Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Change: A.D. 700 –1300

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many of the native Eastern domesticates. Undoubtedly, seasonal residences were established in proximity to the gardens, while cold weather residences were on higher elevations protected from floods. ARCHAEOLOGY OF UPPER HUDSON VALLEY GARDENING AND FISHING, A.D. 700-1500 Although the ethnohistoric records support a focus on maize horticulture during the Late Woodland period (after A.D. 1000) (Funk 1976:306), the archaeological evidence is strikingly absent. Few sites have produced remains of maize, and those that have, have produced only sparse fragments. Further, there is no clear archaeological imprint of the sedentary villages ordinarily associated with a subsistence system based on horticulture similar to those of the Huron or Five Nation Iroquois, despite the ethnohistoric references to the villages cited above. One of the few maize-producing sites attributable to the Mohican, or their ancestors, is the Goldkrest site, located on Kuyper Island, Rensselaer County, on the east side of the Hudson River across from the city of Albany. The site was discovered in 1993 during investigation for a natural gas transmission pipeline corridor (Largy et al. 1999:69). Goldkrest produced fragments of maize, maize cobs, and other botanical remains from several features, as well as the remains of a pole-frame structure. The maize remains and the structure were dated to 340±50 B.P. (cal 2σ A.D. 1442 [1519, 1594, 1622] 1656). Additional food remains included fish, freshwater shellfish, and mammals available within the floodplain (Largy et al. 1999:78). The excavators interpret the site as the remains of an unfortified seasonal summer-fall hamlet of the Late pre-Contact period. The recovery of cobs suggests the gardens were nearby (Largy et al. 1999:78). A second site (no. 211-1-1), located on the floodplain of the Roeliff Jansen Kill in the southeast corner of historic Mohican territory, also produced carbonized maize remains from dated contexts (Cassedy and Webb 1999). Two prehistoric features containing maize were radiocarbon-dated to 1100±70 B.P. (cal 2σ A.D. 776 [904, 910, 976] 1145) and 1050±60 B.P. (cal 2σ A.D. 887 [997] 1155), while a third context was found to date to the Contact period (Cassedy and Webb 1999:87). The second date was confirmed with a direct AMS date on maize remains, while maize from the first feature was direct-dated to 390±50 B.P. (cal 2σ A.D. 1428 [1476] 1640) (Cassedy and Webb 1999:87, 89). Again, the recovery of cobs and cob fragments suggests that maize was grown nearby. No squash remains and only a few questionable bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) fragments were found (Cassedy and Webb 1999:95). These early dates fit in with dates obtained elsewhere in the Northeast, suggesting that maize became increasingly prominent in the diet after A.D. 800 (Hart and Sidell 1996:1). Princess Point sites in Ontario have produced maize AMS dated as early as A.D. 540 and 570 (Crawford and Smith 1996:785), and Clemson Island sites in Pennsylvania have also produced dates associated with maize in the range of A.D. 800 (Hart and Sidell 1996:7, 15). Based on these and other data, it would appear that by the end of the time period under review—A.D. 700-1300—the residents of the upper Hudson Valley, believed to be the ancestors of the historic Mohican, were living in small settlements, hamlets, villages, or clusters along the major rivers in the middle and upper parts of the valley. Habitations were probably not year-round but consisted of both a warm weather occupation near the garden lands, and a fall-spring occupation at a higher elevation along the Hudson or its major tributaries. Although the Dutch referred to the early seventeenth century settlements as “castles,” there is no evidence of large fortified sites comparable to those described for the Iroquois. Subsistence is thought to have been based on domesticated maize, beans (but see Hart and Scarry 1999; Hart et al. 2002), and squash, as well as a variety of native plants, fish, shellfish, bird, and mammal species. The proportion of maize and other domesticated plants in the diet is unknown, although testing of ceramic residues or skeletal remains might help resolve this question. Settlement and subsistence at the beginning of the time period under review, A.D. 700, was somewhat different in that there is little evidence to support a role for domesticated plants in the diet. Prior to the emphasis on gardening, settlement and subsistence appears to have been focused on the harvesting of fish, primarily the Hudson’s anadromous species, which provided a reliable, seasonally and spatially predictable, and often abundant food supply. Examination of this resource, and the role it played in Hudson Valley subsistence and settlement systems, will help us understand the cultural context into which domesticates were later introduced. Two multicomponent sites on Fish Creek in Saratoga County have produced data relevant to this 230 Brumbach and Bender
