Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Change: A.D. 700 –1300

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Wallace, A. F. C. (1969). The Death and Rebirth of the Seneca. Vintage Books, New York. Warrick, G. (1984). Reconstructing Ontario Iroquoian Village Organization. National Museum of Man Mercury Series, Archaeological Survey of Canada, Paper No. 124:1-180. National Museums of Canada, Ottawa. Whallon, R. (1966). The Owasco Period: A Reanalysis. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois. Whallon, R. (1968). Investigations of late prehistoric social organization in New York State. In New Perspectives in Archaeology, edited by S. R. Binford and L. Binford, pp. 223-244. Aldine, Chicago, Illinois. Wilk, R. (1989). Decision making and resource flows within the household: beyond the black box. In Household Economy: Reconsidering the Domestic Mode of Production, edited by R. R. Wilk, pp. 23-52. Westview Press, Boulder. Wilk, R., and Ashmore, W. (1988). Household and Community in the Mesoamerican Past. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque. Wilk, R., and Rathje, W. A. (1982). Household archaeology. American Behavioral Scientist 25:617-639. Wykoff, M. (1988). Iroquoian Prehistory and Climate Change: Notes for Empirical Studies of the Eastern Woodlands. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York. Yellen, J. (1977). Archaeological Approaches to the Prehistoric: Models for Reconstructing the Past. Academic Press, New York. 208 Miroff
CHAPTER 11 EARLY LATE PREHISTORIC SETTLEMENT AND SUBSISTENCE DIVERSITY IN THE SOUTHERN TIER OF NEW YORK Christina B. Rieth INTRODUCTION Northeast archaeologists often view the early Late Prehistoric period (A.D. 700-1300) as a homogeneous entity in which specific settlement and subsistence features can be applied uniformly across the entire region (Ritchie 1944; Ritchie and Funk 1973). As a result, subsistence and settlement models developed for specific river valleys and/or drainage basins have been applied (or misapplied) to contemporaneous groups living nearby (Ritchie 1944). The result of this practice has not only led to the simplification of complex settlement and subsistence systems but has also resulted in erroneous interpretations about early Late Prehistoric settlement and subsistence systems. Equally problematic is the relative absence (until recently) of detailed intraregional settlement and subsistence studies. In his analysis of subsistence patterns in southern New England, Bendremer (1999:134) argues that regional and subregional studies are important and should be undertaken, since they can “detect and assess the full range of strategies” employed by prehistoric populations. Likewise, Trigger (1981:32) in his summary of Iroquoian social and settlement organization argues that regional studies are needed to determine “what sorts of patterns of behavior these differences represent and what local traditions some of them may signify.” An important aspect of these intraregional studies involves the examination of both large and small sites within the larger settlement and subsistence system (Lennox 1995). In the past, archaeologists working in the Susquehanna Valley have focused their research on large multiacre village sites located near the junction of the Susquehanna, Chemung, and Unadilla Rivers (Prezzano 1993; Prezzano and Rieth 2001; Ritchie 1934, 1939, 1973; Wurst and Versaggi 1993). As a result, smaller camp and resource procurement sites located at the northern end of the valley are often forgotten or, at best, viewed as peripheral components to the regional settlement and subsistence system. This chapter contributes to our understanding of the prehistoric occupation of the region by examining a cluster of small sites located near the confluence of the Schenevus and Otego Creeks with the larger Susquehanna River (hereafter the Oneonta-Worchester area). I summarize what is known about the settlement and subsistence features of these sites and attempt to integrate data from more recent excavations into regional models of settlement and subsistence. SMALL SITE ARCHAEOLOGY AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO THE EARLY LATE PREHISTORIC CULTURES OF THE NORTHEAST Small sites are defined as “. . . sites whose size and artifactual assemblage suggest a limited temporal occupation by a small group of people, gathered at the locality to carry out a specific, seasonally oriented set of activities” (Piles and Wilcox 1978:1). Although small sites are regularly integrated into regional settlement and subsistence models elsewhere (e.g., King and Potter 1994; Piles and Wilcox 1978; Schwartz and Falconer 1994; Ward 1978), in the Northeast, such sites are often viewed as unimportant when considered in relationship to larger semipermanent villages that have become the hallmark of the early Late Prehistoric period. While this bias can be partially attributed to the implementation of academic research problems centering on the reconstruction of culture history, equally Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Change: A.D. 700–1300 by John P. Hart and Christina B. Rieth. New York State Museum © 2002 by the University of the State of New York, The State Education Department, Albany, New York. All rights reserved. Chapter 11 Early Late Prehistoric Settlement and Subsistence Diversity in the Southern Tier of New York 209
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Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Ch
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Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Ch
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TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures L
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LIST OF FIGURES 2.1 Map of the cent
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9.3 Topographic map of Broome Tech.
