Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Change: A.D. 700 –1300

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Worchester region, but will also contribute to our understanding of the diverse subsistence and settlement patterns practiced by the Native populations of the Northeast. Acknowledgments Robert Funk and Beth Wellman kindly shared information about their excavations at the Street and Fortin II sites while Karen Hartgen provided information regarding the Otego Yard site. Lisa Anderson and Penelope Drooker (New York State Museum), Nina Versaggi (Public Archaeology Facility at Binghamton University, SUNY), Calvin Behnke (Roland B. Hill Museum), and David Anthony (Hartwick College) provided access to the collections from their respective institutions. The figures in this chapter were drawn by C. J. Smith. John Hart, C. J. Smith, and two reviewers commented on earlier versions of this paper. All errors in the text are the responsibility of the author. REFERENCES CITED Bailey, D. E. (1961). The Oneonta, From Notes and Memoranda Written Down by Willard E. Yager Prior to His Death. The Reporter Company, Walton, New York. Beauregard, A. D. (1986). Archaeology of the Port Dickenson Park Site (SUBi-1073). Public Archaeology Facility, Binghamton University, SUNY, Binghamton. Submitted to the New York State Museum State Education Department, Albany, New York. Beauregard, A. D., Kula, C. A., and Versaggi, N. (1993). Cultural Resource Management Data Recovery PIN 9357.18, Port Dickenson Park Site, SUBi-1073, Village of Port Dickenson, Town of Fenton, Broome County, New York. Public Archaeology Facility, Binghamton University, SUNY, Binghamton. Submitted to the New York State Museum State Education Department, Albany, New York. Bendremer, J. C. (1999). Changing studies in the pre- and post- Contact subsistence systems of southern New England: archaeological and ethnohistorical evidence. In Current Northeast Paleoethnobotany, edited by J. P. Hart, pp. 133-156. New York State Museum Bulletin 494. The University of the State of New York, State Education Department. Braun, D. (1983). Pots as Tools. In Archaeological Hammers and Theories, edited by J. A. Moore and A. S. Keene, pp. 107- 134. Academic Press, New York. Chilton, E. S. (1999). Mobile farmers of pre-Contact southern New England: the archaeological and ethnohistorical evidence. In Current Northeast Paleoethnobotany, edited by J. P. Hart, pp.157-176. New York State Museum Bulletin No. 494. The University of the State of New York, State Education Department. Diamond, J. E. (1995). The Catskill Rockshelter, Town of Olive, Ulster County, New York. The Bulletin and Journal of the New York State Archaeological Association 110:16-25. Feder, K. L. (1990). Late Woodland occupation of the uplands of northwestern Connecticut. Bulletin of the Massachusetts Archaeological Society 51:61-68. Funk, R. E. (editor). (1993). Archaeological Investigations in the Upper Susquehanna Valley, New York State, vol. 1, Persimmon Press Monographs in Archaeology, Buffalo. Funk, R. E. (1993a). Environmental zones and local habitats. In Archaeological Investigations in the Upper Susquehanna Valley, New York State, vol. 1,edited by R. E. Funk, pp. 65-81. Persimmon Press Monographs in Archaeology, Buffalo. Funk, R. E. (1993b). Subsistence, settlement and seasonality. In Archaeological Investigations in the Upper Susquehanna Valley, New York State, vol. 1, edited by R. E. Funk, pp. 245-312. Persimmon Press Monographs in Archaeology, Buffalo. Funk, R. E. (editor) (1998). Archaeological Investigations In the Upper Susquehanna Valley, New York State, vol. 2. Persimmon Press Monographs in Archaeology, Buffalo. Funk, R. E. (1998a). The Fortin II site. In Archaeological Investigations in the Upper Susquehanna Valley, New York State, vol. 2, edited by R. E. Funk, pp. 39-122. Persimmon Press Monographs in Archaeology, Buffalo. Funk, R. E. (1998b). The Sternberg site. In Archaeological Investigations in the Upper Susquehanna Valley, New York State, vol. 2, edited by R. E. Funk, pp. 381-391. Persimmon Press Monographs in Archaeology, Buffalo. Funk, R. E., and Rippeteau, B. (1977). Adaptation, Continuity, and Change in Upper Susquehanna Prehistory. Occasional Publications in Northeastern Anthropology, No. 