Table 12.1: Selected Radiocarbon and TL Dates from Sites Discussed in the Text. Site Lab Radiocarbon/ Radiocarbon/ Calibrated Reference Number TL Age (B.P.) TL Age 2σ Range (intercepts 1 ) Schuylerville SI-3127 2200±160 250 B.C. 763 B.C. (349, Brumbach 1978 318, 221, 218, 207 B.C.) A.D. 128 SI-3126 1765± 130 A.D. 185 39 B.C. (A.D. 225, 304, 316) A.D. 595 Winney’s Rift Alpha 2324 640±75 (TL date) A.D. 1310 TL dates are Brumbach 1995 not calibrated Paris No. 2 Beta 118372 1790±60 A.D. 160 A.D. 81 (240) 402 Brumbach 1996 Mechanicville Road DICARB 1567 1740±165 A.D. 210 87 B.C. (A.D. 260, Hartgen 281, 291, 297, Archaeological 322) A.D. 647 Associates, Inc., 1983 1 Calibrations done with CALIB 4.2 (Stuiver et al. 1998). time period (Brumbach 1978, n.d.; Brumbach and Bender 1986; Bender and Brumbach 1992). Fish Creek, which has been described as “one big site from source to mouth,” is the outlet for Saratoga Lake and from there flows on a generally eastward course 21 km to its confluence with the Hudson River just east of the village of Schuylerville and about 50 km north of the city of Albany. The prehistoric Schuylerville site is located within the village of Schuylerville downstream from the first falls on Fish Creek, and approximately 300 m west and upstream from the Hudson River. About 9 km upriver on Fish Creek, a number of occupations on both sides of a shallows or rift and on several islands in its abraded channel are known as the Winney’s Rift site. Excavations were carried out at Schuylerville in 1975 and 1976 by the University at Albany, and at Winney’s Rift in 1984, 1985, and 1986 by Skidmore College and Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. Two additional collections from Winney’s Rift, made by the Auringer-Seelye Chapter of the New York State Archaeological Association and by Schuylerville resident, Lou Follette, were also studied. The site at Schuylerville is estimated to have been close to a hectare or more in size before encroachment by riverbank erosion, nineteenth century industrial activities, and the Champlain Canal and its features. Winney’s Rift is larger, approximately 1.4 ha, with cultural material found along both sides of the Creek for several hundred meters. Occupational history at Schuylerville began between 1900 and 1600 B.C., but a number of seasonal re-occupations dating to the Middle Woodland (A.D. 1-1000) (Funk 1976:306) represent the major components discussed here (Table 12.1). Radiocarbon dates from Middle Woodland features and in association with Point Peninsula ceramics include 1765±130 B.P. (cal 2σ 39 B.C. [A.D. 255, 304, 316] 595), and an even earlier date of 2200±160 B.P. (763 B.C. [349, 318, 228, 221, 207] A.D. 128) (Brumbach 1978). Ceramics similar to those at Schuylerville were recovered from another site in Saratoga County (Mechanicville Road) and dated by an overlying feature to before 1740±165 B.P. (cal 2σ 87 B.C. [A.D. 260, 281, 291, 297, 322] 647) (Hartgen Archeological Associates, Inc., 1983:81). Schuylerville produced stone and ceramic artifacts, various types of features, and numerous post molds, some of which derive from small curved structures measuring 3-4.5 m in diameter. Two-liter samples were selected from each of the 53 features recovered from all levels at the site to be floated and wet screened. Faunal remains consisted of fragments of calcined bone that could not be identified to species and a modest collection of fish vertebrae (no scales Chapter 12 Woodland Period Settlement and Subsistence Change in the Upper Hudson River Valley 231
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Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Ch
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Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Ch
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TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures L
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LIST OF FIGURES 2.1 Map of the cent
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9.3 Topographic map of Broome Tech.
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11.1 Upper Susquehanna Site Types (
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PREFACE The New York State Museum h
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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Christina B.
