Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Change: A.D. 700 –1300

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Figure 17.1. Map of New Brunswick indicating major river systems and archaeological sites mentioned in text. (Revised by Miki Lee in August 2000.) range of local resources, interregional trade, and possibly the adoption of limited horticultural practices (see below). Our understanding of Early Woodland occupation is also clouded by archaeological evidence of contact with neighbouring aboriginal groups (McEachen 1996). Allen (1993:32) suggests that the Passamaquoddy and Maliseet of southwestern New Brunswick are descended directly from one of the Late Archaic populations that inhabited the area (also see Rutherford 1989). The ancestral Mi’kmaq may have also developed out of a local Archaic population, although some researchers believe that they migrated into the area along the St. Lawrence drainage during the Early Woodland period (Fiedel 1990), and replaced or merged with the existing population. RESOURCE USE New Brunswick has a diverse landscape of highland ranges, lowland plains, large interior lakes, expansive and small river systems, and numerous coastal bays and inlets. The largest rivers are the Miramichi, Saint John, and St. Croix, which were the 322 Deal
Table 17.1. Chronological and Ceramic Periods Referred to in Text. Ceramic Periods for the Maritimes & Maine 1 General Cultural Periods for New Brunswick CP 7 (Contact) ca. 400-200 B.P. Protohistoric ca. 500-400 B.P. CP 6 (late Late Woodland) ca. 650-400 B.P. - CP 5 (early Late Woodland) ca. 950-650 B.P. Late Woodland ca. 1000-500 B.P. CP 4 (late Middle Woodland) ca. 1350-950 B.P. - CP 3 (middle Middle Woodland) ca. 1650-1350 B.P. - CP 2 (early Middle Woodland) ca. 2150-1650 B.P. Middle Woodland ca. 2000-1000 B.P. CP 1 (Early Woodland) ca. 3050-2150 B.P. Early Woodland ca. 3000-2000 B.P. Pre-ceramic Late Archaic ca. 5000-3000 B.P. 1 Ceramic periods follow Petersen and Sanger (1991). Note that the Saint John River sequence has recently been revised by Bourgeois (1999). major waterways for the early historic Mik’maq, Maliseet, and Passamaquoddy, respectively (see Figure 17.1). Palynological studies indicate that there was a change in the forests of New Brunswick around 2000 B. P., which was characterized by a deterioration of the former closed, mesic, temperate hardwoodhemlock forests (Rutherford 1991:104). The change included increased numbers of spruce (Picea spp.), alder (Alnus spp.), and hazel (Corylus cornuta); and a decrease in eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), beech (Fagus grandifolia), and birch (Betula spp.). Today, most of New Brunswick falls within the Acadian Forest Region, in which red spruce (Picea rubens), balsam fir (Abies balsamea), yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis), and sugar maple (Acer saccharum) are dominant species, with lesser amounts of red pine (Pinus resinosa) and white pine (Pinus strobus; Rowe 1959). Northern New Brunswick forests are more of a mixed nature, showing a transition between a boreal forest, dominated by conifers, and the more deciduous forest to the south. Dominant species include white and red pine, eastern hemlock, and yellow birch. In a now classic study of prehistoric settlement patterning in New Brunswick, W. F. Ganong (1904) recognized that resource availability and diversity were closely integrated with aboriginal settlement location and size. At that time there was very little archaeological information on resource use to compare with the ethnohistoric record. Some evidence was obtained through the study of traditional placenames. For example, Ganong (1915:416) identified “Passamaquoddy” as a corrupted version of a Native name for an outer portion of the modern Passamaquoddy Bay, between Campebello and Deer Islands, that refers to the abundance of pollock in that area. Ganong recognized that sites were located along navigable waterways, such as main branches of large rivers and at the mouths of these rivers at the coast. Travel was by canoe and the main river and lake systems were connected by short portages, which continued to be used into the Historic period (Ganong 1901, 1913a, 1913b, 1914; also Finley 1996). He suggested that prehistoric peoples established habitation and campsites according to the most important resources along these waterways, then looked for certain requisite conditions for habitation (Ganong 1899, 1904). These criteria included a well-drained and dry site location, with an adequate canoe landing area, preferably in an exposed location for viewing approaching parties and to allow a breeze to remove insects (Ganong 1904:24- 26). Also important was access to fresh spring water for drinking, firewood, and a grove of white birch for construction purposes. Ganong’s (1904:23-24) principal resources were listed as “environmental factors affecting settlement.” His general categories are still relevant today, although he gave priority to faunal resources over floral and inorganic resources. Today we recognise that settlement location and mobility can also be socially or politically motivated, yet sociopolitical conditions are not easily determined from the archaeological record (see Kelly 1992). Floral Resources Archaeologists in the Maritimes have only been actively collecting prehistoric plant remains since the 1980s. Archaeological specimens consist primarily of macrobotanical materials, such as charred seeds, nutshells, and plant fibers. A classic paper by Gorham (1943) deals with the interpretation of charred plum Chapter 17 Aboriginal Land and Resource Use in New Brunswick During the Late Prehistoric and Early Contact Periods 323
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Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Ch
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Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Ch
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TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures L
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LIST OF FIGURES 2.1 Map of the cent
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9.3 Topographic map of Broome Tech.
