Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Change: A.D. 700 –1300

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Europeans. This interpretation differs from recent suggestions made by some researchers who contend that farming was a “non-event,” that is, it was not of much importance in terms of subsistence and settlement, and it became prevalent in some coastal and other areas only due to European contact. We make the case that this transformation predated European contact in most, if not all, cases, except in portions of the far north, where farming only arrived later during the Contact period, ca. A.D. 1550/1600-1750. Recent archaeological and limited (but long available) ethnohistoric evidence from the region are summarized herein to support these suggestions. The setting of our individual and collaborative research, along with others, lies in northern New England toward the middle and southern reaches of what we call the far Northeast, the extreme northeastern portion of the region south of the Gulf of St. Lawrence. The far Northeast stretches from New England northward and eastward through southern Quebec and the Maritime Provinces of Canada. Farming was represented prehistorically in western Maine and other portions of northern New England before European contact, but the indigenous peoples of eastern Maine and the Maritime Provinces were essentially nonhorticultural at Contact, on the basis of all available evidence (Bourque 2001:87). Historically, horticulture was introduced in some northern areas, as at Meductic on the St. John River in New Brunswick (Prins 1992) (Figure 14.1). This was, in effect, a continuation of the prehistoric pattern of the progressive introduction of farming northeastward until it reached its ecological limit, or near limit, but in this case, European factors were at least partially responsible for its spread. Looking broadly, if we can document that horticulture had transformed Native societies at its northeastern, pre-contact limit, then it is safe to presume that similar things had happened to the south and west, for example, in southern New England, New York State, Pennsylvania, and southward. Moreover, we may be better able to identify the reasons behind its adoption and nonadoption in local and regional contexts. In southern New England and southwestward into the Middle Atlantic and beyond, all indigenous societies were at least in part horticultural at the time of European contact (e.g., Bragdon 1996; Custer 1996; Dimmick 1994; Potter 1993; Snow 1980). However, in a few limited coastal areas, such as southern New England and nearby Long Island, New York, and perhaps the eastern Delmarva Peninsula, for example, some researchers have suggested that the introduction of farming was inconsequential or even a “non-event” on local and sometimes broader levels. They suggest that farming was of little consequence to some pre-contact Late Woodland societies, especially those on the Atlantic Coast. It may have had a very late, even European-induced, arrival there (e.g., Bernstein 1992, 1999; Bragdon 1996; Ceci 1977, 1980, 1990; Chilton 1999; Chilton et al. 2000; Custer 1988, 1989; Little and Schoeninger 1995; McBride and Dewar 1987; Williams and Bendremer 1997). In this view, traditional subsistence and perhaps settlement patterns of the Middle Woodland period (and earlier periods) persisted into the Late Woodland period, and cultivated crops were variably adopted with little consequence. Although nowhere made fully explicit, this scenario is seemingly based primarily on the paucity of unequivocal domesticates, predominantly maize (Zea mays), squash (Cucurbita pepo), and beans (Phaseolus vulgaris), found in southern New England and Long Island sites attributable to late prehistory. In addition, some scholars suggest that there was little, if any, shift in settlement patterns during late prehistory, at least locally (cf. Custer 1988:131, 1996:263-264). Many explicitly recognize significant variation in settlement and subsistence across this portion of the Northeast, from coastal to noncoastal (or interior) riverine settings. However, they downplay horticulture overall among late prehistoric societies in favor of local, non-cultivated food resources from land and sea. They further suggest that marine resources were heavily emphasized on the coast and cultigens were unimportant there during late prehistory, in spite of ethnohistoric evidence to the contrary, as briefly described below. According to the horticulture as a “non-event” scenario, crops were raised in some noncoastal settings and details about this smallscale farming have been overgeneralized to the entire region, including the coast, on the basis of early historic accounts. Alternatively, we suggest that the horticulture as a “non-event” scenario has not been conclusively demonstrated, although this may be possible in the future under more rigorous testing. We do not expect to confirm this or any other competing hypothesis any time soon on the basis of available evidence. Profound difficulties work against the recovery of prehistoric cultigens in the archaeological record for various reasons, including Native processing and disposal factors and post-depositional preservation. Consequently, the frequency and distribution of cultigen remains in the archaeological record may grossly under-represent their indigenous usage during late prehistory. We 266 Petersen and Cowie
