Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Change: A.D. 700 –1300

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ased on diagnostic artifacts (e.g., ceramics, projectile points, etc.) recovered from features and/or living floor contexts. Three of the thirteen sites in this study also produced multiple occupations dating to the period A.D. 700-1300. For the purpose of this study, I have chosen to treat each of these occupations as its own unit. Therefore, it is important to note that in the following sections, the settlement and subsistence characteristics that are described relate to a specific occupation and do not necessarily represent the overall patterns of the site. Settlement Patterns Settlement patterns are “the arrangement of sites across the landscape, their place in specific seasonal economic systems, and their internal structure” (Funk and Rippeteau 1977:38). Despite their small size, sites in the Oneonta-Worchester area were used for several different functions and exhibit a wide range of settlement attributes. A summary of the settlement features of these sites is presented in Table 11.3. The majority of the sites were identified as camps (Table 11.3). Campsites are described by Funk (1993:281) as general habitation sites that contain large quantities of refuse and numerous features (Table 11.1). Large (or long-term) camps often measure more than a half acre (2,016 sq. m) in size and are generally characterized by a wide range of activities. Small (or short-term) camps are much smaller and have less refuse and fewer features than large camps. These sites are occupied for a shorter period of time and can often be associated with a narrow range of activities, such as hunting or nut gathering. Small camps dating to the late Middle and early Late Woodland Periods were identified at the Street, Fortin II, Ouleout, Hudson Lake, Sternberg, Muehl, Adequentaga, Subi-505, Subi-136, and Broe Pasture sites (Table 11.3). With the exception of the Subi-505, Subi-136, and Sternberg sites, all of these small camps measure less than 2,016 sq. m and fewer than three features were identified. Although these sites encompass a greater area, each are described here as small camps due to the limited range of activities and small number of features that have been identified. There does not appear to be a significant change in the size of these small camps over time. Instead, the primary differences between these sites appear in the number and types of features. As shown in Table 11.3, all of the late Middle Woodland sites in the region produced only a single feature. At four of these sites, this feature was a small hearth, while at the fifth, this feature consisted of a series of small post molds. In comparison, early Late Woodland camps often contained multiple features, such as hearths, living floors, activity areas, storage pits, and post molds. As discussed below, these differences suggest that the prehistoric occupants of the region were using these sites in different ways. The location of sites across the landscape is also an important attribute of prehistoric settlement systems. Of particular importance is the location of the sites along the valley floor, valley walls, and in upland areas. According to Funk (1993a:65-68), valley floor sites can be found along major waterways in areas that are flat and have an elevation of less than 330 m (1,100 ft). Examples of valley floor sites discussed in this chapter include Fortin II, Street, and Sternberg. Valley wall sites can be found in areas with a more diverse topography and include sites located along the steeply rising slopes as well as sites located in the small stream valleys. Such sites are often found at elevations of 330-450 m (1,100-1,500 ft) (Funk 1993a:68). Examples of valley wall sites include Subi-505, Subi- 136, and Otego Yard. Upland sites are found in areas with elevations ranging from 450-900 m (1,500 to 3,000 ft). Unlike the valley floor and valley wall sites, upland areas often display abrupt changes in elevation and topography caused by the alternation of erosion-resistant