Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Change: A.D. 700 –1300

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Means, this volume; Knapp, this volume; Ritchie and Funk 1973). According to Ritchie (1994), these large residential units first appeared on sites dating to ca. A.D. 1000 and over time rapidly increased in size, with the largest longhouses appearing at the end of the early Late Prehistoric period, ca. A.D. 1300 (Prezzano 1992; Prezzano and Rieth 2001; Ritchie 1994; Ritchie and Funk 1973). Many of these residences were constructed along floodplains and knolls overlooking primary waterways (Prezzano and Rieth 2001). In southern Ontario and north-central Pennsylvania, longhouses were reported as similar in size and developing along a similar evolutionary trajectory to those in New York (e.g., Garrahan 1990; Smith and Crawford 1997, this volume; Snow 1980; Stewart 1990; Williamson 1990). However, the limited number of longhouses identified in southern New England has caused many archaeologists to question whether and to what extent such features existed during the early Late Prehistoric period (Dincauze 1990; Hasenstab 1999; Juli and Lavin 1996; Kerber 1988:66-70; McNiff 1990; Thorbahn 1988). While large multifamily longhouses did exist in many areas of the Northeast, Hart (2000b:1-16) has questioned Ritchie’s (1994) assertion that they appear as early as the eleventh century A.D. Based on new dates from village sites in south-central New York, Hart argues that large multifamily longhouses do not appear in this region until the calibrated thirteenth century A.D. Given this new evidence, it appears that village life did not coincide with the first appearance of maize agriculture, but rather postdated it by several hundred years (Hart 2000b, 2001). A more likely scenario is that the early Late Prehistoric occupants of the region occupied smaller sites for one or two seasons throughout the year. Following Benison (1993), and Miroff (this volume), the occupation of smaller settlements may indicate that smaller nuclear families or households may have been a more important unit of social organization than clans or chiefdoms during this period. The large oblong-shaped longhouses that characterized much of the Northeast were not utilized by the early Late Prehistoric populations of western Pennsylvania and Ohio (e.g., George 1974:5; Vickery et al. 2000:284). Instead, small circular or rectangular structures constituted the primary residences of these groups (Brose 1994:42, 2000:99; Burkett 1999:9-11; Church 1987:Table 34; Dragoo 1971:553; Drooker 2000; George 1974, 1983; Herbstritt 1981:10; Nass and Hart 2000; Pollock and Henderson 2000; Prufer and Shane 1970). Many villages in western Pennsylvania and Ohio were constructed around a central plaza or communal structure (Buker 1993; Church 1987:273-275; Drooker 2000:Table 7.3; George 1974, 1983; Hart 1993:98; Herbstritt 1981:10; Nass and Church, this volume; Pollock and Henderson 1992:283-284, 2000; Prufer and Shane 1970:246). In Ohio there is some evidence to suggest that residences may have been grouped to reflect lineage membership and/or social ties (Mills 1906 as cited in Church 1987:282; Means, this volume). Palisades encircled many thirteenth and fourteenth century Monongahela communities in the Upper Ohio River Valley (Buker 1993:14-16; Burkett 1999:9; Dragoo 1971; George 1983:5-7; Herbstritt 1981) Sandusky communities in northern Ohio (Redmond 1999:122-123) and some Fort Ancient villages in southern Ohio. However, Carskadden and Morton (2000:172) and Graybill (1981) argue that these features did not appear at eastern Fort Ancient settlements until after the fifteenth century A.D. Research on the spatial arrangement of nonarchitectural features and the distribution of material objects at sites in western Pennsylvania and Ohio have contributed to our understanding of how these sites were used and the social relations of the site’s occupants during the early Late Prehistoric period (Hart 1995; Means 2000, this volume; Nass 1989; Nass and Hart 2000; Redmond 1999:116-117; Riordan 2000). Discussions of mortuary patterns by Brose (1994:42, 153-154), Brown (1982), Church (1987), Dragoo (1971:560-561), Drooker (2000), George (1983), Herbstritt (1981), Means (1999b:15-44), Redmond (1999:127-128), Stothers and Abel (this volume), and Stothers and Bechtel (2000:25-32) highlight the range of burial treatments that were employed and how such practices reflect the social systems under which they were carried out. Although large village sites have received much attention throughout the past century, small habitation sites, small campsites, and workstations are noticeably absent in many discussions of settlement systems due to their small size, the limited number of artifacts typically recovered from them, and their dearth of features (Hart 1993; Lennox 1993:1-7; Riordan 2000). With the increasing importance of cultural resource management in the Northeast, many of the sites that previously had been overlooked by archaeologists now represent the focus of more extensive site examinations and data recovery projects (e.g., Brown 1982; Ellis 1990; Feder 1990:61-68; Leveillee and Harrison 1996; Hart 1994; McBride and Bellantoni 1982; Means 1999a; Pagoulatos 1990:69-82; Raber 1995; Riordan 2000:404-424; Thorbahn 1988:46-57). The papers in this volume by Black, Crawford and Smith, Miroff, Nass and Church, 4 Rieth