Figure 14.1. Distribution of selected prehistoric and historic Native American archaeological sites in northeastern North America. 1—Sharrow 2—Norridgewock sites 3—Conant 4—Early Fall/Little Ossipee North 5—Goddard/Nevin 6—Crocker/Turner Farm 7—Great Moshier 8—Nantucket sites 9—Hornblower II 10—Sandy’s Point 11—Mago Point/Selden Island 12—Morgan 13—Burnham-Shepard 14—Pine Hill 15—Fort Hill 16—Skitchewaug 17—Ingalls 18—Rogers Farm/VT-CH-619 19—Donohue/Shelburne Pond/Winooski 20—Bohannon/Headquarters/ Highgate Falls 21—Roeliff Jansen Kill (211-1-1) 22—Boland/Roundtop 23—Catawissa 24—St. Anthony 25—Fisher Farm/Memorial Park 26—Gnagey 27—Meadowcroft 28—Grand Banks 29—Dawson Creek 30—Place Royale 31—Meductic suggest that too few samples have been carefully collected, analyzed, and reported to yet dismiss horticulture as a non-event in the Northeast. In fact, if anything, the rapid accumulation of cultigen data over the past 15 years or so suggests that farming arrived earlier and in a more complicated, nonsynchronous fashion than was remotely recognizable just 20 years ago in the Northeast. Prehistoric processing and disposal and archaeological preservation certainly limit the recovery of fragile cultigens in the first place and thus, we see only tiny, if sometimes representative, samples in many cases (e.g., Hart 1999b:159-163; Lopinot 1992:55-59; Moncton 1992:12-24; Yarnell 1982). For example, Yarnell (1982:2) notes: “Seed foods that were pulverized prior to any processing near fires are likely Chapter 14 From Hunter-Gatherer Camp to Horticultural Village: Late Prehistoric Indigenous Subsistence and Settlement 267
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Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Ch
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Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Ch
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TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures L
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LIST OF FIGURES 2.1 Map of the cent
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9.3 Topographic map of Broome Tech.
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11.1 Upper Susquehanna Site Types (
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PREFACE The New York State Museum h
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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Christina B.
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domesticates and the occupation of
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and Rieth highlight the important c
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Dunnell, R. C. (1971). Systematics
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Anthropology, University of Massach
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CHAPTER 2 CENTRAL OHIO VALLEY DURIN
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L a k e E r i e PENNSYLVANIA INDIAN
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L a k e E r i e INDIANA R i v e r G
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Olentangy River and other minor tri
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Figure 2.6. Comparison of Late Wood
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support the notion of resource stre
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F4 F7 F5 F6 F3 F2 F9 F10 F12 F13 F1
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B B M F42 F43 F41 F44 S5 S4 S1 F30
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Table 2.3. continued Temporal Age A
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Table 2.3. continued Temporal Age A
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L a k e E r i e INDIANA o i O h Sal
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Figure 2.13. Map of the Late Prehis
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Figure 2.15. Map of households with
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Figure 2.17. Sample of Late Prehist
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Barkes, B. M. (1982). An Analysis o
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Fort Ancient Tradition, edited by J
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CHAPTER 3 “ . . . to reconstruct
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IT TAKES A VILLAGE Figure 3.2. Arti
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social organizations is drawn prima
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elements of the village, the spaces
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Diametric, concentric, and circumfe
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egion, including Reckner (Augustine
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Chapter 3 Modeling Village Communit
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Figure 3.9. Architectural and nonar
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Figure 3.11. Measuring distances in
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Table 3.2. Descriptive Statistics f
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DISCUSSION Table 3.3. Descriptive S
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Figure 3.14. Box-and-whisker plot o
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Augustine, E. A. (1938d). Important
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Among Some Amazon Tribes. Privately
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on Black Mesa, Arizona. The Univers
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CHAPTER 4 THE EARLY LATE WOODLAND I
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Figure 4.3. Gibraltar Cordmarked ce
