Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Change: A.D. 700 –1300

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Figure 7.4. Plot of principal component scores of the elemental compositions of ceramic vessels from northcentral Pennsylvania. occurring zircon-rich igneous rock (e.g., quartz, feldspar, etc.) and sand inclusions in the paste. 1 Elam et al. (1992:95-96) argue that if a significant amount of zircon is present in the sand (as well as the igneous rock particles), the paste may exhibit a compositional profile that is enriched in Zr. The West Branch Group consists of four sherds with two (40 percent) from St. Anthony’s and two (40 percent) from Fisher Farm (Table 7.3, Figure 7.4). Clay sample 5, which is from north of the West Branch of the Susquehanna River, also clustered in this group. In this group, all of the sherds from the Fisher Farm and St. Anthony’s sites were assigned to Clemson Island types, having cordmarked exterior surfaces with nodes and/or punctates around the exterior rim and neck. All of the sherds had a crushed-quartz temper that measured between 1-2 mm in size. One sherd from St. Anthony’s is laminated in profile and one from Fisher Farm contains evidence of manufacture by coiling (Rieth 1997). St. Anthony’s, Fisher Farm, and clay sample 5 are located in central Pennsylvania south of the West Branch of the Susquehanna River. This area is commonly regarded as the “heartland” of the Clemson Island tradition. Therefore, it is not surprising that the members of this group all exhibit attributes consistent with Clemson Island types. The Unknown group consists of nine sherds, four (44.4 percent) from Tioga Point Farm and five (55.6 percent) from St. Anthony’s. Five (55.6 percent) were assigned to Clemson Island types and four (44.4 percent) to Owasco types. None of the five clay samples clustered in this group, making it difficult to determine where the vessels were manufactured. Although most of the sherds in this group are cordmarked and have a medium quartz and chert temper, one sherd from St. Anthony’s is shell tempered. Small open cavities were visible, suggesting that pieces of shell (and/or other organic materials) may have either disintegrated during firing (Rieth 1997) and/or leached out after breakage. The Unknown group represents a tightly clustered set of data points, which (at the 90 percent confidence 146 Rieth
level) overlaps with the West Branch Group (Figure 7.4). Tight clustering of these data points suggests that a limited number of different clay deposits may have been exploited (Lizze et al. 1995), while the overlapping confidence levels of these two groups suggests that the source of the clay may be spatially related to that of the West Branch Group. In light of earlier statements regarding the semisedentary nature of these settlements, scenarios involving the repeated collection of high quality materials from one or two isolated deposits in central Pennsylvania seem plausible based on the present data. Finally, the Upland group consists of clay sample 3 (Table 7.3). This sample, which was extracted from a clay deposit located at the northeast end of the Susquehanna Valley near the border between Otsego and Schoharie Counties, New York, appears to be most closely related to the Otsego group. Given that only one member was grouped in this category, it is difficult to say anything conclusive about the relationship between the manufacture of pottery and settlement patterns. However, in the most general sense, the failure of any sherds to cluster in this group suggests that either (1) the occupants of northcentral Pennsylvania probably did not maintain extensive interaction networks with groups residing in this part of New York State, or (2) they did not use that particular clay deposit. In summary, this study suggests that the ceramic vessels from these four sites can be grouped into five clay groups: Tioga, West Branch, Otsego, Upland, and Unknown. The members of these groups do not correspond with a single ceramic tradition but include vessels belonging to both the Owasco and Clemson Island traditions. Grouping of Owasco and Clemson Island containers from the same features within the same group suggests that the manufacturers of these vessels exploited similar deposits. Correlation of compositional data from these vessels with similar data from known clay deposits suggests that most of these vessels are not the products of reciprocal exchange, but rather represent containers that were locally manufactured in northcentral Pennsylvania. DISCUSSION Compositional analysis of ceramic sherds from these four sites contributes to our understanding of prehistoric pottery manufacture and its relationship to the exploitation of local resources in the region. The results of this project suggest that prehistoric potters exploited several clay deposits along the north and west branches of the Susquehanna River. Grouping of the compositional profiles of vessels with known clay deposits suggests that most of these pots were locally manufactured in northcentral Pennsylvania and do not represent nonlocally produced wares. Small