and Rieth highlight the important contributions that these small sites make to our understanding of larger regional settlement systems. The manufacture of cordmarked ceramics with complex designs is the third major characteristic attribute of the early Late Prehistoric period of the Northeast. When studying settlement and subsistence patterns, ceramic artifacts (and their corresponding typologies) often are used to assess chronology (Carskkadden and Morton 2000:162-170; Chapdelaine 1995; Dragoo 1971:562-563; George 1983:29-39; Prufer 1967; Redmond 1999:134-140; Ritchie 1994; Ritchie and Funk 1973; Shane 1967; Stewart 1990), document the relationships between groups (Clermont 1995; Garrahan 1990:17-30; Lavin 1980:3-41; Mortin 2001; Pollock and Henderson 1992:285; Snow 1994; Stothers and Abel, this volume; Stewart 1990), and establish culture histories (Ritchie 1994; Ritchie and Funk 1973; Murphy and Ferris 1990:197-230; Stothers 1995:34-35; also see Chilton 1999c:97-98; Hart 1999a). The use of ceramic types in this manner has been criticized by Chilton (1999b:45-46, 1999c:97-98) and others (Benison 1993; Morin 2001; Pretola 2000), who argue that the designation of types assumes that the makers of such objects were passive agents who shared the same sets of rules, and ascribe the same sets of meanings to behavior (Hodder 1986:49), failing to allow for individual agency as an explanation of artifact diversity (Hodder 1986). Such typologies often are applied across diverse culture areas (Pretola 2000), thus obscuring regional variation. As several archaeologists (e.g., Adams and Adams 1991:279; Dunnell 1971, 1986; Hart 1999a; Hart and Means, this volume; Hodder 1986; Pretola 2000:3) have pointed out, there can be no single typology, but there should be multiple typologies derived from theories used to explain the past. In addition, the use of culture-historical types as units of analysis often results in technical attribute variation being downplayed in favor of decorative attributes. This often results in erroneous assumptions about the occupants of these prehistoric sites. The chapters by Schulenberg and Rieth in this volume provide case studies that are used to discuss problems in the use of ceramic types to define units of analysis for the reconstruction of early Late Prehistoric settlement and subsistence patterns. CONCLUSION This volume reflects the continuing interest and important contributions being made by archaeologists to the study of early Late Prehistoric settlement and subsistence studies in the Northeast. In addition to highlighting the diverse activities of Native populations, much of the work in this volume challenges existing notions about the ways in which prehistoric populations exploited the local landscape for purposes of subsistence and settlement. This work has been greatly enhanced by the systematic use of modern analytical, recovery, and archaeometric techniques, which not only has allowed for the reanalysis of older data sets, but has also added new information to an already large regional data set. If Northeast archaeologists are to make substantive contributions to the study of settlement and subsistence diversity during the next century, we must continue to build on the works presented in this volume in order to more fully appreciate the range of behaviors employed by the region’s early Late Prehistoric occupants. Acknowledgments John Hart, Penny Drooker, and two reviewers provided comments on an earlier version of this chapter. All errors are the responsibility of the author. REFERENCES CITED Abel, T. J., and Fuerst, D. N. (1999). Prehistory of the St. Lawrence headwaters region. Archaeology of Eastern North America 27:1-54. Adams, W. Y., and Adams, E. W. (1991). Archaeological Typology and Practical Reality. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Backman, D. (1996). The Lady Slipper Midden Site (14.31). The Maine Archaeological Society Bulletin 36:1-16. Barber, R. J. (1982). The Wheeler’s Site, A Specialized Shellfish Processing Station on the Merrimack River. Peabody Museum Monographs No. 7, Harvard University. Bechtel, S. K., and Stothers, D. M. (1993). New perspectives on the settlement-subsistence system of the Late Woodland Western Basin Tradition, ca. 500-1300 A.D. North American Archaeologist 14:95-122. Bellantoni, N. (1987). Faunal Resource Availability and Prehistoric Cultural Selection on Block Island, Rhode Island. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Connecticut. Benison, C. J. (1993). Horticulture and the Maintenance of Social Complexity in Late Woodland Southeastern New England. Master’s thesis, Department of Anthropology, State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton. Bendremer, J. C. (1999). Changing studies in the pre- and post-Contact subsistence systems of southern New England: archaeological and ethnohistorical evidence. In Current Northeast Paleoethnobotany, edited by J. P. Chapter 1 Introduction 5
Page 1 and 2: Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Ch
Page 3 and 4: Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Ch
Page 5 and 6: TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures L
Page 7 and 8: LIST OF FIGURES 2.1 Map of the cent
Page 9 and 10: 9.3 Topographic map of Broome Tech.
