Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Change: A.D. 700 –1300

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Figure 16.7. <strong>Northeast</strong> Point site: units 13, 14, and 23. This single-component earlier Late Maritime Woodland site consists of rock and gravel features surrounded and covered by black soil midden situated between bedrock and an overlying peat deposit. The peat and black soil have been removed to expose a feature (horizontal scale = 1 m; vertical scale = 50 cm). Table 16.4. Faunal Remains Associated with the <strong>Northeast</strong> Point Late Maritime Woodland Component. Taxonomic Designations Common Names Description Quantity MAMMALIA calcined fragments 1 Castor canadensis beaver incisor midsection 2 MNI=1 3 SHELLFISH Mytilus edulis edible mussel 5 complete valves 4 MNI=3 Note: Data from Black (1987:8, 1992:105, 238-239). 1 Not further identifiable. 2 Probably represents an artifact rather than food remains. 3 MNI = minimum number of individuals. 4 One valve has been drilled for suspension; all probably represent artifacts rather than food remains. Eidlitz, Orrs Point) locations. These components are sometimes stratified above Middle Maritime Woodland and/or earlier components, are sometimes mixed with earlier material, or may be located as separate sites. Often, they are larger in areal extent than Middle Woodland components. Sometimes they are mixed with later Native components, and usually are mixed with Historic material. Earlier Late Maritime Woodland components consist of substantial cultural gravel- or black soil-based living floors with associated pits and rock-delineated features embedded in substantial black soil middens. Shell middens, if associated, are located on the peripheries of the black soil middens. These components exhibit poor stratigraphic separation from earlier and later components. They also exhibit variable 312 Black
and often poor vertebrate faunal preservation, even in undisturbed areas, due to the acidity of black soil middens and overlying peat deposits. Seasonality indicators in mainland components suggest cold season occupations; warm season indicators predominate in insular components. These observations are consistent with a pattern of residential mobility in which groups of people (perhaps somewhat larger than Middle Maritime Woodland groups) moved seasonally within the Quoddy Region, preferentially spending the warm seasons at insular locations and cold seasons at mainland locations. Such a pattern may represent a polarization of the Middle Maritime Woodland settlement pattern. Components from this period, especially those in the insular Quoddy Region, contain evidence of long-distance exchange of lithic materials. The inferred change in settlement pattern could have been concomitant with the development of Late Maritime Woodland regional exchange systems (Bourque 1994:34-35), if most exchange took place at outer coastal locations during the warm seasons, when long-distance canoe travel was easiest and safest. Such components represent plausible precursors to large, warm season-occupied, coastal aggregation/exchange sites, such as Goddard (Bourque and Cox 1981; Petersen and Cowie, this volume; Sanger 1996c:523) dating to the later part of the Late Maritime Woodland on the central Maine coast. Later Late Maritime Woodland Period Components dating to the later Late Maritime Woodland period are located in both insular (e.g., Gooseberry Point, Pintlowes Cove, Lighthouse Cove) and mainland (e.g., Ministers Island, McAleenan, Simpsons Farm, Phils Beach) locations. While some of these components are stratified over, or mixed with Middle Maritime Woodland components, insular components are separate site locations. Both mainland and insular components often are black soil middens with shell admixtures; living floors and other features are absent or indistinct. These components tend to be small, located in surface deposits, and poorly separated from other components; most are mixed with Historic material. Faunal preservation is variable, and, in general, vertebrate faunal remains are present in low densities. Seasonality indicators in insular components suggest warm season occupations. The seasonality of mainland components is problematic because faunal remains from later Late Maritime Woodland components may not have been distinguished from earlier faunal remains. Sanger (1987:100, 110) has argued that the later prehistoric components at Simpsons Farm and Phils Beach represent cold season occupations. Ironically, in the Quoddy Region there is greater uncertainty about the subsistence and settlement patterns of the later part of the Late Maritime Woodland than for the earlier periods described above. I doubt that the Charlotte County Archaeological Site Inventory contains a representative sample of components dating to this period. Petersen and Cowie (this volume) raise similar concerns about site inventories in Maine and Vermont. Most later Late Maritime Woodland components examined to date in the Quoddy Region may represent short-term logistic forays for the purpose of procuring specific resources. This interpretation would account for their small size, low density of artifacts, debitage and food remains, and frequent separation from earlier residential site locations. Such components are consistent with a settlement pattern in which Native peoples had aggregated into a small number of larger settlement units, and practiced less residential mobility, but more logistical mobility, than in the earlier periods. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS In the Quoddy Region, the Middle-Late Maritime Woodland transition is marked by an apparently abrupt structural shift from the mussel-tinged bluegray of the Middle Maritime Woodland shell middens to the humic-stained black of the Late Maritime Woodland soil middens. This shift coincides with changes in lithic artifact assemblages and lithic reduction strategies, a shift from surface-treated to decorated ceramics, the appearance of evidence for long-distance lithic material exchange, and a broadening of the subsistence base. The settlement system shifted from a pattern of residential mobility among warm and cold season-occupied—and perhaps year-round occupied—sites at both insular and mainland locations to one of residential mobility between warm season-occupied insular sites and cold season-occupied mainland sites. More field research is required to thoroughly document these changes. However, taken together they signal a significant reconfiguration of Maritime Woodland culture occurring about A.D. 650–750. Perhaps the most salient conclusion that can be drawn from this study is that significant subsistencesettlement change took place among Native peoples Chapter 16 Out of the Blue and into the Black: The Middle-Late Maritime Woodland Transition in the Quoddy Region 313
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Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Ch
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Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Ch
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TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures L
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LIST OF FIGURES 2.1 Map of the cent
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9.3 Topographic map of Broome Tech.