3. George, D. R., and Dewar, R. E. (1999). Chenopodium in Connecticut prehistory: wild, weedy, cultivated, or domesticated? In Current Northeast Paleoethnobotany, edited by J. P. Hart, pp. 121-132. New York State Museum Bulletin 494. The University of the State of New York, Albany, New York. Gutierrez, H. M., and Cornell, D. G. (1982). Cultural Resources Survey Report NYSDOT PIN 9357.08(01), Interstate 88 Connector, Town of Milford, Otsego County, New York. State University of New York. Submitted to the New York State Department of Transportation and the Federal Highway Administration. Hart, J. P., and Asch Sidell, N. (1996). Prehistoric agricultural systems in the West Branch of the Susquehanna River basin, A.D. 800 to 1350. Northeast Anthropology 52:1-30. Hart, J. P., and Scarry, C. M. (1999). The age of common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) in the northeastern United States. American Antiquity 64:653-658. Hartgen Archaeological Associates, Inc. (1988). Otego Yard Historic and Prehistoric Site (NYSM 121) Marcy South 345 kV Transmission Line, Town of Otego, Otsego County, New York. Hartgen Archaeological Associates, Inc., Troy, New York. Submitted to the New York Power Authority, New York. Hartgen Archaeological Associates, Inc. (1989). Ouleout Site (8W- 32-7) Marcy South 345 kV Transmission Line, Town of Franklin, Delaware County, New York. Hartgen Archaeological Associates, Inc., Troy, New York. Submitted to the New York Power Authority, New York. 224 Rieth
Herrick, J. W., and Snow, D. R. (1995). Iroquois Medical Botany. Syracuse University Press, Syracuse. Jameson, J. F. (1959). Narratives of New Netherland, 1609-1664. Barnes and Noble, New York. King, E., and Potter, D. (1994). Small sites in prehistoric Mayan socioeconomic organization: a perspective from Colha, Belize. In Archaeological Views from the Countryside Village Communities in Early Complex Societies, edited by G. M. Schwartz and S. E. Falconer, pp. 64-90. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. C. Lacy, D. M. (1999). Myth busting and prehistoric land use in the Green Mountains of Vermont. In The Archaeological Northeast, edited by M. Levine, K. Sassaman, and M. Nassaney, pp. 115-124. Bergin and Garvey, Westport, Connecticut. Lennox, P. A. (editor) (1995). MTO Contributions to the Archaeology of the Late Woodland Period in Southwestern Ontario: Small Sites Investigations. Research Report No. 24. London Museum of Archaeology, London. Lennox, P. A. (1995a). Introduction. In MTO Contributions to the Archaeology of the Late Woodland Period in Southwestern Ontario: Small Sites Investigations, edited by P. A. Lennox, pp. 1-8. Research Report No. 24. London Museum of Archaeology, London. Lennox, P. A., and Hagerty, W. P. (1995). A prehistoric Neutral Hamlet, Waterloo County, Ontario. In MTO Contributions to the Archaeology of the Late Woodland Period in Southwestern Ontario: Small Sites Investigations, edited by P. A. Lennox, pp. 8-76. Research Report No. 24. London Museum of Archaeology, London, Ontario. McManamon, F. (1975). The Osterhoudt locality. In I-88 Archaeology Project: The 1975 Summer Season. Public Archaeology Facility, Binghamton University, SUNY, Binghamton, New York. Submitted to the New York State Museum State Education Department, Albany, New York. Means, B. K. (1999). Sites on the margins are not marginal archaeology: small, upland sites in the vicinity of Meyersdale, Pennsylvania. North American Archaeologist 20:135-161. Mitchell, W. W. (1978). Environmental setting. In I-88 Archaeological Report, P.I.N 9357.08 and P.I.N 9357.12, pp. 3- 6. Public Archaeology Facility, Binghamton University, SUNY, Binghamton, New York. Submitted to the New York State Museum, State Education Department, Albany, New York. Moeller, R. (n.d.). Analysis of flotation samples from the Street site. Unpublished Manuscript on file at the Division of Research and Collections, New York State Museum, Albany. Montag, M. L. (1998). The Organization of Lithic Technology During the Owasco Period: An Analysis and Reassessment. Unpublished Master’s thesis, Department of Anthropology, Binghamton University, SUNY, Binghamton, New York. Moorehead, W. K. (1938). A Report of the Susquehanna River Expedition. The Andover