Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Change: A.D. 700 –1300

More documents

Recommendations

Info

to Loring’s (1988) regional exchange hypothesis for the Late Prehistoric period. Archaeological evidence for the sixteenth century indicates that traditional summer fishing villages were abandoned after European contact, and that people began to move to the coast to trade (Allen 1991:37). The faunal information from archaeological sites indicates more variety in site seasonality on the east coast compared to the Fundy coast (Stewart 1989:56). Stewart (1989:74) indicates that the discrepancy between the faunal evidence from the Fundy and northeastern coast sites may be indicative of an ethnic split, with the ancestral Mi’kmaq using coastal sources mostly in the summer and the ancestral Maliseet-Passamaquoddy using coastal resources mostly in the winter. SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION Although the archaeological evidence is far from complete, it is obvious that the Late Prehistoric and Protohistoric populations of New Brunswick exploited a broad and diverse range of natural resources. Faunal resources recovered from archaeological sites represent a wide range of the available modern species, as well as extinct sea mink and great auk. Furbearing mammals were widely distributed throughout the province. Anadromous and catadromous fish species were a particularly valuable riverine resource, especially Atlantic salmon. Shellfish were important in certain areas, especially during the Middle and early Late Woodland period in Passamaquoddy Bay. Archaeological evidence of plant use is beginning to accumulate, but at a slow pace due to considerable preservation problems. The present archaeological evidence is obviously only a small fraction of the species once collected in prehistoric times. Nutshells and seeds from various wild fruits are represented in charred form, but the green parts of plants and flowers used for herbal medicines and beverages do not survive in the acidic soils of the province. Wood, bark, and plant fibers have survived only under exceptional preservation conditions. Local variability in foodstuffs may have been important to social and economic interactions within the region. The exchange of botanical products is well documented for western Canada, including seaweeds, berries, roots, bulbs, nuts, woods, baskets, mats, twines, and fibers (Turner and Loewen 1998). While documentation is inadequate for the east coast, a similar range of products was available for exchange. Leonard’s incipient horticulture model for portions of the province also deserves further consideration, but at present it should be considered speculative. Certain rock and mineral resources were also important to aboriginal populations in New Brunswick. In the Late Prehistoric period, knappable lithics were the raw materials for hunting and processing tools. Native populations in the <strong>Northeast</strong> sought out the best quality lithic materials in each region, and certain higher quality lithics were distributed over long distances. Cherts from coastal Labrador and the Quebec interior made their way to the Maritimes and Maine, and especially toward the end of the Prehistoric period. Cherts, chalcedonies, and rhyolites from certain Nova Scotian quarries were also prized. Ground stone raw materials and clay for pottery making were widely available within the province. Copper was an important material for making both ritual and domestic items throughout the Woodland period. Only small amounts of local copper were available, so raw copper was most likely acquired through trade, at first from long-distance Native sources, then regional Native sources, and finally through European trade during the Protohistoric period. As archaeological evidence accumulates for the Late Prehistoric/Protohistoric period, more finegrained studies of settlement form and mobility patterns in different parts of the province may be possible, like Black’s (1992) study of the Bliss Islands. For most of the region we are forced to look at large-scale similarities and differences in landscape and resource availability. Some of the major characteristics of the archaeological areas are listed in Table 17.2. There is a possibility that the Chiputneticook-St. Croix drainage and Passamaquoddy Bay area had two distinct populations during the Woodland period. The