bedrock knolls and hills. Examples of upland sites include the Hilltop and Ouleout sites. In the Oneonta-Worchester area, late Middle Woodland camps are most commonly located along the floodplains and terraces that align the valley floor and walls (Table 11.3). Although early Late Woodland camps continue to be located in these areas, sites in upland areas appear to have been more commonly occupied. As shown in Table 11.3, many of these upland sites are located along secondary waterways such as the Schenevus River and Ouleout Creek. The concentration of late Middle and early Late Woodland sites on the valley floor and valley walls near the junction of the Susquehanna and Schenevus Creeks is probably not accidental, but related to the use of the area as an important fishing and deer aggregation site (Funk 1993; Versaggi 1987). Limited evidence of prehistoric architecture has been recovered from these small sites. A few post molds were reportedly identified at Subi-136. However, given the limited excavations at this site, the final dimensions of this Middle Woodland structure 214 Rieth
Table 11.3. Settlement Features of Late Middle and Early Late Woodland Sites in the Oneonta-Worchester Region. Site Site Type Location Environment 1 Drainage Site Size (m 2 ) 2 Features Structure Reference Late Middle Woodland Occupations Fortin II Small Camp Floodplain Valley Floor Susquehanna 150 1 No Funk 1998a:76 Adequentaga Small Camp Floodplain Valley Floor Susquehanna --- 1 No Raemsch 1970 Sternberg Small Camp Terrace Valley Floor Susquehanna 3555 1 No Funk 1998b SUBi-136 Small Camp Floodplain Valley Wall Susquehanna 8400 2 No Wanser 1978 Street Small Camp Floodplain Valley Floor Susquehanna 5000 1 No Wellman 1998; Funk 1993 SUBi-505 Small Camp Floodplain Valley Wall Susquehanna 7500 1 No Wanser 1978 Early Late Woodland Occupations Ouleout Site Small Camp Floodplain? Upland Ouleout 8.65 1,2,5 Yes Hartgen Archaeological Associates, Inc., 1989 Street Small Camp Floodplain Valley Floor Susquehanna 5000 1 No Funk 1993: Table 31c Hudson Lake Small Camp Knoll Upland Schenevus 1500 4,5 No Snethkamp 1975, 1976 Fortin II Small Camp Floodplain Valley Floor Susquehanna 324 1,7 No Funk 1998:78 Fortin I Small Camp Floodplain Valley Floor Susquehanna --- 2 No? Funk 1998a Hilltop Industrial site Knoll Upland Ouleout --- --- Unknown Ritchie 1938 Sternberg Small Camp Terrace Valley Floor Susquehanna 3556 1 No Funk 1998b Broe Pasture Small Camp Floodplain Upland Susquehanna/ 42 7 No Weide 1974 Schenevus Muehl Small Camp Floodplain Valley Floor Susquehanna 2500 4 No Weide 1975 Otego Yard Large Camp Alluvial fan/ Valley Wall Susquehanna 4000 1,2,36,8 No Hartgen Archaeological Terrace Associates, Inc. 1989 Key: 1-Hearths, 2-Post molds, 3-Roasting Platform, 4-Small Pits, 5-Living Floor, 6-Large Pits, 7-Task or Activity Area, 8-Shallow Pit Hearths. 1 Designation of sites as being located in valley floor, valley wall, and upland environments generally followed the definitions for such locations as outlined in Funk (1993a:68-71). 2 Information for late Middle Woodland and early Late Woodland occupations is not available for all sites. Instead, total site size is provided when available. Chapter 11 Early Late Prehistoric Settlement and Subsistence Diversity in the Southern Tier of New York 215
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Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Ch
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Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Ch
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TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures L
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LIST OF FIGURES 2.1 Map of the cent
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9.3 Topographic map of Broome Tech.
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11.1 Upper Susquehanna Site Types (
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PREFACE The New York State Museum h
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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Christina B.
