Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Change: A.D. 700 –1300

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Volmar, M. A. (1998). The Micromorphology of Landscapes: An Archaeological Approach in Southern New England. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Massachusetts, Amherst. Williams, R. (1963 [1643]). The Complete Writing of Roger Williams, Vol. 1. Russell and Russell, New York. Wood, W. (1977 [1634]). New England’s Prospect. Edited by A. T. Vaughan. The Commonwealth Series, W.E.A. Bernhard, general editor. University of Massachusetts Press, Amherst. Originally published 1634, J. Bellamie, London. Yoffee, N. (1993). Too many chiefs? (or, safe texts for the ‘90s). In Archaeological Theory: Who Sets the Agenda?, edited by N. Yoffee and A. Sheratt, pp. 60-78. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 300 Chilton
CHAPTER 16 OUT OF THE BLUE AND INTO THE BLACK: The Middle-Late Maritime Woodland Transition In the Quoddy Region, New Brunswick, Canada David W. Black It has been thought that these kitchen-middens around the shores of Passamaquoddy Bay were made by a people who camped along that shore in the summer for fishing and hunting, but retreated inland to the shelter of the woods in winter. There are, however, indications that the occupation of the village sites marked by these shell heaps was more or less continuous. (Matthew 1884:25) INTRODUCTION The Quoddy Region (Figure 16.1) is a biogeographically defined marine and coastal region, situated at the confluence of the Gulf of Maine and Bay of Fundy systems, that acts as the estuary of the St. Croix and Magaguadavic Rivers. The region includes portions of northern Maine and southern New Brunswick, and consists of a complex, dynamic mosaic of fog-zone forests, freshwater marshes, salt marshes, mixed substrate intertidal zones, coves, channels, and continental shelf that exhibits great biological productivity (Black 1992; Sanger 1988:84; Thomas 1983). As shown by the quote above, archaeologists have speculated about prehistoric Native subsistence practices and settlement patterns in the Quoddy Region since the pioneering work of nineteenth-century natural historians. In this chapter, I summarize what is known of Maritime Woodland (1250 B.C.-A.D. 1400) subsistence and settlement in the Canadian part of the Quoddy Region in the context of a brief review of archaeological research in the region. I focus specifically on the Middle-Late Maritime Woodland transition (ca. A.D. 650-750) and the Late Maritime Woodland period (A.D. 650-1400). In so doing, I demonstrate that a detailed understanding of the physical structure of the archaeological record is a crucial prerequisite to further understanding subsistence and settlement change during the Maritime Woodland period. The Quoddy Region is part of the traditional territory of the Pestomuhkatiyik—the Passamaquoddy people (Erickson 1978). There is no archaeological evidence that either the ancestors of the Pestomuhkatiyik or their immediate neighbours practiced horticulture prior to European contact (cf. Deal, this volume; Petersen and Cowie, this volume; Sanger 1988:95). Thus, in interpreting prehistoric subsistence and settlement in the Quoddy Region, archaeologists are reconstructing the settlement patterns and seasonal rounds of foragers adapted to the littoral zone and to adjacent terrestrial and marine habitats. The interpretations of Quoddy Region prehistoric settlement and subsistence I present here are based on 16 components dating A.D. 650–1400. Nine of these components are located on the northern shores of Passamaquoddy Bay (the Canadian mainland of the Quoddy Region), examined by David Sanger and his students and colleagues from the 1960s through the 1980s; seven are located in the insular Quoddy Region, examined by myself and my students and colleagues, from the 1980s through the present. Site locations are shown on Figures 16.1 and 16.2. Brief summaries of relevant data for each component are presented in the Appendix. Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Change: A.D. 700–1300 by John P. Hart and Christina B. Rieth. New York State Museum © 2002 by the University of the State of New York, The State Education Department, Albany, New York. All rights reserved. Chapter 16 Out of the Blue and into the Black: The Middle-Late Maritime Woodland Transition in the Quoddy Region 301
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Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Ch
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Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Ch
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TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures L
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LIST OF FIGURES 2.1 Map of the cent
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9.3 Topographic map of Broome Tech.
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11.1 Upper Susquehanna Site Types (
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PREFACE The New York State Museum h
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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Christina B.