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Figure 4.5. Ceramics of the Gibralt
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points and notched Chesser or Lowe
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dated to A.D. 890 (1025) 1230 (DIC-
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Table 4.3. Available Stable Carbon
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where fishing and farming may have
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Figure 4.10. Ceramic of the Sandusk
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singular Mixter Stamped vessels typ
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urial with the dead, broadcasted a
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during the early Late Woodland time
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Valley. North American Archaeologis
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CHAPTER 5 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN TH
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interest in exchange of service or
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CURRENT INVESTIGATIONS In view of t
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710 Area C 700 B-75084 TO-4556 TO-4
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Table 5.1. Summary of Artifacts fro
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e Bull's Point C o o t e s P a r a
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classification system has been appl
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(Crawford et al. 1997a). The same i
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in Ontario was Middle Woodland-deri
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207-212. Smithsonian Institution, W
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CHAPTER 6 EARLY LATE WOODLAND IN SO
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Figure 6.2. Lower Grand River Valle
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Table 6.1. Radiocarbon Dates from t
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segment of the terrace that effecti
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Figure 6.7. Meyer site terrace, vie
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Figure 6.10. Forster site reconstru
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Figure 6.12. Middle Thames River 20
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Figure 6.13. Site situation: a comp
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Dieterman, F. (2001). Princess Poin
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CHAPTER 7 EARLY LATE PREHISTORIC SE
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ticultural hamlets, small and large
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that Clemson Island was greatly inf
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local deposits. Alternately, Stimme
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Table 7.1. Radiocarbon Dates from S
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Pennsylvania continued to practice
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level) overlaps with the West Branc
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Under a population metaphysic, the
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Hatch, J. W., and Koontz, K. L. (19
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CHAPTER 8 NEW DATES FOR OWASCO POTS
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Table 8.1. Key Components of the Th
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Figure 8.1. Location of the Kipp Is
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Table 8.4. Carpenter Brook Phase Ho
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Table 8.5. Physical Characteristics
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Table 8.6. AMS Dates and Calibrated
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REFERENCES CITED Ammerman, A. J., a
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CHAPTER 9 PITS, PLANTS, AND PLACE:
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Thomas/Luckey Broome Tech N 0 0 50
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confluence with the Susquehanna Riv
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Figure 9.3. Topographic map of Broo
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Table 9.2. Feature Types at Thomas/
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Figure 9.4. Histogram of feature de
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Table 9.4. Plant Remains from Thoma
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Figure 9.7. Sample composition of n
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Figure 9.9. Seed composition (exclu
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suggests that the gathering of wild
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of posts may mark remnants of tempo
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for allowing me repeated and unteth
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History Press, Garden City, New Yor
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CHAPTER 10 UPLAND LAND USE PATTERNS
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LOCAL LEVEL ANALYSIS Local level an
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N104 E101 Unit 19A Unit 7A Unit 12A
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Table 10.2. Park Creek II Feature A
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Fea. 2 Fea. 5 0 1 2 N Figure 10.4.