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domesticates and the occupation of
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and Rieth highlight the important c
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Dunnell, R. C. (1971). Systematics
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Anthropology, University of Massach
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CHAPTER 2 CENTRAL OHIO VALLEY DURIN
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L a k e E r i e PENNSYLVANIA INDIAN
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L a k e E r i e INDIANA R i v e r G
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Olentangy River and other minor tri
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Figure 2.6. Comparison of Late Wood
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support the notion of resource stre
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F4 F7 F5 F6 F3 F2 F9 F10 F12 F13 F1
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B B M F42 F43 F41 F44 S5 S4 S1 F30
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Table 2.3. continued Temporal Age A
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Table 2.3. continued Temporal Age A
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L a k e E r i e INDIANA o i O h Sal
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Figure 2.13. Map of the Late Prehis
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Figure 2.15. Map of households with
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Figure 2.17. Sample of Late Prehist
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Barkes, B. M. (1982). An Analysis o
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Fort Ancient Tradition, edited by J
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CHAPTER 3 “ . . . to reconstruct
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IT TAKES A VILLAGE Figure 3.2. Arti
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social organizations is drawn prima
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elements of the village, the spaces
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Diametric, concentric, and circumfe
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egion, including Reckner (Augustine
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Chapter 3 Modeling Village Communit
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Figure 3.9. Architectural and nonar
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Figure 3.11. Measuring distances in
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Table 3.2. Descriptive Statistics f
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DISCUSSION Table 3.3. Descriptive S
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Figure 3.14. Box-and-whisker plot o
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Augustine, E. A. (1938d). Important
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Among Some Amazon Tribes. Privately
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on Black Mesa, Arizona. The Univers
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CHAPTER 4 THE EARLY LATE WOODLAND I
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Figure 4.3. Gibraltar Cordmarked ce
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Figure 4.5. Ceramics of the Gibralt
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points and notched Chesser or Lowe
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dated to A.D. 890 (1025) 1230 (DIC-
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Table 4.3. Available Stable Carbon
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where fishing and farming may have
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Figure 4.10. Ceramic of the Sandusk
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singular Mixter Stamped vessels typ
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urial with the dead, broadcasted a
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during the early Late Woodland time
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Valley. North American Archaeologis
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CHAPTER 5 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN TH
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interest in exchange of service or
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CURRENT INVESTIGATIONS In view of t
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710 Area C 700 B-75084 TO-4556 TO-4
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Table 5.1. Summary of Artifacts fro
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e Bull's Point C o o t e s P a r a
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classification system has been appl
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(Crawford et al. 1997a). The same i
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in Ontario was Middle Woodland-deri
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207-212. Smithsonian Institution, W
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CHAPTER 6 EARLY LATE WOODLAND IN SO
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Figure 6.2. Lower Grand River Valle
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Table 6.1. Radiocarbon Dates from t
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segment of the terrace that effecti
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Figure 6.7. Meyer site terrace, vie
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Figure 6.10. Forster site reconstru
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Figure 6.12. Middle Thames River 20
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Figure 6.13. Site situation: a comp
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Dieterman, F. (2001). Princess Poin
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CHAPTER 7 EARLY LATE PREHISTORIC SE
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ticultural hamlets, small and large
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that Clemson Island was greatly inf
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local deposits. Alternately, Stimme
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Table 7.1. Radiocarbon Dates from S
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Pennsylvania continued to practice
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level) overlaps with the West Branc
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Under a population metaphysic, the
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Hatch, J. W., and Koontz, K. L. (19
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CHAPTER 8 NEW DATES FOR OWASCO POTS
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Table 8.1. Key Components of the Th
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Figure 8.1. Location of the Kipp Is
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Table 8.4. Carpenter Brook Phase Ho
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Table 8.5. Physical Characteristics
Page 177 and 178: Table 8.6. AMS Dates and Calibrated
Page 179 and 180: REFERENCES CITED Ammerman, A. J., a
Page 181 and 182: CHAPTER 9 PITS, PLANTS, AND PLACE:
Page 183 and 184: Thomas/Luckey Broome Tech N 0 0 50
Page 185 and 186: confluence with the Susquehanna Riv
Page 187 and 188: Figure 9.3. Topographic map of Broo
Page 189 and 190: Table 9.2. Feature Types at Thomas/
Page 191 and 192: Figure 9.4. Histogram of feature de
Page 193 and 194: Table 9.4. Plant Remains from Thoma
Page 195 and 196: Figure 9.7. Sample composition of n
Page 197 and 198: Figure 9.9. Seed composition (exclu
Page 199 and 200: suggests that the gathering of wild
Page 201 and 202: of posts may mark remnants of tempo
Page 203 and 204: for allowing me repeated and unteth
Page 205 and 206: History Press, Garden City, New Yor
Page 207 and 208: CHAPTER 10 UPLAND LAND USE PATTERNS
Page 209 and 210: LOCAL LEVEL ANALYSIS Local level an
Page 211 and 212: N104 E101 Unit 19A Unit 7A Unit 12A
Page 213 and 214: Table 10.2. Park Creek II Feature A
Page 215 and 216: Fea. 2 Fea. 5 0 1 2 N Figure 10.4.