St. Croix River is difficult to navigate. In fact, from the Chiputneticook Lakes, it is easier to travel via portages to the Saint John River than to use the St. Croix. An interior population would have had greater access to lithic resources, nut trees, terrestrial fauna, and freshwater fish. The Quoddy Region is a rich marine environment with sheltered coastal campsites and a number of large islands. Terrestrial fauna could be hunted near the coast and on some of the larger islands. Harbor seals are attracted to freshwater estuaries, rivers, and lakes (Beck 1983) in the early spring and summer, and the harbor porpoise is a year-round resident (Gaskin 1983). Cod were resident and abundant 336 Deal
Table 17.2. Summary of Landscape and Resource Characteristics for the Three Major Archaeological Areas of New Brunswick. Archaeological Area: Chiputneticook-St. Croix Saint John River Eastern New Brunswick Landscape Large Segmented River Large Navigable River Medium Sized Parallel River System/Lakes Large Interior Lakes Systems Estuaries and Large Bay/Islands Acadian Forest (South) Lagoons Acadian Forest Mixed Forest (North) Acadian Forest (South) Mixed Forest (North) Floral Resources Edible Fruits/Nuts Edible Fruits/Nuts Edible Fruits/Nuts Medicinal Plants Butternut Available Groundnut Management Fuel/Construction Wood Medicinal Plants Medicinal Plants Plant Fibers Fuel/Construction Wood Fuel/Construction Wood Late Corn Agriculture? Plant Fibers Plant Fibers Storage? Late Corn Agriculture? Late Corn Agriculture? Storage on Miramichi Faunal Resources Deer/Moose/Caribou Deer/Moose/Caribou Deer/Moose/Caribou Beaver Beaver Beaver Salmon/Gaspereau/Sturgeon Salmon/Cod Freshwater Fish Eels Eels Eels Harbor Seal/Harp Seal/ Harbor Seal/Gray Seal/ Salmon/Gaspereau Walrus Available Harbor Porpoise Available Harbor Seal Oysters/Quahog/Mussels Sea Mink (Traded?) Waterfowl (Marshy Waterfowl (Wetlands) Soft-Shell Clams/ Lakes) Mussels/Sea Urchins Shellfish Preservation? Waterfowl Lithic and Mineral Resources Abundant Clay/Igneous Abundant Clay/Igneous Abundant Clay/Igneous Groundstone Materials Groundstone Materials Groundstone Materials Coastal Lithics Munsungun Tobique/Cabano Kineo-Traveller Exotics Tobique/Cabano North Mtn/Ingonish Exotics North Mtn Exotics Washademoak Local and North Mtn. Copper Kineo-Traveller Mtn.? North Mtn. Exotics in the insular area (Rojo 1987), and salmon and gaspereau could be harvested in the spring at the Milltown Falls above the St. Croix estuary. Waterfowl were also available along the coast and eggs could be collected from rocky islands. North Mountain cherts and Kineo-Traveller Mountain porphyry appear as exotics in local lithic assemblages and may have been part of a Late Prehistoric coastal exchange system, which might also have included birch bark (Loring 1988) and sea mink (Black et al. 1998). The landscape of the Saint John River area is dominated by a large navigable river system and a large central lake system. Portages facilitate movement between this and surrounding areas. The Tobique is a medium-sized river system that links the Saint John and St. Lawrence Rivers. It is difficult to imagine a single cohesive mobile population exploiting this extensive system in prehistoric times. Two or more distinct residential groups could have easily shared this area (e.g., Burke 2000). Archaeological evidence indicates at least three population centers (i.e., clusters of sites) associated with the estuary, Lakes Region, and the confluence of the Tobique and Saint John Rivers. Of the three archaeological areas, this one would have had the most variety in faunal and floral resources. For example, nut trees and shrubs were more numerous, although nut yields are quite variable, with beechnut, hazelnut, and butternut having large crops about Chapter 17 Aboriginal Land and Resource Use in New Brunswick During the Late Prehistoric and Early Contact Periods 337
Page 1 and 2:
Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Ch
Page 3 and 4:
Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Ch
Page 5 and 6:
TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures L
Page 7 and 8:
LIST OF FIGURES 2.1 Map of the cent
Page 9 and 10:
9.3 Topographic map of Broome Tech.
Page 11 and 12:
11.1 Upper Susquehanna Site Types (
Page 13 and 14:
PREFACE The New York State Museum h
Page 15 and 16:
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Christina B.