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domesticates and the occupation of
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and Rieth highlight the important c
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Dunnell, R. C. (1971). Systematics
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Anthropology, University of Massach
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CHAPTER 2 CENTRAL OHIO VALLEY DURIN
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L a k e E r i e PENNSYLVANIA INDIAN
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L a k e E r i e INDIANA R i v e r G
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Olentangy River and other minor tri
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Figure 2.6. Comparison of Late Wood
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support the notion of resource stre
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F4 F7 F5 F6 F3 F2 F9 F10 F12 F13 F1
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B B M F42 F43 F41 F44 S5 S4 S1 F30
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Table 2.3. continued Temporal Age A
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Table 2.3. continued Temporal Age A
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L a k e E r i e INDIANA o i O h Sal
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Figure 2.13. Map of the Late Prehis
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Figure 2.15. Map of households with
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Figure 2.17. Sample of Late Prehist
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Barkes, B. M. (1982). An Analysis o
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Fort Ancient Tradition, edited by J
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CHAPTER 3 “ . . . to reconstruct
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IT TAKES A VILLAGE Figure 3.2. Arti
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social organizations is drawn prima
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elements of the village, the spaces
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Diametric, concentric, and circumfe
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egion, including Reckner (Augustine
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Chapter 3 Modeling Village Communit
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Figure 3.9. Architectural and nonar
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Figure 3.11. Measuring distances in
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Table 3.2. Descriptive Statistics f
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DISCUSSION Table 3.3. Descriptive S
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Figure 3.14. Box-and-whisker plot o
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Augustine, E. A. (1938d). Important
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Among Some Amazon Tribes. Privately
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on Black Mesa, Arizona. The Univers
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CHAPTER 4 THE EARLY LATE WOODLAND I
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Figure 4.3. Gibraltar Cordmarked ce
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Figure 4.5. Ceramics of the Gibralt
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points and notched Chesser or Lowe
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dated to A.D. 890 (1025) 1230 (DIC-
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Table 4.3. Available Stable Carbon
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where fishing and farming may have
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Figure 4.10. Ceramic of the Sandusk
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singular Mixter Stamped vessels typ
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urial with the dead, broadcasted a
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during the early Late Woodland time
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Valley. North American Archaeologis
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CHAPTER 5 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN TH
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interest in exchange of service or
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CURRENT INVESTIGATIONS In view of t
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710 Area C 700 B-75084 TO-4556 TO-4
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Table 5.1. Summary of Artifacts fro
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e Bull's Point C o o t e s P a r a
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classification system has been appl
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(Crawford et al. 1997a). The same i
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in Ontario was Middle Woodland-deri
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207-212. Smithsonian Institution, W
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CHAPTER 6 EARLY LATE WOODLAND IN SO
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Figure 6.2. Lower Grand River Valle
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Table 6.1. Radiocarbon Dates from t
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segment of the terrace that effecti
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Figure 6.7. Meyer site terrace, vie
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Figure 6.10. Forster site reconstru
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Figure 6.12. Middle Thames River 20
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Figure 6.13. Site situation: a comp
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Dieterman, F. (2001). Princess Poin
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CHAPTER 7 EARLY LATE PREHISTORIC SE
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ticultural hamlets, small and large
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that Clemson Island was greatly inf
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local deposits. Alternately, Stimme
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Table 7.1. Radiocarbon Dates from S
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Pennsylvania continued to practice
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level) overlaps with the West Branc
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Under a population metaphysic, the
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Hatch, J. W., and Koontz, K. L. (19
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CHAPTER 8 NEW DATES FOR OWASCO POTS
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Table 8.1. Key Components of the Th
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Figure 8.1. Location of the Kipp Is
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Table 8.4. Carpenter Brook Phase Ho
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Table 8.5. Physical Characteristics
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Table 8.6. AMS Dates and Calibrated
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REFERENCES CITED Ammerman, A. J., a
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CHAPTER 9 PITS, PLANTS, AND PLACE:
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Thomas/Luckey Broome Tech N 0 0 50
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confluence with the Susquehanna Riv
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Figure 9.3. Topographic map of Broo
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Table 9.2. Feature Types at Thomas/
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Figure 9.4. Histogram of feature de
Page 193 and 194: Table 9.4. Plant Remains from Thoma
Page 195 and 196: Figure 9.7. Sample composition of n
Page 197 and 198: Figure 9.9. Seed composition (exclu
Page 199 and 200: suggests that the gathering of wild
Page 201 and 202: of posts may mark remnants of tempo
Page 203 and 204: for allowing me repeated and unteth
Page 205 and 206: History Press, Garden City, New Yor
Page 207 and 208: CHAPTER 10 UPLAND LAND USE PATTERNS
Page 209 and 210: LOCAL LEVEL ANALYSIS Local level an
Page 211 and 212: N104 E101 Unit 19A Unit 7A Unit 12A
Page 213 and 214: Table 10.2. Park Creek II Feature A
Page 215 and 216: Fea. 2 Fea. 5 0 1 2 N Figure 10.4.