Page 217 and 218: encounterlike hunting/butchering st
Page 219 and 220: END NOTES 1. A village is defined a
Page 221 and 222: Perrelli, D. J. (1994). Gender, Mob
Page 223 and 224: CHAPTER 11 EARLY LATE PREHISTORIC S
Page 225 and 226: Table 11.1. Upper Susquehanna Site
Page 227: Table 11.2. Summary of Late Middle
Page 231 and 232: approximately 1,000 sq. ft, there i
Page 233 and 234: Table 11.5. Summary of Seed Identif
Page 235 and 236: importance of hunting and hunting-r
Page 237 and 238: portion of the Susquehanna Valley,
Page 239 and 240: Herrick, J. W., and Snow, D. R. (19
Page 241 and 242: CHAPTER 12 WOODLAND PERIOD SETTLEME
Page 243 and 244: oundaries were given. According to
Page 245 and 246: Table 12.1: Selected Radiocarbon an
Page 247 and 248: shads and herrings of the family Cl
Page 249 and 250: consists of large concentrations of
Page 251 and 252: (1990) survey of recorded sites in
Page 253 and 254: York State 92:1-8. Busby, M. (1966)
Page 255 and 256: CHAPTER 13 PALEOETHNOBOTANICAL INDI
Page 257 and 258: Figure 13.1. Forest regions of the
Page 259 and 260: Table 13.1. Distribution of Nut Tre
Page 261 and 262: ation in feature contents. For mult
Page 263 and 264: Figure 13.4. Nutshell density (gray
Page 265 and 266: Figure 13.5. Seed density and maize
Page 267 and 268: Table 13.3. Seed Indicators-Maine S
Page 269 and 270: Table 13.4. Broome Tech Site: Selec
Page 271 and 272: 6, and it occurred in 58 percent of
Page 273 and 274: Table 13.6. Continued Site Uncalibr
Page 275 and 276: Acknowledgments I thank John Hart f
Page 277 and 278: y K. J. Gremillion, pp. 161-178. Th
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CHAPTER 14 FROM HUNTER-GATHERER CAM
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Figure 14.1. Distribution of select
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available to Ceci were simply too l
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the AMS date of A.D. 1185 (A.D. 127
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Table 14.1. Continued Site Lab C14
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within single settlements remains e
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noncoastal residential sites certai
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Figure 14.3. Two stratigraphic prof
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to the Maritime Provinces on the Gu
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other related questions yet, and so
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Northeast Historical Archaeology 21
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Thomas, P. A. (1976). Contrastive s
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CHAPTER 15 “towns they have none
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Table 15.1. Key to Figure 15.1: Arc
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Maize will normally not preserve fo
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artifacts. Cowie (2000) suggests th
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creativity to resolve, but is also
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Ph.D. dissertation, Department of A
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CHAPTER 16 OUT OF THE BLUE AND INTO
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Figure 16.2. Map of the Bliss Islan
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shell-bearing sites located on the
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site. Middle Maritime Woodland occu
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(e.g., Black 1992:190) limit and co
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Table 16.3. Faunal Remains Associat
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and often poor vertebrate faunal pr
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the Maine/Maritimes area have argue
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SE: warm season (Rojo 1987:221); sp
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Ethnohistory 36:257-284. Bourque, B
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CHAPTER 17 ABORIGINAL LAND AND RESO
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Table 17.1. Chronological and Ceram
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Among the food plants listed above,
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species, the American eel (Anguilla
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the Early Woodland period. Tools ma
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Copper Resources Throughout the Lat
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midden deposits were located along
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a model with two distinct populatio
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Table 17.2. Summary of Landscape an
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File Report 93-1, Fredericton. Alle
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Anthropology, Temple University, Ph
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stone age found at Maquapit Lake. N
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CHAPTER 18 MAIZE AND VILLAGES: A Su
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use of the term “small village”
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1325 [1425] 1460) (Boyd et al. 1998
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several centuries after its first a
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from excavations at village sites h
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133-156. New York State Museum Bull
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longhouses. American Antiquity 55:4
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CONTRIBUTORS Timothy J. Abel. Carth
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Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Change: A.D. 700 –1300

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