numbers of nonlocally manufactured ceramics are represented by the vessels in the Otsego group and may represent the by-products of reciprocal exchange between groups in the Upper Susquehanna Valley. Current settlement models (e.g., Graybill 1984:12-16; Hatch 1980; Stewart 1990:97) suggest that agriculturally oriented hamlets or villages were occupied by some segment of groups for much of the year, with smaller resource procurement stations used for the collection of needed resources. Graybill (1984:12-16) argues that sometime around A.D. 1100, the intensification of maize horticulture resulted in settlements that were occupied for longer periods of time, leading to the use of fortified and planned villages around A.D. 1300. The data generated during this study partially supports these ideas. As represented by the presence of loosely clustered data points in the West Branch and Tioga groups, it appears that several clay deposits within a smaller geographic region were exploited (Figure 7.4). The exploitation of numerous clay deposits within a restricted period of time is largely facilitated by the nonsedentary nature of these sites. Through the regular movement of camps, the occupants of these sites may have come in contact with a different set of resources at each location. Graybill (1984:12-16) argues for the occupation of more permanent settlements between A.D. 1100 and 1300. As demonstrated in New England (Lizee et al. 1995), if such patterns were occurring, we would expect a change from the use of numerous clay deposits to a restricted number of deposits located in the vicinity of the village. The data generated during this project do not support a change in resource procurement between A.D. 900 and 1300. Instead, as demonstrated by the Tioga group, the occupants of these sites appear to have maintained earlier practices centering on the exploitation of several different local deposits. Although several deposits were exploited, there is some evidence to suggest that one or more high quality deposits may have been located and were repeatedly used by the prehistoric occupants of northcentral Pennsylvania. Tight clustering of the data points in the Unknown group of Figure 7.4, suggests that a few different clay deposits were exploited (Lizze et al. 1995). These activities are consistent with what we know Chapter 7 Early Late Prehistoric <strong>Settlement</strong>: A View from Northcentral Pennsylvania 147
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Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Ch
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Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Ch
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TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures L
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LIST OF FIGURES 2.1 Map of the cent
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9.3 Topographic map of Broome Tech.
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11.1 Upper Susquehanna Site Types (
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PREFACE The New York State Museum h
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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Christina B.
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domesticates and the occupation of
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and Rieth highlight the important c
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Dunnell, R. C. (1971). Systematics
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Anthropology, University of Massach
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CHAPTER 2 CENTRAL OHIO VALLEY DURIN
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L a k e E r i e PENNSYLVANIA INDIAN
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L a k e E r i e INDIANA R i v e r G
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Olentangy River and other minor tri
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Figure 2.6. Comparison of Late Wood
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support the notion of resource stre
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F4 F7 F5 F6 F3 F2 F9 F10 F12 F13 F1
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B B M F42 F43 F41 F44 S5 S4 S1 F30
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Table 2.3. continued Temporal Age A
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Table 2.3. continued Temporal Age A
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L a k e E r i e INDIANA o i O h Sal
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Figure 2.13. Map of the Late Prehis
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Figure 2.15. Map of households with
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Figure 2.17. Sample of Late Prehist
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Barkes, B. M. (1982). An Analysis o
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Fort Ancient Tradition, edited by J
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CHAPTER 3 “ . . . to reconstruct