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11.1 Upper Susquehanna Site Types (
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PREFACE The New York State Museum h
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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Christina B.
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domesticates and the occupation of
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and Rieth highlight the important c
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Dunnell, R. C. (1971). Systematics
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Anthropology, University of Massach
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CHAPTER 2 CENTRAL OHIO VALLEY DURIN
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L a k e E r i e PENNSYLVANIA INDIAN
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L a k e E r i e INDIANA R i v e r G
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Olentangy River and other minor tri
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Figure 2.6. Comparison of Late Wood
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support the notion of resource stre
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F4 F7 F5 F6 F3 F2 F9 F10 F12 F13 F1
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B B M F42 F43 F41 F44 S5 S4 S1 F30
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Table 2.3. continued Temporal Age A
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Table 2.3. continued Temporal Age A
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L a k e E r i e INDIANA o i O h Sal
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Figure 2.13. Map of the Late Prehis
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Figure 2.15. Map of households with
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Figure 2.17. Sample of Late Prehist
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Barkes, B. M. (1982). An Analysis o
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Fort Ancient Tradition, edited by J
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CHAPTER 3 “ . . . to reconstruct
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IT TAKES A VILLAGE Figure 3.2. Arti
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social organizations is drawn prima
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elements of the village, the spaces
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Diametric, concentric, and circumfe
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egion, including Reckner (Augustine
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Chapter 3 Modeling Village Communit
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Figure 3.9. Architectural and nonar
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Figure 3.11. Measuring distances in
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Table 3.2. Descriptive Statistics f
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DISCUSSION Table 3.3. Descriptive S
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Figure 3.14. Box-and-whisker plot o
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Augustine, E. A. (1938d). Important
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Among Some Amazon Tribes. Privately
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on Black Mesa, Arizona. The Univers
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CHAPTER 4 THE EARLY LATE WOODLAND I
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Figure 4.3. Gibraltar Cordmarked ce
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Figure 4.5. Ceramics of the Gibralt
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points and notched Chesser or Lowe
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dated to A.D. 890 (1025) 1230 (DIC-
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Table 4.3. Available Stable Carbon
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where fishing and farming may have
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Figure 4.10. Ceramic of the Sandusk
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singular Mixter Stamped vessels typ
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urial with the dead, broadcasted a
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during the early Late Woodland time
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Valley. North American Archaeologis
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CHAPTER 5 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN TH
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interest in exchange of service or
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CURRENT INVESTIGATIONS In view of t
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710 Area C 700 B-75084 TO-4556 TO-4
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Table 5.1. Summary of Artifacts fro
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e Bull's Point C o o t e s P a r a
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classification system has been appl
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(Crawford et al. 1997a). The same i
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in Ontario was Middle Woodland-deri
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207-212. Smithsonian Institution, W
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CHAPTER 6 EARLY LATE WOODLAND IN SO
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Figure 6.2. Lower Grand River Valle
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Table 6.1. Radiocarbon Dates from t
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segment of the terrace that effecti
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Figure 6.7. Meyer site terrace, vie
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Figure 6.10. Forster site reconstru
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Figure 6.12. Middle Thames River 20
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Figure 6.13. Site situation: a comp
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Dieterman, F. (2001). Princess Poin
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CHAPTER 7 EARLY LATE PREHISTORIC SE
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ticultural hamlets, small and large
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that Clemson Island was greatly inf
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local deposits. Alternately, Stimme
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Table 7.1. Radiocarbon Dates from S
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Pennsylvania continued to practice
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level) overlaps with the West Branc
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Under a population metaphysic, the
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Hatch, J. W., and Koontz, K. L. (19
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CHAPTER 8 NEW DATES FOR OWASCO POTS
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Table 8.1. Key Components of the Th
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Figure 8.1. Location of the Kipp Is
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Table 8.4. Carpenter Brook Phase Ho
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Table 8.5. Physical Characteristics
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Table 8.6. AMS Dates and Calibrated
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REFERENCES CITED Ammerman, A. J., a
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CHAPTER 9 PITS, PLANTS, AND PLACE:
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Thomas/Luckey Broome Tech N 0 0 50
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confluence with the Susquehanna Riv
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Figure 9.3. Topographic map of Broo
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Table 9.2. Feature Types at Thomas/
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Figure 9.4. Histogram of feature de
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Table 9.4. Plant Remains from Thoma
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Figure 9.7. Sample composition of n
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Figure 9.9. Seed composition (exclu
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suggests that the gathering of wild
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of posts may mark remnants of tempo
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for allowing me repeated and unteth
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History Press, Garden City, New Yor
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CHAPTER 10 UPLAND LAND USE PATTERNS
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LOCAL LEVEL ANALYSIS Local level an
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N104 E101 Unit 19A Unit 7A Unit 12A
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Table 10.2. Park Creek II Feature A
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Fea. 2 Fea. 5 0 1 2 N Figure 10.4.