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domesticates and the occupation of
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and Rieth highlight the important c
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Dunnell, R. C. (1971). Systematics
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Anthropology, University of Massach
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CHAPTER 2 CENTRAL OHIO VALLEY DURIN
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L a k e E r i e PENNSYLVANIA INDIAN
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L a k e E r i e INDIANA R i v e r G
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Olentangy River and other minor tri
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Figure 2.6. Comparison of Late Wood
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support the notion of resource stre
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F4 F7 F5 F6 F3 F2 F9 F10 F12 F13 F1
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B B M F42 F43 F41 F44 S5 S4 S1 F30
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Table 2.3. continued Temporal Age A
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Table 2.3. continued Temporal Age A
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L a k e E r i e INDIANA o i O h Sal
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Figure 2.13. Map of the Late Prehis
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Figure 2.15. Map of households with
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Figure 2.17. Sample of Late Prehist
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Barkes, B. M. (1982). An Analysis o
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Fort Ancient Tradition, edited by J
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CHAPTER 3 “ . . . to reconstruct
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IT TAKES A VILLAGE Figure 3.2. Arti
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social organizations is drawn prima
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elements of the village, the spaces
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Diametric, concentric, and circumfe
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egion, including Reckner (Augustine
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Chapter 3 Modeling Village Communit
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Figure 3.9. Architectural and nonar
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Figure 3.11. Measuring distances in
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Table 3.2. Descriptive Statistics f
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DISCUSSION Table 3.3. Descriptive S
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Figure 3.14. Box-and-whisker plot o
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Augustine, E. A. (1938d). Important
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Among Some Amazon Tribes. Privately
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on Black Mesa, Arizona. The Univers
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CHAPTER 4 THE EARLY LATE WOODLAND I
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Figure 4.3. Gibraltar Cordmarked ce
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Figure 4.5. Ceramics of the Gibralt
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points and notched Chesser or Lowe
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dated to A.D. 890 (1025) 1230 (DIC-
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Table 4.3. Available Stable Carbon
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where fishing and farming may have
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Figure 4.10. Ceramic of the Sandusk
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singular Mixter Stamped vessels typ
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urial with the dead, broadcasted a
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during the early Late Woodland time
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Valley. North American Archaeologis
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CHAPTER 5 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN TH
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interest in exchange of service or
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CURRENT INVESTIGATIONS In view of t
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710 Area C 700 B-75084 TO-4556 TO-4
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Table 5.1. Summary of Artifacts fro
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e Bull's Point C o o t e s P a r a
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classification system has been appl
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(Crawford et al. 1997a). The same i
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in Ontario was Middle Woodland-deri
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207-212. Smithsonian Institution, W
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CHAPTER 6 EARLY LATE WOODLAND IN SO
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Figure 6.2. Lower Grand River Valle
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Table 6.1. Radiocarbon Dates from t
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segment of the terrace that effecti
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Figure 6.7. Meyer site terrace, vie
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Figure 6.10. Forster site reconstru
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Figure 6.12. Middle Thames River 20
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Figure 6.13. Site situation: a comp
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Dieterman, F. (2001). Princess Poin
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CHAPTER 7 EARLY LATE PREHISTORIC SE
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ticultural hamlets, small and large
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that Clemson Island was greatly inf
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local deposits. Alternately, Stimme
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Table 7.1. Radiocarbon Dates from S
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Pennsylvania continued to practice
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level) overlaps with the West Branc
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Under a population metaphysic, the
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Hatch, J. W., and Koontz, K. L. (19
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CHAPTER 8 NEW DATES FOR OWASCO POTS
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Table 8.1. Key Components of the Th
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Figure 8.1. Location of the Kipp Is
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Table 8.4. Carpenter Brook Phase Ho
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Table 8.5. Physical Characteristics
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Table 8.6. AMS Dates and Calibrated
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REFERENCES CITED Ammerman, A. J., a
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CHAPTER 9 PITS, PLANTS, AND PLACE:
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Thomas/Luckey Broome Tech N 0 0 50
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confluence with the Susquehanna Riv
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Figure 9.3. Topographic map of Broo
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Table 9.2. Feature Types at Thomas/
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Figure 9.4. Histogram of feature de
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Table 9.4. Plant Remains from Thoma
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Figure 9.7. Sample composition of n
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Figure 9.9. Seed composition (exclu
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suggests that the gathering of wild
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of posts may mark remnants of tempo
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for allowing me repeated and unteth
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History Press, Garden City, New Yor
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CHAPTER 10 UPLAND LAND USE PATTERNS
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LOCAL LEVEL ANALYSIS Local level an
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N104 E101 Unit 19A Unit 7A Unit 12A
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Table 10.2. Park Creek II Feature A
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Fea. 2 Fea. 5 0 1 2 N Figure 10.4.