Press, Andover, Massachusetts. Morgan. L. H. (1962). League of the Iroquois. Corinth Books, New York. Oskam, A. K. (1999). An Examination of Lithic Technology and Gender at the Wessels Site. Unpublished Master’s thesis, Department of Anthropology, Binghamton University, SUNY, Binghamton, New York. Parker, A. C. (1922). The Archaeological History of New York. New York State Museum, Bulletins 235-238. The University of the State of New York, Albany, New York. Parry, W. J., and Kelly, R. L. (1987). Expedient core technology and sedentism. In The Organization of Core Technology, edited by J. Johnson and C. Morrow, pp. 285-304. Westview Press, Boulder. Pendergast, J. F. (1997). Hamlets become villages. In Home Is Where the Hearth Is, The Contribution of Small Sites to Our understanding of Ontario’s Past, edited by J. Pilon and R. Perkins, pp. 46-55. The Ottawa Chapter of the Ontario Archaeological Society, Ottawa. Pilles, P. J., and Wilcox, D. R. (1978). The small sites conference: an introduction. In Limited Activity and Occupation Sites: A Collections of Conference Papers, edited by A. E. Ward, pp. 1- 2. Contributions to Anthropological Studies 1. Center for Anthropological Studies, Albuquerque, New Mexico. Pilon, J., and Perkins, R. (1997). Home Is Where the Hearth Is, The Contribution of Small Sites to Our Understanding of Ontario’s Past. Ottawa Chapter of the Ontario Archaeological Society, Ottawa. Prezzano, S. C. (1985). Physical Properties of Ceramic Sherds from Five Middle and Late Woodland Stage Components in the Susquehanna River Drainage. Unpublished Master’s thesis, Department of Anthropology, Binghamton University, SUNY, Binghamton, New York. Prezzano, S. C. (1993). Longhouse, Village, and Palisade: Community Patterns at the Iroquois Southern Door. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Binghamton University, SUNY, Binghamton, New York. Prezzano, S. C. (1996). Household and Community: The Development of Iroquois Agricultural Village Life. Journal of Middle Atlantic Archaeology 12:7-16. Prezzano, S. C., and Rieth, C. B. (2001). Late Prehistoric cultures of the upper Susquehanna Valley. In Archaeology of the Appalachian Highlands, edited by L. P. Sullivan and S. C. Prezzano, pp. 168-172 . University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville. Public Archaeology Facility (1978). I-88 Archaeological Project P.I.N 9357.08 and P.I.N. 9357.12. Public Archaeology Facility, Binghamton University, SUNY, Binghamton, New York. Submitted to the New York State Museum State Education Department, Albany, New York. Raemsch, B. E. (1970). Preliminary report on Adequentaga. In The Yager Museum, Publications in Anthropology Bulletin, edited by W. Klinger, pp. 1-19. Yager Museum, Oneonta, New York. Rieth, C. B. (1997). Culture Contact During the Carpenter Brook Phase: A Tripartite Approach to the Study of the Spatial and Temporal Movement of Early Iroquoian Groups Thoughout the Upper Susquehanna Valley. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation. Department of Anthropology, University at Albany, SUNY, Albany, New York. Ritchie, W. A. (1934). An Algonkin-Iroquois Contact Site on Castle Creek, Broome County, New York. Research Records 2. Rochester Municipal Museum, Rochester, New York. Ritchie, W. A. (1938). A Unique Prehistoric Workshop Site. Bulletin of the Rochester Museum of Arts and Sciences, Rochester, New York. Chapter 11 Early Late Prehistoric Settlement and Subsistence Diversity in the Southern Tier of New York 225
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Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Ch
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Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Ch
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TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures L
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LIST OF FIGURES 2.1 Map of the cent
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9.3 Topographic map of Broome Tech.
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11.1 Upper Susquehanna Site Types (
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PREFACE The New York State Museum h
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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Christina B.