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IT TAKES A VILLAGE Figure 3.2. Arti
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social organizations is drawn prima
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elements of the village, the spaces
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Diametric, concentric, and circumfe
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egion, including Reckner (Augustine
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Chapter 3 Modeling Village Communit
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Figure 3.9. Architectural and nonar
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Figure 3.11. Measuring distances in
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Table 3.2. Descriptive Statistics f
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DISCUSSION Table 3.3. Descriptive S
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Figure 3.14. Box-and-whisker plot o
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Augustine, E. A. (1938d). Important
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Among Some Amazon Tribes. Privately
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on Black Mesa, Arizona. The Univers
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CHAPTER 4 THE EARLY LATE WOODLAND I
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Figure 4.3. Gibraltar Cordmarked ce
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Figure 4.5. Ceramics of the Gibralt
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points and notched Chesser or Lowe
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dated to A.D. 890 (1025) 1230 (DIC-
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Table 4.3. Available Stable Carbon
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where fishing and farming may have
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Figure 4.10. Ceramic of the Sandusk
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singular Mixter Stamped vessels typ
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urial with the dead, broadcasted a
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during the early Late Woodland time
Page 109 and 110: Valley. North American Archaeologis
Page 111 and 112: CHAPTER 5 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN TH
Page 113 and 114: interest in exchange of service or
Page 115 and 116: CURRENT INVESTIGATIONS In view of t
Page 117 and 118: 710 Area C 700 B-75084 TO-4556 TO-4
Page 119 and 120: Table 5.1. Summary of Artifacts fro
Page 121 and 122: e Bull's Point C o o t e s P a r a
Page 123 and 124: classification system has been appl
Page 125 and 126: (Crawford et al. 1997a). The same i
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Page 129 and 130: 207-212. Smithsonian Institution, W
Page 131 and 132: CHAPTER 6 EARLY LATE WOODLAND IN SO
Page 133 and 134: Figure 6.2. Lower Grand River Valle
Page 135 and 136: Table 6.1. Radiocarbon Dates from t
Page 137 and 138: segment of the terrace that effecti
Page 139 and 140: Figure 6.7. Meyer site terrace, vie
Page 141 and 142: Figure 6.10. Forster site reconstru
Page 143 and 144: Figure 6.12. Middle Thames River 20
Page 145 and 146: Figure 6.13. Site situation: a comp
Page 147 and 148: Dieterman, F. (2001). Princess Poin
Page 149 and 150: CHAPTER 7 EARLY LATE PREHISTORIC SE
Page 151 and 152: ticultural hamlets, small and large
Page 153 and 154: that Clemson Island was greatly inf
Page 155 and 156: local deposits. Alternately, Stimme
Page 157 and 158: Table 7.1. Radiocarbon Dates from S
Page 159: Pennsylvania continued to practice
Page 163 and 164: Under a population metaphysic, the
Page 165 and 166: Hatch, J. W., and Koontz, K. L. (19
Page 167 and 168: CHAPTER 8 NEW DATES FOR OWASCO POTS
Page 169 and 170: Table 8.1. Key Components of the Th
Page 171 and 172: Figure 8.1. Location of the Kipp Is
Page 173 and 174: Table 8.4. Carpenter Brook Phase Ho
Page 175 and 176: Table 8.5. Physical Characteristics
Page 177 and 178: Table 8.6. AMS Dates and Calibrated
Page 179 and 180: REFERENCES CITED Ammerman, A. J., a
Page 181 and 182: CHAPTER 9 PITS, PLANTS, AND PLACE:
Page 183 and 184: Thomas/Luckey Broome Tech N 0 0 50
Page 185 and 186: confluence with the Susquehanna Riv
Page 187 and 188: Figure 9.3. Topographic map of Broo
Page 189 and 190: Table 9.2. Feature Types at Thomas/
Page 191 and 192: Figure 9.4. Histogram of feature de
Page 193 and 194: Table 9.4. Plant Remains from Thoma
Page 195 and 196: Figure 9.7. Sample composition of n
Page 197 and 198: Figure 9.9. Seed composition (exclu
Page 199 and 200: suggests that the gathering of wild
Page 201 and 202: of posts may mark remnants of tempo
Page 203 and 204: for allowing me repeated and unteth
Page 205 and 206: History Press, Garden City, New Yor
Page 207 and 208: CHAPTER 10 UPLAND LAND USE PATTERNS
Page 209 and 210: LOCAL LEVEL ANALYSIS Local level an
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N104 E101 Unit 19A Unit 7A Unit 12A
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Table 10.2. Park Creek II Feature A
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Fea. 2 Fea. 5 0 1 2 N Figure 10.4.