Page 17 and 18:
domesticates and the occupation of
Page 19 and 20:
and Rieth highlight the important c
Page 21 and 22:
Dunnell, R. C. (1971). Systematics
Page 23 and 24:
Anthropology, University of Massach
Page 25 and 26:
CHAPTER 2 CENTRAL OHIO VALLEY DURIN
Page 27 and 28:
L a k e E r i e PENNSYLVANIA INDIAN
Page 29 and 30:
L a k e E r i e INDIANA R i v e r G
Page 31 and 32:
Olentangy River and other minor tri
Page 33 and 34:
Figure 2.6. Comparison of Late Wood
Page 35 and 36:
support the notion of resource stre
Page 37 and 38:
F4 F7 F5 F6 F3 F2 F9 F10 F12 F13 F1
Page 39 and 40:
B B M F42 F43 F41 F44 S5 S4 S1 F30
Page 41 and 42:
Table 2.3. continued Temporal Age A
Page 43 and 44:
Table 2.3. continued Temporal Age A
Page 45 and 46:
L a k e E r i e INDIANA o i O h Sal
Page 47 and 48:
Figure 2.13. Map of the Late Prehis
Page 49 and 50:
Figure 2.15. Map of households with
Page 51 and 52:
Figure 2.17. Sample of Late Prehist
Page 53 and 54:
Barkes, B. M. (1982). An Analysis o
Page 55 and 56:
Fort Ancient Tradition, edited by J
Page 57 and 58:
CHAPTER 3 “ . . . to reconstruct
Page 59 and 60:
IT TAKES A VILLAGE Figure 3.2. Arti
Page 61 and 62:
social organizations is drawn prima
Page 63 and 64:
elements of the village, the spaces
Page 65 and 66:
Diametric, concentric, and circumfe
Page 67 and 68:
egion, including Reckner (Augustine
Page 69 and 70:
Chapter 3 Modeling Village Communit
Page 71 and 72:
Figure 3.9. Architectural and nonar
Page 73 and 74:
Figure 3.11. Measuring distances in
Page 75 and 76:
Table 3.2. Descriptive Statistics f
Page 77 and 78:
DISCUSSION Table 3.3. Descriptive S
Page 79 and 80:
Figure 3.14. Box-and-whisker plot o
Page 81 and 82:
Augustine, E. A. (1938d). Important
Page 83 and 84:
Among Some Amazon Tribes. Privately
Page 85 and 86:
on Black Mesa, Arizona. The Univers
Page 87 and 88:
CHAPTER 4 THE EARLY LATE WOODLAND I
Page 89 and 90:
Figure 4.3. Gibraltar Cordmarked ce
Page 91 and 92:
Figure 4.5. Ceramics of the Gibralt
Page 93 and 94:
points and notched Chesser or Lowe
Page 95 and 96:
dated to A.D. 890 (1025) 1230 (DIC-
Page 97 and 98:
Table 4.3. Available Stable Carbon
Page 99 and 100:
where fishing and farming may have
Page 101 and 102:
Figure 4.10. Ceramic of the Sandusk
Page 103 and 104:
singular Mixter Stamped vessels typ
Page 105 and 106:
urial with the dead, broadcasted a
Page 107 and 108:
during the early Late Woodland time
Page 109 and 110:
Valley. North American Archaeologis
Page 111 and 112:
CHAPTER 5 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN TH
Page 113 and 114:
interest in exchange of service or
Page 115 and 116:
CURRENT INVESTIGATIONS In view of t
Page 117 and 118:
710 Area C 700 B-75084 TO-4556 TO-4
Page 119 and 120:
Table 5.1. Summary of Artifacts fro
Page 121 and 122:
e Bull's Point C o o t e s P a r a
Page 123 and 124:
classification system has been appl
Page 125 and 126:
(Crawford et al. 1997a). The same i
Page 127 and 128:
in Ontario was Middle Woodland-deri
Page 129 and 130:
207-212. Smithsonian Institution, W
Page 131 and 132:
CHAPTER 6 EARLY LATE WOODLAND IN SO
Page 133 and 134:
Figure 6.2. Lower Grand River Valle
Page 135 and 136:
Table 6.1. Radiocarbon Dates from t
Page 137 and 138:
segment of the terrace that effecti
Page 139 and 140:
Figure 6.7. Meyer site terrace, vie
Page 141 and 142:
Figure 6.10. Forster site reconstru
Page 143 and 144:
Figure 6.12. Middle Thames River 20
Page 145 and 146:
Figure 6.13. Site situation: a comp
Page 147 and 148:
Dieterman, F. (2001). Princess Poin
Page 149 and 150:
CHAPTER 7 EARLY LATE PREHISTORIC SE
Page 151 and 152:
ticultural hamlets, small and large
Page 153 and 154:
that Clemson Island was greatly inf
Page 155 and 156:
local deposits. Alternately, Stimme
Page 157 and 158:
Table 7.1. Radiocarbon Dates from S
Page 159 and 160:
Pennsylvania continued to practice
Page 161 and 162:
level) overlaps with the West Branc
Page 163 and 164:
Under a population metaphysic, the
Page 165 and 166:
Hatch, J. W., and Koontz, K. L. (19
Page 167 and 168:
CHAPTER 8 NEW DATES FOR OWASCO POTS
Page 169 and 170:
Table 8.1. Key Components of the Th
Page 171 and 172:
Figure 8.1. Location of the Kipp Is
Page 173 and 174:
Table 8.4. Carpenter Brook Phase Ho
Page 175 and 176:
Table 8.5. Physical Characteristics
Page 177 and 178:
Table 8.6. AMS Dates and Calibrated
Page 179 and 180:
REFERENCES CITED Ammerman, A. J., a
Page 181 and 182:
CHAPTER 9 PITS, PLANTS, AND PLACE:
Page 183 and 184:
Thomas/Luckey Broome Tech N 0 0 50
Page 185 and 186:
confluence with the Susquehanna Riv
Page 187 and 188:
Figure 9.3. Topographic map of Broo
Page 189 and 190:
Table 9.2. Feature Types at Thomas/
Page 191 and 192:
Figure 9.4. Histogram of feature de
Page 193 and 194:
Table 9.4. Plant Remains from Thoma
Page 195 and 196:
Figure 9.7. Sample composition of n
Page 197 and 198:
Figure 9.9. Seed composition (exclu
Page 199 and 200:
suggests that the gathering of wild
Page 201 and 202:
of posts may mark remnants of tempo
Page 203 and 204:
for allowing me repeated and unteth
Page 205 and 206:
History Press, Garden City, New Yor
Page 207 and 208:
CHAPTER 10 UPLAND LAND USE PATTERNS
Page 209 and 210:
LOCAL LEVEL ANALYSIS Local level an
Page 211 and 212:
N104 E101 Unit 19A Unit 7A Unit 12A
Page 213 and 214:
Table 10.2. Park Creek II Feature A
Page 215 and 216:
Fea. 2 Fea. 5 0 1 2 N Figure 10.4.