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domesticates and the occupation of
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and Rieth highlight the important c
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Dunnell, R. C. (1971). Systematics
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Anthropology, University of Massach
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CHAPTER 2 CENTRAL OHIO VALLEY DURIN
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L a k e E r i e PENNSYLVANIA INDIAN
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L a k e E r i e INDIANA R i v e r G
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Olentangy River and other minor tri
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Figure 2.6. Comparison of Late Wood
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support the notion of resource stre
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F4 F7 F5 F6 F3 F2 F9 F10 F12 F13 F1
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B B M F42 F43 F41 F44 S5 S4 S1 F30
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Table 2.3. continued Temporal Age A
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Table 2.3. continued Temporal Age A
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L a k e E r i e INDIANA o i O h Sal
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Figure 2.13. Map of the Late Prehis
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Figure 2.15. Map of households with
Page 51 and 52:
Figure 2.17. Sample of Late Prehist
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Barkes, B. M. (1982). An Analysis o
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Fort Ancient Tradition, edited by J
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CHAPTER 3 “ . . . to reconstruct
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IT TAKES A VILLAGE Figure 3.2. Arti
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social organizations is drawn prima
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elements of the village, the spaces
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Diametric, concentric, and circumfe
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egion, including Reckner (Augustine
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Chapter 3 Modeling Village Communit
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Figure 3.9. Architectural and nonar
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Figure 3.11. Measuring distances in
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Table 3.2. Descriptive Statistics f
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DISCUSSION Table 3.3. Descriptive S
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Figure 3.14. Box-and-whisker plot o
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Augustine, E. A. (1938d). Important
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Among Some Amazon Tribes. Privately
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on Black Mesa, Arizona. The Univers
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CHAPTER 4 THE EARLY LATE WOODLAND I
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Figure 4.3. Gibraltar Cordmarked ce
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Figure 4.5. Ceramics of the Gibralt
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points and notched Chesser or Lowe
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dated to A.D. 890 (1025) 1230 (DIC-
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Table 4.3. Available Stable Carbon
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where fishing and farming may have
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Figure 4.10. Ceramic of the Sandusk
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singular Mixter Stamped vessels typ
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urial with the dead, broadcasted a
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during the early Late Woodland time
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Valley. North American Archaeologis
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CHAPTER 5 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN TH
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interest in exchange of service or
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CURRENT INVESTIGATIONS In view of t
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710 Area C 700 B-75084 TO-4556 TO-4
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Table 5.1. Summary of Artifacts fro
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e Bull's Point C o o t e s P a r a
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classification system has been appl
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(Crawford et al. 1997a). The same i
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in Ontario was Middle Woodland-deri
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207-212. Smithsonian Institution, W
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CHAPTER 6 EARLY LATE WOODLAND IN SO
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Figure 6.2. Lower Grand River Valle
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Table 6.1. Radiocarbon Dates from t
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segment of the terrace that effecti
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Figure 6.7. Meyer site terrace, vie
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Figure 6.10. Forster site reconstru
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Figure 6.12. Middle Thames River 20
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Figure 6.13. Site situation: a comp
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Dieterman, F. (2001). Princess Poin
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CHAPTER 7 EARLY LATE PREHISTORIC SE
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ticultural hamlets, small and large
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that Clemson Island was greatly inf
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local deposits. Alternately, Stimme
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Table 7.1. Radiocarbon Dates from S
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Pennsylvania continued to practice
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level) overlaps with the West Branc
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Under a population metaphysic, the
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Hatch, J. W., and Koontz, K. L. (19
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CHAPTER 8 NEW DATES FOR OWASCO POTS
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Table 8.1. Key Components of the Th
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Figure 8.1. Location of the Kipp Is
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Table 8.4. Carpenter Brook Phase Ho
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Table 8.5. Physical Characteristics
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Table 8.6. AMS Dates and Calibrated
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REFERENCES CITED Ammerman, A. J., a
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CHAPTER 9 PITS, PLANTS, AND PLACE:
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Thomas/Luckey Broome Tech N 0 0 50
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confluence with the Susquehanna Riv
Page 187 and 188: Figure 9.3. Topographic map of Broo
Page 189 and 190: Table 9.2. Feature Types at Thomas/
Page 191 and 192: Figure 9.4. Histogram of feature de
Page 193 and 194: Table 9.4. Plant Remains from Thoma
Page 195 and 196: Figure 9.7. Sample composition of n
Page 197 and 198: Figure 9.9. Seed composition (exclu
Page 199 and 200: suggests that the gathering of wild
Page 201 and 202: of posts may mark remnants of tempo
Page 203 and 204: for allowing me repeated and unteth
Page 205 and 206: History Press, Garden City, New Yor
Page 207 and 208: CHAPTER 10 UPLAND LAND USE PATTERNS
Page 209 and 210: LOCAL LEVEL ANALYSIS Local level an
Page 211 and 212: N104 E101 Unit 19A Unit 7A Unit 12A
Page 213 and 214: Table 10.2. Park Creek II Feature A
Page 215 and 216: Fea. 2 Fea. 5 0 1 2 N Figure 10.4.