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encounterlike hunting/butchering st
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END NOTES 1. A village is defined a
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Perrelli, D. J. (1994). Gender, Mob
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CHAPTER 11 EARLY LATE PREHISTORIC S
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Table 11.1. Upper Susquehanna Site
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Table 11.2. Summary of Late Middle
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Table 11.3. Settlement Features of
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approximately 1,000 sq. ft, there i
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Table 11.5. Summary of Seed Identif
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importance of hunting and hunting-r
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portion of the Susquehanna Valley,
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Herrick, J. W., and Snow, D. R. (19
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CHAPTER 12 WOODLAND PERIOD SETTLEME
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oundaries were given. According to
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Table 12.1: Selected Radiocarbon an
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shads and herrings of the family Cl
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consists of large concentrations of
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(1990) survey of recorded sites in
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York State 92:1-8. Busby, M. (1966)
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CHAPTER 13 PALEOETHNOBOTANICAL INDI
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Figure 13.1. Forest regions of the
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Table 13.1. Distribution of Nut Tre
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ation in feature contents. For mult
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Figure 13.4. Nutshell density (gray
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Figure 13.5. Seed density and maize
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Table 13.3. Seed Indicators-Maine S
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Table 13.4. Broome Tech Site: Selec
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6, and it occurred in 58 percent of
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Table 13.6. Continued Site Uncalibr
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Acknowledgments I thank John Hart f
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y K. J. Gremillion, pp. 161-178. Th
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CHAPTER 14 FROM HUNTER-GATHERER CAM
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Figure 14.1. Distribution of select
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available to Ceci were simply too l
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the AMS date of A.D. 1185 (A.D. 127
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Table 14.1. Continued Site Lab C14
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within single settlements remains e
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noncoastal residential sites certai
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Figure 14.3. Two stratigraphic prof
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to the Maritime Provinces on the Gu
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other related questions yet, and so
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Northeast Historical Archaeology 21
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Thomas, P. A. (1976). Contrastive s
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CHAPTER 15 “towns they have none
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Table 15.1. Key to Figure 15.1: Arc
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Maize will normally not preserve fo
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artifacts. Cowie (2000) suggests th
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creativity to resolve, but is also
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Ph.D. dissertation, Department of A
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CHAPTER 16 OUT OF THE BLUE AND INTO
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Figure 16.2. Map of the Bliss Islan
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shell-bearing sites located on the
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site. Middle Maritime Woodland occu
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(e.g., Black 1992:190) limit and co
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Table 16.3. Faunal Remains Associat
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and often poor vertebrate faunal pr
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the Maine/Maritimes area have argue
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SE: warm season (Rojo 1987:221); sp
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Ethnohistory 36:257-284. Bourque, B
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CHAPTER 17 ABORIGINAL LAND AND RESO
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Table 17.1. Chronological and Ceram
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Among the food plants listed above,
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species, the American eel (Anguilla
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the Early Woodland period. Tools ma
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Copper Resources Throughout the Lat
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midden deposits were located along
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a model with two distinct populatio
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Table 17.2. Summary of Landscape an
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File Report 93-1, Fredericton. Alle
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Anthropology, Temple University, Ph
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stone age found at Maquapit Lake. N
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CHAPTER 18 MAIZE AND VILLAGES: A Su
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use of the term “small village”
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1325 [1425] 1460) (Boyd et al. 1998
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several centuries after its first a
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from excavations at village sites h
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133-156. New York State Museum Bull
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longhouses. American Antiquity 55:4
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CONTRIBUTORS Timothy J. Abel. Carth
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Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Change: A.D. 700 –1300

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