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encounterlike hunting/butchering st
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END NOTES 1. A village is defined a
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Perrelli, D. J. (1994). Gender, Mob
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CHAPTER 11 EARLY LATE PREHISTORIC S
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Table 11.1. Upper Susquehanna Site
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Table 11.2. Summary of Late Middle
Page 229 and 230: Table 11.3. Settlement Features of
Page 231 and 232: approximately 1,000 sq. ft, there i
Page 233 and 234: Table 11.5. Summary of Seed Identif
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Page 237 and 238: portion of the Susquehanna Valley,
Page 239 and 240: Herrick, J. W., and Snow, D. R. (19
Page 241 and 242: CHAPTER 12 WOODLAND PERIOD SETTLEME
Page 243 and 244: oundaries were given. According to
Page 245 and 246: Table 12.1: Selected Radiocarbon an
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Page 249 and 250: consists of large concentrations of
Page 251 and 252: (1990) survey of recorded sites in
Page 253 and 254: York State 92:1-8. Busby, M. (1966)
Page 255 and 256: CHAPTER 13 PALEOETHNOBOTANICAL INDI
Page 257 and 258: Figure 13.1. Forest regions of the
Page 259 and 260: Table 13.1. Distribution of Nut Tre
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Page 263 and 264: Figure 13.4. Nutshell density (gray
Page 265 and 266: Figure 13.5. Seed density and maize
Page 267 and 268: Table 13.3. Seed Indicators-Maine S
Page 269 and 270: Table 13.4. Broome Tech Site: Selec
Page 271 and 272: 6, and it occurred in 58 percent of
Page 273 and 274: Table 13.6. Continued Site Uncalibr
Page 275 and 276: Acknowledgments I thank John Hart f
Page 277 and 278: y K. J. Gremillion, pp. 161-178. Th
Page 279: CHAPTER 14 FROM HUNTER-GATHERER CAM
Page 283 and 284: available to Ceci were simply too l
Page 285 and 286: the AMS date of A.D. 1185 (A.D. 127
Page 287 and 288: Table 14.1. Continued Site Lab C14
Page 289 and 290: within single settlements remains e
Page 291 and 292: noncoastal residential sites certai
Page 293 and 294: Figure 14.3. Two stratigraphic prof
Page 295 and 296: to the Maritime Provinces on the Gu
Page 297 and 298: other related questions yet, and so
Page 299 and 300: Northeast Historical Archaeology 21
Page 301 and 302: Thomas, P. A. (1976). Contrastive s
Page 303 and 304: CHAPTER 15 “towns they have none
Page 305 and 306: Table 15.1. Key to Figure 15.1: Arc
Page 307 and 308: Maize will normally not preserve fo
Page 309 and 310: artifacts. Cowie (2000) suggests th
Page 311 and 312: creativity to resolve, but is also
Page 313 and 314: Ph.D. dissertation, Department of A
Page 315 and 316: CHAPTER 16 OUT OF THE BLUE AND INTO
Page 317 and 318: Figure 16.2. Map of the Bliss Islan
Page 319 and 320: shell-bearing sites located on the
Page 321 and 322: site. Middle Maritime Woodland occu
Page 323 and 324: (e.g., Black 1992:190) limit and co
Page 325 and 326: Table 16.3. Faunal Remains Associat
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Page 329 and 330: the Maine/Maritimes area have argue
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SE: warm season (Rojo 1987:221); sp
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Ethnohistory 36:257-284. Bourque, B
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CHAPTER 17 ABORIGINAL LAND AND RESO
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Table 17.1. Chronological and Ceram
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Among the food plants listed above,
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species, the American eel (Anguilla
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the Early Woodland period. Tools ma
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Copper Resources Throughout the Lat
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midden deposits were located along
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a model with two distinct populatio
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Table 17.2. Summary of Landscape an
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File Report 93-1, Fredericton. Alle
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Anthropology, Temple University, Ph
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stone age found at Maquapit Lake. N
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CHAPTER 18 MAIZE AND VILLAGES: A Su
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use of the term “small village”
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1325 [1425] 1460) (Boyd et al. 1998
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several centuries after its first a
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from excavations at village sites h
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133-156. New York State Museum Bull
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longhouses. American Antiquity 55:4
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CONTRIBUTORS Timothy J. Abel. Carth
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Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Change: A.D. 700 –1300

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