Page 11 and 12: 11.1 Upper Susquehanna Site Types (
Page 13 and 14: PREFACE The New York State Museum h
Page 15 and 16: CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Christina B.
Page 17: domesticates and the occupation of
Page 21 and 22: Dunnell, R. C. (1971). Systematics
Page 23 and 24: Anthropology, University of Massach
Page 25 and 26: CHAPTER 2 CENTRAL OHIO VALLEY DURIN
Page 27 and 28: L a k e E r i e PENNSYLVANIA INDIAN
Page 29 and 30: L a k e E r i e INDIANA R i v e r G
Page 31 and 32: Olentangy River and other minor tri
Page 33 and 34: Figure 2.6. Comparison of Late Wood
Page 35 and 36: support the notion of resource stre
Page 37 and 38: F4 F7 F5 F6 F3 F2 F9 F10 F12 F13 F1
Page 39 and 40: B B M F42 F43 F41 F44 S5 S4 S1 F30
Page 41 and 42: Table 2.3. continued Temporal Age A
Page 43 and 44: Table 2.3. continued Temporal Age A
Page 45 and 46: L a k e E r i e INDIANA o i O h Sal
Page 47 and 48: Figure 2.13. Map of the Late Prehis
Page 49 and 50: Figure 2.15. Map of households with
Page 51 and 52: Figure 2.17. Sample of Late Prehist
Page 53 and 54: Barkes, B. M. (1982). An Analysis o
Page 55 and 56: Fort Ancient Tradition, edited by J
Page 57 and 58: CHAPTER 3 “ . . . to reconstruct
Page 59 and 60: IT TAKES A VILLAGE Figure 3.2. Arti
Page 61 and 62: social organizations is drawn prima
Page 63 and 64: elements of the village, the spaces
Page 65 and 66: Diametric, concentric, and circumfe
Page 67 and 68: egion, including Reckner (Augustine
Page 69 and 70:
Chapter 3 Modeling Village Communit
Page 71 and 72:
Figure 3.9. Architectural and nonar
Page 73 and 74:
Figure 3.11. Measuring distances in
Page 75 and 76:
Table 3.2. Descriptive Statistics f
Page 77 and 78:
DISCUSSION Table 3.3. Descriptive S
Page 79 and 80:
Figure 3.14. Box-and-whisker plot o
Page 81 and 82:
Augustine, E. A. (1938d). Important
Page 83 and 84:
Among Some Amazon Tribes. Privately
Page 85 and 86:
on Black Mesa, Arizona. The Univers
Page 87 and 88:
CHAPTER 4 THE EARLY LATE WOODLAND I
Page 89 and 90:
Figure 4.3. Gibraltar Cordmarked ce
Page 91 and 92:
Figure 4.5. Ceramics of the Gibralt
Page 93 and 94:
points and notched Chesser or Lowe
Page 95 and 96:
dated to A.D. 890 (1025) 1230 (DIC-
Page 97 and 98:
Table 4.3. Available Stable Carbon
Page 99 and 100:
where fishing and farming may have
Page 101 and 102:
Figure 4.10. Ceramic of the Sandusk
Page 103 and 104:
singular Mixter Stamped vessels typ
Page 105 and 106:
urial with the dead, broadcasted a
Page 107 and 108:
during the early Late Woodland time
Page 109 and 110:
Valley. North American Archaeologis
Page 111 and 112:
CHAPTER 5 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN TH
Page 113 and 114:
interest in exchange of service or
Page 115 and 116:
CURRENT INVESTIGATIONS In view of t
Page 117 and 118:
710 Area C 700 B-75084 TO-4556 TO-4
Page 119 and 120:
Table 5.1. Summary of Artifacts fro
Page 121 and 122:
e Bull's Point C o o t e s P a r a
Page 123 and 124:
classification system has been appl
Page 125 and 126:
(Crawford et al. 1997a). The same i
Page 127 and 128:
in Ontario was Middle Woodland-deri
Page 129 and 130:
207-212. Smithsonian Institution, W
Page 131 and 132:
CHAPTER 6 EARLY LATE WOODLAND IN SO
Page 133 and 134:
Figure 6.2. Lower Grand River Valle
Page 135 and 136:
Table 6.1. Radiocarbon Dates from t
Page 137 and 138:
segment of the terrace that effecti
Page 139 and 140:
Figure 6.7. Meyer site terrace, vie
Page 141 and 142:
Figure 6.10. Forster site reconstru
Page 143 and 144:
Figure 6.12. Middle Thames River 20
Page 145 and 146:
Figure 6.13. Site situation: a comp
Page 147 and 148:
Dieterman, F. (2001). Princess Poin
Page 149 and 150:
CHAPTER 7 EARLY LATE PREHISTORIC SE
Page 151 and 152:
ticultural hamlets, small and large
Page 153 and 154:
that Clemson Island was greatly inf
Page 155 and 156:
local deposits. Alternately, Stimme
Page 157 and 158:
Table 7.1. Radiocarbon Dates from S
Page 159 and 160:
Pennsylvania continued to practice
Page 161 and 162:
level) overlaps with the West Branc
Page 163 and 164:
Under a population metaphysic, the
Page 165 and 166:
Hatch, J. W., and Koontz, K. L. (19
Page 167 and 168:
CHAPTER 8 NEW DATES FOR OWASCO POTS
Page 169 and 170:
Table 8.1. Key Components of the Th
Page 171 and 172:
Figure 8.1. Location of the Kipp Is
Page 173 and 174:
Table 8.4. Carpenter Brook Phase Ho
Page 175 and 176:
Table 8.5. Physical Characteristics
Page 177 and 178:
Table 8.6. AMS Dates and Calibrated
Page 179 and 180:
REFERENCES CITED Ammerman, A. J., a
Page 181 and 182:
CHAPTER 9 PITS, PLANTS, AND PLACE:
Page 183 and 184:
Thomas/Luckey Broome Tech N 0 0 50
Page 185 and 186:
confluence with the Susquehanna Riv
Page 187 and 188:
Figure 9.3. Topographic map of Broo
Page 189 and 190:
Table 9.2. Feature Types at Thomas/
Page 191 and 192:
Figure 9.4. Histogram of feature de
Page 193 and 194:
Table 9.4. Plant Remains from Thoma
Page 195 and 196:
Figure 9.7. Sample composition of n
Page 197 and 198:
Figure 9.9. Seed composition (exclu
Page 199 and 200:
suggests that the gathering of wild
Page 201 and 202:
of posts may mark remnants of tempo
Page 203 and 204:
for allowing me repeated and unteth
Page 205 and 206:
History Press, Garden City, New Yor
Page 207 and 208:
CHAPTER 10 UPLAND LAND USE PATTERNS
Page 209 and 210:
LOCAL LEVEL ANALYSIS Local level an
Page 211 and 212:
N104 E101 Unit 19A Unit 7A Unit 12A
Page 213 and 214:
Table 10.2. Park Creek II Feature A
Page 215 and 216:
Fea. 2 Fea. 5 0 1 2 N Figure 10.4.