Page 217 and 218: encounterlike hunting/butchering st
Page 219 and 220: END NOTES 1. A village is defined a
Page 221 and 222: Perrelli, D. J. (1994). Gender, Mob
Page 223 and 224: CHAPTER 11 EARLY LATE PREHISTORIC S
Page 225 and 226: Table 11.1. Upper Susquehanna Site
Page 227 and 228: Table 11.2. Summary of Late Middle
Page 229 and 230: Table 11.3. Settlement Features of
Page 231 and 232: approximately 1,000 sq. ft, there i
Page 233 and 234: Table 11.5. Summary of Seed Identif
Page 235 and 236: importance of hunting and hunting-r
Page 237 and 238: portion of the Susquehanna Valley,
Page 239 and 240: Herrick, J. W., and Snow, D. R. (19
Page 241 and 242: CHAPTER 12 WOODLAND PERIOD SETTLEME
Page 243: oundaries were given. According to
Page 247 and 248: shads and herrings of the family Cl
Page 249 and 250: consists of large concentrations of
Page 251 and 252: (1990) survey of recorded sites in
Page 253 and 254: York State 92:1-8. Busby, M. (1966)
Page 255 and 256: CHAPTER 13 PALEOETHNOBOTANICAL INDI
Page 257 and 258: Figure 13.1. Forest regions of the
Page 259 and 260: Table 13.1. Distribution of Nut Tre
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Page 263 and 264: Figure 13.4. Nutshell density (gray
Page 265 and 266: Figure 13.5. Seed density and maize
Page 267 and 268: Table 13.3. Seed Indicators-Maine S
Page 269 and 270: Table 13.4. Broome Tech Site: Selec
Page 271 and 272: 6, and it occurred in 58 percent of
Page 273 and 274: Table 13.6. Continued Site Uncalibr
Page 275 and 276: Acknowledgments I thank John Hart f
Page 277 and 278: y K. J. Gremillion, pp. 161-178. Th
Page 279 and 280: CHAPTER 14 FROM HUNTER-GATHERER CAM
Page 281 and 282: Figure 14.1. Distribution of select
Page 283 and 284: available to Ceci were simply too l
Page 285 and 286: the AMS date of A.D. 1185 (A.D. 127
Page 287 and 288: Table 14.1. Continued Site Lab C14
Page 289 and 290: within single settlements remains e
Page 291 and 292: noncoastal residential sites certai
Page 293 and 294: Figure 14.3. Two stratigraphic prof
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to the Maritime Provinces on the Gu
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other related questions yet, and so
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Northeast Historical Archaeology 21
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Thomas, P. A. (1976). Contrastive s
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CHAPTER 15 “towns they have none
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Table 15.1. Key to Figure 15.1: Arc
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Maize will normally not preserve fo
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artifacts. Cowie (2000) suggests th
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creativity to resolve, but is also
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Ph.D. dissertation, Department of A
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CHAPTER 16 OUT OF THE BLUE AND INTO
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Figure 16.2. Map of the Bliss Islan
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shell-bearing sites located on the
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site. Middle Maritime Woodland occu
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(e.g., Black 1992:190) limit and co
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Table 16.3. Faunal Remains Associat
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and often poor vertebrate faunal pr
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the Maine/Maritimes area have argue
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SE: warm season (Rojo 1987:221); sp
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Ethnohistory 36:257-284. Bourque, B
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CHAPTER 17 ABORIGINAL LAND AND RESO
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Table 17.1. Chronological and Ceram
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Among the food plants listed above,
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species, the American eel (Anguilla
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the Early Woodland period. Tools ma
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Copper Resources Throughout the Lat
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midden deposits were located along
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a model with two distinct populatio
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Table 17.2. Summary of Landscape an
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File Report 93-1, Fredericton. Alle
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Anthropology, Temple University, Ph
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stone age found at Maquapit Lake. N
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CHAPTER 18 MAIZE AND VILLAGES: A Su
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use of the term “small village”
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1325 [1425] 1460) (Boyd et al. 1998
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several centuries after its first a
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from excavations at village sites h
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133-156. New York State Museum Bull
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longhouses. American Antiquity 55:4
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CONTRIBUTORS Timothy J. Abel. Carth
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Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Change: A.D. 700 –1300

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