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11.1 Upper Susquehanna Site Types (
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PREFACE The New York State Museum h
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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Christina B.
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domesticates and the occupation of
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and Rieth highlight the important c
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Dunnell, R. C. (1971). Systematics
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Anthropology, University of Massach
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CHAPTER 2 CENTRAL OHIO VALLEY DURIN
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L a k e E r i e PENNSYLVANIA INDIAN
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L a k e E r i e INDIANA R i v e r G
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Olentangy River and other minor tri
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Figure 2.6. Comparison of Late Wood
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support the notion of resource stre
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F4 F7 F5 F6 F3 F2 F9 F10 F12 F13 F1
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B B M F42 F43 F41 F44 S5 S4 S1 F30
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Table 2.3. continued Temporal Age A
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Table 2.3. continued Temporal Age A
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L a k e E r i e INDIANA o i O h Sal
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Figure 2.13. Map of the Late Prehis
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Figure 2.15. Map of households with
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Figure 2.17. Sample of Late Prehist
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Barkes, B. M. (1982). An Analysis o
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Fort Ancient Tradition, edited by J
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CHAPTER 3 “ . . . to reconstruct
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IT TAKES A VILLAGE Figure 3.2. Arti
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social organizations is drawn prima
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elements of the village, the spaces
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Diametric, concentric, and circumfe
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egion, including Reckner (Augustine
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Chapter 3 Modeling Village Communit
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Figure 3.9. Architectural and nonar
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Figure 3.11. Measuring distances in
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Table 3.2. Descriptive Statistics f
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DISCUSSION Table 3.3. Descriptive S
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Figure 3.14. Box-and-whisker plot o
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Augustine, E. A. (1938d). Important
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Among Some Amazon Tribes. Privately
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on Black Mesa, Arizona. The Univers
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CHAPTER 4 THE EARLY LATE WOODLAND I
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Figure 4.3. Gibraltar Cordmarked ce
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Figure 4.5. Ceramics of the Gibralt
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points and notched Chesser or Lowe
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dated to A.D. 890 (1025) 1230 (DIC-
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Table 4.3. Available Stable Carbon
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where fishing and farming may have
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Figure 4.10. Ceramic of the Sandusk
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singular Mixter Stamped vessels typ
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urial with the dead, broadcasted a
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during the early Late Woodland time
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Valley. North American Archaeologis
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CHAPTER 5 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN TH
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interest in exchange of service or
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CURRENT INVESTIGATIONS In view of t
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710 Area C 700 B-75084 TO-4556 TO-4
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Table 5.1. Summary of Artifacts fro
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e Bull's Point C o o t e s P a r a
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classification system has been appl
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(Crawford et al. 1997a). The same i
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in Ontario was Middle Woodland-deri
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207-212. Smithsonian Institution, W
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CHAPTER 6 EARLY LATE WOODLAND IN SO
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Figure 6.2. Lower Grand River Valle
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Table 6.1. Radiocarbon Dates from t
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segment of the terrace that effecti
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Figure 6.7. Meyer site terrace, vie
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Figure 6.10. Forster site reconstru
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Figure 6.12. Middle Thames River 20
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Figure 6.13. Site situation: a comp
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Dieterman, F. (2001). Princess Poin
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CHAPTER 7 EARLY LATE PREHISTORIC SE
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ticultural hamlets, small and large
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that Clemson Island was greatly inf
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local deposits. Alternately, Stimme
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Table 7.1. Radiocarbon Dates from S
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Pennsylvania continued to practice
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level) overlaps with the West Branc
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Under a population metaphysic, the
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Hatch, J. W., and Koontz, K. L. (19
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CHAPTER 8 NEW DATES FOR OWASCO POTS
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Table 8.1. Key Components of the Th
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Figure 8.1. Location of the Kipp Is
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Table 8.4. Carpenter Brook Phase Ho
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Table 8.5. Physical Characteristics
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Table 8.6. AMS Dates and Calibrated
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REFERENCES CITED Ammerman, A. J., a
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CHAPTER 9 PITS, PLANTS, AND PLACE:
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Thomas/Luckey Broome Tech N 0 0 50
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confluence with the Susquehanna Riv
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Figure 9.3. Topographic map of Broo
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Table 9.2. Feature Types at Thomas/
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Figure 9.4. Histogram of feature de
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Table 9.4. Plant Remains from Thoma
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Figure 9.7. Sample composition of n
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Figure 9.9. Seed composition (exclu
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suggests that the gathering of wild
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of posts may mark remnants of tempo
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for allowing me repeated and unteth
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History Press, Garden City, New Yor
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CHAPTER 10 UPLAND LAND USE PATTERNS
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LOCAL LEVEL ANALYSIS Local level an
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N104 E101 Unit 19A Unit 7A Unit 12A
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Table 10.2. Park Creek II Feature A
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Fea. 2 Fea. 5 0 1 2 N Figure 10.4.