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encounterlike hunting/butchering st
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END NOTES 1. A village is defined a
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Perrelli, D. J. (1994). Gender, Mob
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CHAPTER 11 EARLY LATE PREHISTORIC S
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Table 11.1. Upper Susquehanna Site
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Table 11.2. Summary of Late Middle
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Table 11.3. Settlement Features of
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approximately 1,000 sq. ft, there i
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Table 11.5. Summary of Seed Identif
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importance of hunting and hunting-r
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portion of the Susquehanna Valley,
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Herrick, J. W., and Snow, D. R. (19
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CHAPTER 12 WOODLAND PERIOD SETTLEME
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oundaries were given. According to
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Table 12.1: Selected Radiocarbon an
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shads and herrings of the family Cl
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consists of large concentrations of
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(1990) survey of recorded sites in
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York State 92:1-8. Busby, M. (1966)
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CHAPTER 13 PALEOETHNOBOTANICAL INDI
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Figure 13.1. Forest regions of the
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Table 13.1. Distribution of Nut Tre
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ation in feature contents. For mult
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Figure 13.4. Nutshell density (gray
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Figure 13.5. Seed density and maize
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Table 13.3. Seed Indicators-Maine S
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Table 13.4. Broome Tech Site: Selec
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6, and it occurred in 58 percent of
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Table 13.6. Continued Site Uncalibr
Page 275 and 276: Acknowledgments I thank John Hart f
Page 277 and 278: y K. J. Gremillion, pp. 161-178. Th
Page 279 and 280: CHAPTER 14 FROM HUNTER-GATHERER CAM
Page 281 and 282: Figure 14.1. Distribution of select
Page 283 and 284: available to Ceci were simply too l
Page 285 and 286: the AMS date of A.D. 1185 (A.D. 127
Page 287 and 288: Table 14.1. Continued Site Lab C14
Page 289 and 290: within single settlements remains e
Page 291 and 292: noncoastal residential sites certai
Page 293 and 294: Figure 14.3. Two stratigraphic prof
Page 295 and 296: to the Maritime Provinces on the Gu
Page 297 and 298: other related questions yet, and so
Page 299 and 300: Northeast Historical Archaeology 21
Page 301 and 302: Thomas, P. A. (1976). Contrastive s
Page 303 and 304: CHAPTER 15 “towns they have none
Page 305 and 306: Table 15.1. Key to Figure 15.1: Arc
Page 307 and 308: Maize will normally not preserve fo
Page 309 and 310: artifacts. Cowie (2000) suggests th
Page 311 and 312: creativity to resolve, but is also
Page 313 and 314: Ph.D. dissertation, Department of A
Page 315 and 316: CHAPTER 16 OUT OF THE BLUE AND INTO
Page 317 and 318: Figure 16.2. Map of the Bliss Islan
Page 319 and 320: shell-bearing sites located on the
Page 321 and 322: site. Middle Maritime Woodland occu
Page 323 and 324: (e.g., Black 1992:190) limit and co
Page 325: Table 16.3. Faunal Remains Associat
Page 329 and 330: the Maine/Maritimes area have argue
Page 331 and 332: SE: warm season (Rojo 1987:221); sp
Page 333 and 334: Ethnohistory 36:257-284. Bourque, B
Page 335 and 336: CHAPTER 17 ABORIGINAL LAND AND RESO
Page 337 and 338: Table 17.1. Chronological and Ceram
Page 339 and 340: Among the food plants listed above,
Page 341 and 342: species, the American eel (Anguilla
Page 343 and 344: the Early Woodland period. Tools ma
Page 345 and 346: Copper Resources Throughout the Lat
Page 347 and 348: midden deposits were located along
Page 349 and 350: a model with two distinct populatio
Page 351 and 352: Table 17.2. Summary of Landscape an
Page 353 and 354: File Report 93-1, Fredericton. Alle
Page 355 and 356: Anthropology, Temple University, Ph
Page 357 and 358: stone age found at Maquapit Lake. N
Page 359 and 360: CHAPTER 18 MAIZE AND VILLAGES: A Su
Page 361 and 362: use of the term “small village”
Page 363 and 364: 1325 [1425] 1460) (Boyd et al. 1998
Page 365 and 366: several centuries after its first a
Page 367 and 368: from excavations at village sites h
Page 369 and 370: 133-156. New York State Museum Bull
Page 371 and 372: longhouses. American Antiquity 55:4
Page 373 and 374: CONTRIBUTORS Timothy J. Abel. Carth
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Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Change: A.D. 700 –1300

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