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encounterlike hunting/butchering st
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END NOTES 1. A village is defined a
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Perrelli, D. J. (1994). Gender, Mob
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CHAPTER 11 EARLY LATE PREHISTORIC S
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Table 11.1. Upper Susquehanna Site
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Table 11.2. Summary of Late Middle
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Table 11.3. Settlement Features of
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approximately 1,000 sq. ft, there i
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Table 11.5. Summary of Seed Identif
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importance of hunting and hunting-r
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portion of the Susquehanna Valley,
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Herrick, J. W., and Snow, D. R. (19
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CHAPTER 12 WOODLAND PERIOD SETTLEME
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oundaries were given. According to
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Table 12.1: Selected Radiocarbon an
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shads and herrings of the family Cl
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consists of large concentrations of
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(1990) survey of recorded sites in
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York State 92:1-8. Busby, M. (1966)
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CHAPTER 13 PALEOETHNOBOTANICAL INDI
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Figure 13.1. Forest regions of the
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Table 13.1. Distribution of Nut Tre
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ation in feature contents. For mult
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Page 267 and 268: Table 13.3. Seed Indicators-Maine S
Page 269 and 270: Table 13.4. Broome Tech Site: Selec
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Page 273 and 274: Table 13.6. Continued Site Uncalibr
Page 275 and 276: Acknowledgments I thank John Hart f
Page 277 and 278: y K. J. Gremillion, pp. 161-178. Th
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Page 281 and 282: Figure 14.1. Distribution of select
Page 283 and 284: available to Ceci were simply too l
Page 285 and 286: the AMS date of A.D. 1185 (A.D. 127
Page 287 and 288: Table 14.1. Continued Site Lab C14
Page 289 and 290: within single settlements remains e
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Page 293 and 294: Figure 14.3. Two stratigraphic prof
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Page 297 and 298: other related questions yet, and so
Page 299 and 300: Northeast Historical Archaeology 21
Page 301 and 302: Thomas, P. A. (1976). Contrastive s
Page 303 and 304: CHAPTER 15 “towns they have none
Page 305 and 306: Table 15.1. Key to Figure 15.1: Arc
Page 307 and 308: Maize will normally not preserve fo
Page 309 and 310: artifacts. Cowie (2000) suggests th
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Page 313: Ph.D. dissertation, Department of A
Page 317 and 318: Figure 16.2. Map of the Bliss Islan
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Page 321 and 322: site. Middle Maritime Woodland occu
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Page 325 and 326: Table 16.3. Faunal Remains Associat
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Page 333 and 334: Ethnohistory 36:257-284. Bourque, B
Page 335 and 336: CHAPTER 17 ABORIGINAL LAND AND RESO
Page 337 and 338: Table 17.1. Chronological and Ceram
Page 339 and 340: Among the food plants listed above,
Page 341 and 342: species, the American eel (Anguilla
Page 343 and 344: the Early Woodland period. Tools ma
Page 345 and 346: Copper Resources Throughout the Lat
Page 347 and 348: midden deposits were located along
Page 349 and 350: a model with two distinct populatio
Page 351 and 352: Table 17.2. Summary of Landscape an
Page 353 and 354: File Report 93-1, Fredericton. Alle
Page 355 and 356: Anthropology, Temple University, Ph
Page 357 and 358: stone age found at Maquapit Lake. N
Page 359 and 360: CHAPTER 18 MAIZE AND VILLAGES: A Su
Page 361 and 362: use of the term “small village”
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several centuries after its first a
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from excavations at village sites h
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133-156. New York State Museum Bull
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longhouses. American Antiquity 55:4
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CONTRIBUTORS Timothy J. Abel. Carth
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Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Change: A.D. 700 –1300

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