Page 217 and 218: encounterlike hunting/butchering st
Page 219 and 220: END NOTES 1. A village is defined a
Page 221 and 222: Perrelli, D. J. (1994). Gender, Mob
Page 223 and 224: CHAPTER 11 EARLY LATE PREHISTORIC S
Page 225 and 226: Table 11.1. Upper Susquehanna Site
Page 227 and 228: Table 11.2. Summary of Late Middle
Page 229 and 230: Table 11.3. Settlement Features of
Page 231 and 232: approximately 1,000 sq. ft, there i
Page 233 and 234: Table 11.5. Summary of Seed Identif
Page 235 and 236: importance of hunting and hunting-r
Page 237: portion of the Susquehanna Valley,
Page 241 and 242: CHAPTER 12 WOODLAND PERIOD SETTLEME
Page 243 and 244: oundaries were given. According to
Page 245 and 246: Table 12.1: Selected Radiocarbon an
Page 247 and 248: shads and herrings of the family Cl
Page 249 and 250: consists of large concentrations of
Page 251 and 252: (1990) survey of recorded sites in
Page 253 and 254: York State 92:1-8. Busby, M. (1966)
Page 255 and 256: CHAPTER 13 PALEOETHNOBOTANICAL INDI
Page 257 and 258: Figure 13.1. Forest regions of the
Page 259 and 260: Table 13.1. Distribution of Nut Tre
Page 261 and 262: ation in feature contents. For mult
Page 263 and 264: Figure 13.4. Nutshell density (gray
Page 265 and 266: Figure 13.5. Seed density and maize
Page 267 and 268: Table 13.3. Seed Indicators-Maine S
Page 269 and 270: Table 13.4. Broome Tech Site: Selec
Page 271 and 272: 6, and it occurred in 58 percent of
Page 273 and 274: Table 13.6. Continued Site Uncalibr
Page 275 and 276: Acknowledgments I thank John Hart f
Page 277 and 278: y K. J. Gremillion, pp. 161-178. Th
Page 279 and 280: CHAPTER 14 FROM HUNTER-GATHERER CAM
Page 281 and 282: Figure 14.1. Distribution of select
Page 283 and 284: available to Ceci were simply too l
Page 285 and 286: the AMS date of A.D. 1185 (A.D. 127
Page 287 and 288: Table 14.1. Continued Site Lab C14
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within single settlements remains e
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noncoastal residential sites certai
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Figure 14.3. Two stratigraphic prof
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to the Maritime Provinces on the Gu
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other related questions yet, and so
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Northeast Historical Archaeology 21
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Thomas, P. A. (1976). Contrastive s
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CHAPTER 15 “towns they have none
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Table 15.1. Key to Figure 15.1: Arc
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Maize will normally not preserve fo
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artifacts. Cowie (2000) suggests th
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creativity to resolve, but is also
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Ph.D. dissertation, Department of A
Page 315 and 316:
CHAPTER 16 OUT OF THE BLUE AND INTO
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Figure 16.2. Map of the Bliss Islan
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shell-bearing sites located on the
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site. Middle Maritime Woodland occu
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(e.g., Black 1992:190) limit and co
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Table 16.3. Faunal Remains Associat
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and often poor vertebrate faunal pr
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the Maine/Maritimes area have argue
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SE: warm season (Rojo 1987:221); sp
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Ethnohistory 36:257-284. Bourque, B
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CHAPTER 17 ABORIGINAL LAND AND RESO
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Table 17.1. Chronological and Ceram
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Among the food plants listed above,
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species, the American eel (Anguilla
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the Early Woodland period. Tools ma
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Copper Resources Throughout the Lat
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midden deposits were located along
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a model with two distinct populatio
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Table 17.2. Summary of Landscape an
Page 353 and 354:
File Report 93-1, Fredericton. Alle
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Anthropology, Temple University, Ph
Page 357 and 358:
stone age found at Maquapit Lake. N
Page 359 and 360:
CHAPTER 18 MAIZE AND VILLAGES: A Su
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use of the term “small village”
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1325 [1425] 1460) (Boyd et al. 1998
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several centuries after its first a
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from excavations at village sites h
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133-156. New York State Museum Bull
Page 371 and 372:
longhouses. American Antiquity 55:4
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CONTRIBUTORS Timothy J. Abel. Carth
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Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Change: A.D. 700 –1300

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