Page 217 and 218:
encounterlike hunting/butchering st
Page 219 and 220:
END NOTES 1. A village is defined a
Page 221 and 222:
Perrelli, D. J. (1994). Gender, Mob
Page 223 and 224:
CHAPTER 11 EARLY LATE PREHISTORIC S
Page 225 and 226:
Table 11.1. Upper Susquehanna Site
Page 227 and 228:
Table 11.2. Summary of Late Middle
Page 229 and 230:
Table 11.3. Settlement Features of
Page 231 and 232:
approximately 1,000 sq. ft, there i
Page 233 and 234:
Table 11.5. Summary of Seed Identif
Page 235 and 236:
importance of hunting and hunting-r
Page 237 and 238:
portion of the Susquehanna Valley,
Page 239 and 240:
Herrick, J. W., and Snow, D. R. (19
Page 241 and 242:
CHAPTER 12 WOODLAND PERIOD SETTLEME
Page 243 and 244:
oundaries were given. According to
Page 245 and 246:
Table 12.1: Selected Radiocarbon an
Page 247 and 248:
shads and herrings of the family Cl
Page 249 and 250:
consists of large concentrations of
Page 251 and 252:
(1990) survey of recorded sites in
Page 253 and 254:
York State 92:1-8. Busby, M. (1966)
Page 255 and 256:
CHAPTER 13 PALEOETHNOBOTANICAL INDI
Page 257 and 258:
Figure 13.1. Forest regions of the
Page 259 and 260:
Table 13.1. Distribution of Nut Tre
Page 261 and 262:
ation in feature contents. For mult
Page 263 and 264:
Figure 13.4. Nutshell density (gray
Page 265 and 266:
Figure 13.5. Seed density and maize
Page 267 and 268:
Table 13.3. Seed Indicators-Maine S
Page 269 and 270:
Table 13.4. Broome Tech Site: Selec
Page 271 and 272:
6, and it occurred in 58 percent of
Page 273 and 274:
Table 13.6. Continued Site Uncalibr
Page 275 and 276:
Acknowledgments I thank John Hart f
Page 277 and 278:
y K. J. Gremillion, pp. 161-178. Th
Page 279 and 280:
CHAPTER 14 FROM HUNTER-GATHERER CAM
Page 281 and 282:
Figure 14.1. Distribution of select
Page 283 and 284:
available to Ceci were simply too l
Page 285 and 286:
the AMS date of A.D. 1185 (A.D. 127
Page 287 and 288:
Table 14.1. Continued Site Lab C14
Page 289 and 290:
within single settlements remains e
Page 291 and 292:
noncoastal residential sites certai
Page 293 and 294:
Figure 14.3. Two stratigraphic prof
Page 295 and 296:
to the Maritime Provinces on the Gu
Page 297 and 298:
other related questions yet, and so
Page 299 and 300:
Northeast Historical Archaeology 21
Page 301 and 302:
Thomas, P. A. (1976). Contrastive s
Page 303 and 304:
CHAPTER 15 “towns they have none
Page 305 and 306:
Table 15.1. Key to Figure 15.1: Arc
Page 307 and 308:
Maize will normally not preserve fo
Page 309 and 310:
artifacts. Cowie (2000) suggests th
Page 311 and 312:
creativity to resolve, but is also
Page 313 and 314:
Ph.D. dissertation, Department of A
Page 315 and 316:
CHAPTER 16 OUT OF THE BLUE AND INTO
Page 317 and 318:
Figure 16.2. Map of the Bliss Islan
Page 319 and 320:
shell-bearing sites located on the
Page 321 and 322:
site. Middle Maritime Woodland occu
Page 323 and 324:
(e.g., Black 1992:190) limit and co
Page 325 and 326:
Table 16.3. Faunal Remains Associat
Page 327 and 328:
and often poor vertebrate faunal pr
Page 329 and 330:
the Maine/Maritimes area have argue
Page 331 and 332:
SE: warm season (Rojo 1987:221); sp
Page 333 and 334:
Ethnohistory 36:257-284. Bourque, B
Page 335 and 336:
CHAPTER 17 ABORIGINAL LAND AND RESO
Page 337 and 338:
Table 17.1. Chronological and Ceram
Page 339 and 340:
Among the food plants listed above,
Page 341 and 342:
species, the American eel (Anguilla
Page 343 and 344:
the Early Woodland period. Tools ma
Page 345 and 346:
Copper Resources Throughout the Lat
Page 347 and 348:
midden deposits were located along
Page 349 and 350:
a model with two distinct populatio
Page 351 and 352:
Table 17.2. Summary of Landscape an
Page 353 and 354:
File Report 93-1, Fredericton. Alle
Page 355 and 356:
Anthropology, Temple University, Ph
Page 357 and 358:
stone age found at Maquapit Lake. N
Page 359 and 360:
CHAPTER 18 MAIZE AND VILLAGES: A Su
Page 361 and 362:
use of the term “small village”
Page 363 and 364:
1325 [1425] 1460) (Boyd et al. 1998
Page 365 and 366:
several centuries after its first a
Page 367 and 368:
from excavations at village sites h
Page 369 and 370:
133-156. New York State Museum Bull
Page 371 and 372:
longhouses. American Antiquity 55:4
Page 373 and 374:
CONTRIBUTORS Timothy J. Abel. Carth
show all

Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Change: A.D. 700 –1300

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?