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11.1 Upper Susquehanna Site Types (
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PREFACE The New York State Museum h
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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Christina B.
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domesticates and the occupation of
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and Rieth highlight the important c
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Dunnell, R. C. (1971). Systematics
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Anthropology, University of Massach
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CHAPTER 2 CENTRAL OHIO VALLEY DURIN
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L a k e E r i e PENNSYLVANIA INDIAN
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L a k e E r i e INDIANA R i v e r G
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Olentangy River and other minor tri
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Figure 2.6. Comparison of Late Wood
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support the notion of resource stre
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F4 F7 F5 F6 F3 F2 F9 F10 F12 F13 F1
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B B M F42 F43 F41 F44 S5 S4 S1 F30
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Table 2.3. continued Temporal Age A
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Table 2.3. continued Temporal Age A
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L a k e E r i e INDIANA o i O h Sal
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Figure 2.13. Map of the Late Prehis
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Figure 2.15. Map of households with
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Figure 2.17. Sample of Late Prehist
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Barkes, B. M. (1982). An Analysis o
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Fort Ancient Tradition, edited by J
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CHAPTER 3 “ . . . to reconstruct
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IT TAKES A VILLAGE Figure 3.2. Arti
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social organizations is drawn prima
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elements of the village, the spaces
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Diametric, concentric, and circumfe
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egion, including Reckner (Augustine
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Chapter 3 Modeling Village Communit
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Figure 3.9. Architectural and nonar
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Figure 3.11. Measuring distances in
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Table 3.2. Descriptive Statistics f
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DISCUSSION Table 3.3. Descriptive S
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Figure 3.14. Box-and-whisker plot o
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Augustine, E. A. (1938d). Important
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Among Some Amazon Tribes. Privately
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on Black Mesa, Arizona. The Univers
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CHAPTER 4 THE EARLY LATE WOODLAND I
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Figure 4.3. Gibraltar Cordmarked ce
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Figure 4.5. Ceramics of the Gibralt
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points and notched Chesser or Lowe
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dated to A.D. 890 (1025) 1230 (DIC-
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Table 4.3. Available Stable Carbon
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where fishing and farming may have
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Figure 4.10. Ceramic of the Sandusk
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singular Mixter Stamped vessels typ
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urial with the dead, broadcasted a
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during the early Late Woodland time
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Valley. North American Archaeologis
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CHAPTER 5 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN TH
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interest in exchange of service or
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CURRENT INVESTIGATIONS In view of t
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710 Area C 700 B-75084 TO-4556 TO-4
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Table 5.1. Summary of Artifacts fro
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e Bull's Point C o o t e s P a r a
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classification system has been appl
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(Crawford et al. 1997a). The same i
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in Ontario was Middle Woodland-deri
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207-212. Smithsonian Institution, W
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CHAPTER 6 EARLY LATE WOODLAND IN SO
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Figure 6.2. Lower Grand River Valle
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Table 6.1. Radiocarbon Dates from t
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segment of the terrace that effecti
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Figure 6.7. Meyer site terrace, vie
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Figure 6.10. Forster site reconstru
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Figure 6.12. Middle Thames River 20
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Figure 6.13. Site situation: a comp
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Dieterman, F. (2001). Princess Poin
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CHAPTER 7 EARLY LATE PREHISTORIC SE
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ticultural hamlets, small and large
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that Clemson Island was greatly inf
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local deposits. Alternately, Stimme
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Table 7.1. Radiocarbon Dates from S
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Pennsylvania continued to practice
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level) overlaps with the West Branc
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Under a population metaphysic, the
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Hatch, J. W., and Koontz, K. L. (19
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CHAPTER 8 NEW DATES FOR OWASCO POTS
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Table 8.1. Key Components of the Th
Page 171 and 172: Figure 8.1. Location of the Kipp Is
Page 173 and 174: Table 8.4. Carpenter Brook Phase Ho
Page 175 and 176: Table 8.5. Physical Characteristics
Page 177 and 178: Table 8.6. AMS Dates and Calibrated
Page 179 and 180: REFERENCES CITED Ammerman, A. J., a
Page 181 and 182: CHAPTER 9 PITS, PLANTS, AND PLACE:
Page 183 and 184: Thomas/Luckey Broome Tech N 0 0 50
Page 185 and 186: confluence with the Susquehanna Riv
Page 187 and 188: Figure 9.3. Topographic map of Broo
Page 189 and 190: Table 9.2. Feature Types at Thomas/
Page 191 and 192: Figure 9.4. Histogram of feature de
Page 193 and 194: Table 9.4. Plant Remains from Thoma
Page 195 and 196: Figure 9.7. Sample composition of n
Page 197 and 198: Figure 9.9. Seed composition (exclu
Page 199 and 200: suggests that the gathering of wild
Page 201 and 202: of posts may mark remnants of tempo
Page 203 and 204: for allowing me repeated and unteth
Page 205 and 206: History Press, Garden City, New Yor
Page 207 and 208: CHAPTER 10 UPLAND LAND USE PATTERNS
Page 209 and 210: LOCAL LEVEL ANALYSIS Local level an
Page 211 and 212: N104 E101 Unit 19A Unit 7A Unit 12A
Page 213 and 214: Table 10.2. Park Creek II Feature A
Page 215 and 216: Fea. 2 Fea. 5 0 1 2 N Figure 10.4.