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encounterlike hunting/butchering st
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END NOTES 1. A village is defined a
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Perrelli, D. J. (1994). Gender, Mob
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CHAPTER 11 EARLY LATE PREHISTORIC S
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Table 11.1. Upper Susquehanna Site
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Table 11.2. Summary of Late Middle
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Table 11.3. Settlement Features of
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approximately 1,000 sq. ft, there i
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Table 11.5. Summary of Seed Identif
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importance of hunting and hunting-r
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portion of the Susquehanna Valley,
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Herrick, J. W., and Snow, D. R. (19
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CHAPTER 12 WOODLAND PERIOD SETTLEME
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oundaries were given. According to
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Table 12.1: Selected Radiocarbon an
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shads and herrings of the family Cl
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consists of large concentrations of
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(1990) survey of recorded sites in
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York State 92:1-8. Busby, M. (1966)
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CHAPTER 13 PALEOETHNOBOTANICAL INDI
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Figure 13.1. Forest regions of the
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Table 13.1. Distribution of Nut Tre
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ation in feature contents. For mult
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Figure 13.4. Nutshell density (gray
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Figure 13.5. Seed density and maize
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Table 13.3. Seed Indicators-Maine S
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Table 13.4. Broome Tech Site: Selec
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6, and it occurred in 58 percent of
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Table 13.6. Continued Site Uncalibr
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Acknowledgments I thank John Hart f
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y K. J. Gremillion, pp. 161-178. Th
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CHAPTER 14 FROM HUNTER-GATHERER CAM
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Figure 14.1. Distribution of select
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available to Ceci were simply too l
Page 285 and 286: the AMS date of A.D. 1185 (A.D. 127
Page 287 and 288: Table 14.1. Continued Site Lab C14
Page 289 and 290: within single settlements remains e
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Page 293 and 294: Figure 14.3. Two stratigraphic prof
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Page 297 and 298: other related questions yet, and so
Page 299 and 300: Northeast Historical Archaeology 21
Page 301 and 302: Thomas, P. A. (1976). Contrastive s
Page 303 and 304: CHAPTER 15 “towns they have none
Page 305 and 306: Table 15.1. Key to Figure 15.1: Arc
Page 307 and 308: Maize will normally not preserve fo
Page 309 and 310: artifacts. Cowie (2000) suggests th
Page 311 and 312: creativity to resolve, but is also
Page 313 and 314: Ph.D. dissertation, Department of A
Page 315 and 316: CHAPTER 16 OUT OF THE BLUE AND INTO
Page 317 and 318: Figure 16.2. Map of the Bliss Islan
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Page 321 and 322: site. Middle Maritime Woodland occu
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Page 325 and 326: Table 16.3. Faunal Remains Associat
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Page 331 and 332: SE: warm season (Rojo 1987:221); sp
Page 333 and 334: Ethnohistory 36:257-284. Bourque, B
Page 335: CHAPTER 17 ABORIGINAL LAND AND RESO
Page 339 and 340: Among the food plants listed above,
Page 341 and 342: species, the American eel (Anguilla
Page 343 and 344: the Early Woodland period. Tools ma
Page 345 and 346: Copper Resources Throughout the Lat
Page 347 and 348: midden deposits were located along
Page 349 and 350: a model with two distinct populatio
Page 351 and 352: Table 17.2. Summary of Landscape an
Page 353 and 354: File Report 93-1, Fredericton. Alle
Page 355 and 356: Anthropology, Temple University, Ph
Page 357 and 358: stone age found at Maquapit Lake. N
Page 359 and 360: CHAPTER 18 MAIZE AND VILLAGES: A Su
Page 361 and 362: use of the term “small village”
Page 363 and 364: 1325 [1425] 1460) (Boyd et al. 1998
Page 365 and 366: several centuries after its first a
Page 367 and 368: from excavations at village sites h
Page 369 and 370: 133-156. New York State Museum Bull
Page 371 and 372: longhouses. American Antiquity 55:4
Page 373 and 374: CONTRIBUTORS Timothy J. Abel. Carth
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Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Change: A.D. 700 –1300

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