faunal Remains Associat
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and often poor vertebrate faunal pr
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the Maine/Maritimes area have argue
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SE: warm season (Rojo 1987:221); sp
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Ethnohistory 36:257-284. Bourque, B
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CHAPTER 17 ABORIGINAL LAND AND RESO
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Table 17.1. Chronological and Ceram
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Among the food plants listed above,
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species, the American eel (Anguilla
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the Early Woodland period. Tools ma
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Copper Resources Throughout the Lat
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midden deposits were located along
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a model with two distinct populatio
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Table 17.2. Summary of Landscape an
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File Report 93-1, Fredericton. Alle
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Anthropology, Temple University, Ph
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stone age found at Maquapit Lake. N
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CHAPTER 18 MAIZE AND VILLAGES: A Su
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use of the term “small village”
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1325 [1425] 1460) (Boyd et al. 1998
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several centuries after its first a
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from excavations at village sites h
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133-156. New York State Museum Bull
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longhouses. American Antiquity 55:4
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CONTRIBUTORS Timothy J. Abel. Carth
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Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Change: A.D. 700 –1300

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