Page 217 and 218:
encounterlike hunting/butchering st
Page 219 and 220:
END NOTES 1. A village is defined a
Page 221 and 222:
Perrelli, D. J. (1994). Gender, Mob
Page 223 and 224:
CHAPTER 11 EARLY LATE PREHISTORIC S
Page 225 and 226:
Table 11.1. Upper Susquehanna Site
Page 227 and 228:
Table 11.2. Summary of Late Middle
Page 229 and 230:
Table 11.3. Settlement Features of
Page 231 and 232:
approximately 1,000 sq. ft, there i
Page 233 and 234:
Table 11.5. Summary of Seed Identif
Page 235 and 236:
importance of hunting and hunting-r
Page 237 and 238:
portion of the Susquehanna Valley,
Page 239 and 240:
Herrick, J. W., and Snow, D. R. (19
Page 241 and 242:
CHAPTER 12 WOODLAND PERIOD SETTLEME
Page 243 and 244:
oundaries were given. According to
Page 245 and 246:
Table 12.1: Selected Radiocarbon an
Page 247 and 248:
shads and herrings of the family Cl
Page 249 and 250:
consists of large concentrations of
Page 251 and 252:
(1990) survey of recorded sites in
Page 253 and 254:
York State 92:1-8. Busby, M. (1966)
Page 255 and 256:
CHAPTER 13 PALEOETHNOBOTANICAL INDI
Page 257 and 258:
Figure 13.1. Forest regions of the
Page 259 and 260:
Table 13.1. Distribution of Nut Tre
Page 261 and 262:
ation in feature contents. For mult
Page 263 and 264:
Figure 13.4. Nutshell density (gray
Page 265 and 266:
Figure 13.5. Seed density and maize
Page 267 and 268:
Table 13.3. Seed Indicators-Maine S
Page 269 and 270:
Table 13.4. Broome Tech Site: Selec
Page 271 and 272:
6, and it occurred in 58 percent of
Page 273 and 274:
Table 13.6. Continued Site Uncalibr
Page 275 and 276:
Acknowledgments I thank John Hart f
Page 277 and 278:
y K. J. Gremillion, pp. 161-178. Th
Page 279 and 280:
CHAPTER 14 FROM HUNTER-GATHERER CAM
Page 281 and 282:
Figure 14.1. Distribution of select
Page 283 and 284:
available to Ceci were simply too l
Page 285 and 286:
the AMS date of A.D. 1185 (A.D. 127
Page 287 and 288:
Table 14.1. Continued Site Lab C14
Page 289 and 290:
within single settlements remains e
Page 291 and 292:
noncoastal residential sites certai
Page 293 and 294:
Figure 14.3. Two stratigraphic prof
Page 295 and 296:
to the Maritime Provinces on the Gu
Page 297 and 298:
other related questions yet, and so
Page 299 and 300: Northeast Historical Archaeology 21
Page 301 and 302: Thomas, P. A. (1976). Contrastive s
Page 303 and 304: CHAPTER 15 “towns they have none
Page 305 and 306: Table 15.1. Key to Figure 15.1: Arc
Page 307 and 308: Maize will normally not preserve fo
Page 309 and 310: artifacts. Cowie (2000) suggests th
Page 311 and 312: creativity to resolve, but is also
Page 313 and 314: Ph.D. dissertation, Department of A
Page 315 and 316: CHAPTER 16 OUT OF THE BLUE AND INTO
Page 317 and 318: Figure 16.2. Map of the Bliss Islan
Page 319 and 320: shell-bearing sites located on the
Page 321 and 322: site. Middle Maritime Woodland occu
Page 323 and 324: (e.g., Black 1992:190) limit and co
Page 325 and 326: Table 16.3. Faunal Remains Associat
Page 327 and 328: and often poor vertebrate faunal pr
Page 329 and 330: the Maine/Maritimes area have argue
Page 331 and 332: SE: warm season (Rojo 1987:221); sp
Page 333 and 334: Ethnohistory 36:257-284. Bourque, B
Page 335 and 336: CHAPTER 17 ABORIGINAL LAND AND RESO
Page 337 and 338: Table 17.1. Chronological and Ceram
Page 339 and 340: Among the food plants listed above,
Page 341 and 342: species, the American eel (Anguilla
Page 343 and 344: the Early Woodland period. Tools ma
Page 345 and 346: Copper Resources Throughout the Lat
Page 347 and 348: midden deposits were located along
Page 349: a model with two distinct populatio
Page 353 and 354: File Report 93-1, Fredericton. Alle
Page 355 and 356: Anthropology, Temple University, Ph
Page 357 and 358: stone age found at Maquapit Lake. N
Page 359 and 360: CHAPTER 18 MAIZE AND VILLAGES: A Su
Page 361 and 362: use of the term “small village”
Page 363 and 364: 1325 [1425] 1460) (Boyd et al. 1998
Page 365 and 366: several centuries after its first a
Page 367 and 368: from excavations at village sites h
Page 369 and 370: 133-156. New York State Museum Bull
Page 371 and 372: longhouses. American Antiquity 55:4
Page 373 and 374: CONTRIBUTORS Timothy J. Abel. Carth
show all

Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Change: A.D. 700 –1300

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?