Page 217 and 218: encounterlike hunting/butchering st
Page 219 and 220: END NOTES 1. A village is defined a
Page 221: Perrelli, D. J. (1994). Gender, Mob
Page 225 and 226: Table 11.1. Upper Susquehanna Site
Page 227 and 228: Table 11.2. Summary of Late Middle
Page 229 and 230: Table 11.3. Settlement Features of
Page 231 and 232: approximately 1,000 sq. ft, there i
Page 233 and 234: Table 11.5. Summary of Seed Identif
Page 235 and 236: importance of hunting and hunting-r
Page 237 and 238: portion of the Susquehanna Valley,
Page 239 and 240: Herrick, J. W., and Snow, D. R. (19
Page 241 and 242: CHAPTER 12 WOODLAND PERIOD SETTLEME
Page 243 and 244: oundaries were given. According to
Page 245 and 246: Table 12.1: Selected Radiocarbon an
Page 247 and 248: shads and herrings of the family Cl
Page 249 and 250: consists of large concentrations of
Page 251 and 252: (1990) survey of recorded sites in
Page 253 and 254: York State 92:1-8. Busby, M. (1966)
Page 255 and 256: CHAPTER 13 PALEOETHNOBOTANICAL INDI
Page 257 and 258: Figure 13.1. Forest regions of the
Page 259 and 260: Table 13.1. Distribution of Nut Tre
Page 261 and 262: ation in feature contents. For mult
Page 263 and 264: Figure 13.4. Nutshell density (gray
Page 265 and 266: Figure 13.5. Seed density and maize
Page 267 and 268: Table 13.3. Seed Indicators-Maine S
Page 269 and 270: Table 13.4. Broome Tech Site: Selec
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Table 13.6. Continued Site Uncalibr
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Acknowledgments I thank John Hart f
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y K. J. Gremillion, pp. 161-178. Th
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CHAPTER 14 FROM HUNTER-GATHERER CAM
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Figure 14.1. Distribution of select
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available to Ceci were simply too l
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the AMS date of A.D. 1185 (A.D. 127
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Table 14.1. Continued Site Lab C14
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within single settlements remains e
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noncoastal residential sites certai
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Figure 14.3. Two stratigraphic prof
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to the Maritime Provinces on the Gu
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other related questions yet, and so
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Northeast Historical Archaeology 21
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Thomas, P. A. (1976). Contrastive s
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CHAPTER 15 “towns they have none
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Table 15.1. Key to Figure 15.1: Arc
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Maize will normally not preserve fo
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artifacts. Cowie (2000) suggests th
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creativity to resolve, but is also
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Ph.D. dissertation, Department of A
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CHAPTER 16 OUT OF THE BLUE AND INTO
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Figure 16.2. Map of the Bliss Islan
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shell-bearing sites located on the
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site. Middle Maritime Woodland occu
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(e.g., Black 1992:190) limit and co
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Table 16.3. Faunal Remains Associat
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and often poor vertebrate faunal pr
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the Maine/Maritimes area have argue
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SE: warm season (Rojo 1987:221); sp
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Ethnohistory 36:257-284. Bourque, B
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CHAPTER 17 ABORIGINAL LAND AND RESO
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Table 17.1. Chronological and Ceram
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Among the food plants listed above,
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species, the American eel (Anguilla
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the Early Woodland period. Tools ma
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Copper Resources Throughout the Lat
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midden deposits were located along
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a model with two distinct populatio
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Table 17.2. Summary of Landscape an
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File Report 93-1, Fredericton. Alle
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Anthropology, Temple University, Ph
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stone age found at Maquapit Lake. N
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CHAPTER 18 MAIZE AND VILLAGES: A Su
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use of the term “small village”
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1325 [1425] 1460) (Boyd et al. 1998
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several centuries after its first a
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from excavations at village sites h
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133-156. New York State Museum Bull
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longhouses. American Antiquity 55:4
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CONTRIBUTORS Timothy J. Abel. Carth
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Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Change: A.D. 700 –1300

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