Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Change: A.D. 700 –1300

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Table 4.1. Available Cultigen Data for the Western Basin Tradition. SITE PHASE DOMESTICATES REFERENCES ASSOCIATION Zea mays Phaseolus vulgaris kernals cupules cob whole peduncles fragments cobs Gibraltar Gibraltar present Fitting 1975 Sissung Gibraltar 2 Stothers and Yarnell 1977 Dillon Gibraltar 1(6 r.) this report; cf. Stothers and Abel 1990 Indian Island No. 5 Riviere au Vase 1 3 (10 &12 r.) Stothers and Yarnell 1977 Indian Island No. 4 Riviere au Vase 19 2 (8 r.) Stothers and Yarnell 1977; Fecteau 1977 Indian Island No. 3 Riviere au Vase 74 5 (8 &12 r.) Stothers and Yarnell 1977 Indian Island No. 2 Riviere au Vase present Stothers and Yarnell 1977 Indian Island No. 1 Riviere au Vase present Stothers and Yarnell 1977 Indian Island No. 11 Riviere au Vase present Stothers and Yarnell 1977 Gard Island No. 2 Riviere au Vase 7 Stothers and Yarnell 1977; Fecteau 1977 Gard Island No. 3 Riviere au Vase 4 Stothers and Yarnell 1977 Reau Riviere au Vase 1 Fecteau 1977 Missionary Is. No. 1 Riviere au Vase present Stothers and Graves 1983 Missionary Is. No. 4 Riviere au Vase present Stothers and Graves 1983 Leimbach Riviere au Vase present Prufer and Shane 1976 Gladieux Riviere au Vase 18 Fecteau 1977 Birch Run Road Riviere au Vase 1 Clark 1986 Dodge Riviere au Vase/Younge Yarnell 1974; Fecteau 1977 MacNichol Riviere au Vase/Younge Yarnell 1975; Fecteau 1977 Doctors Younge Yarnell 1974 Providence Younge 104 present present Fecteau1978 Hartman Younge 15 2 Fecteau 1981 Brown No.1 Younge present this report Brown No.10 Younge present this report Gunn-Eberle No. 2 Younge this report Martin Younge present Fecteau 1978 Morin Younge present Prahl 1974 Younge Younge present Greenman 1937 Petrie Younge present Fecteau 1977 Cufr Springwells 9 Yarnell 1974 Mikado Earthwork Springwells 114 276 15 10 39 Carruthers 1969 Patyi-Dowling Springwells 3 5 Yarnell 1974 Baden No. 1 Springwells present this report Crosby's Ridge Springwells present this report Butler Springwells 103+ 8&10 row Cutler 1962; Grogitsky 1957 80 Stothers and Abel
dated to A.D. 890 (1025) 1230 (DIC-413) (Schneider 2000; Stothers 1975). Stothers dismissed the inconsistent radiocarbon chronology of the site as being due to contamination, stating that outside of assays DIC-300 and 301, the remaining two dates were consistent within the range of radiocarbon error (Stothers and Yarnell 1977). With calibration, however, DIC-300 falls within the temporal bracket of the other two assays. DIC-301, on the other hand, is clearly aberrant, and may have contained charcoal derived from the uppermost cultural layer. A sample from a pit feature originating from the upper level was recently dated to A.D. 1040 (1250) 1370 (GX- 10749) (Stothers et al. 1994). The maize samples themselves have not been dated by direct AMS. Though the calibrated dates have altered perceptions about the temporal placement of this component somewhat, reanalysis of the associated cultural assemblages has suggested that even the calibrated assays are too early. The ceramic assemblages from the Indian Island sites are characterized exclusively by Riviere Ware, which dates to the Riviere au Vase phase, while Gibraltar Wares are completely absent (Schneider 2000). It appears, then, the occupations at Indian Island are associated with the Riviere au Vase phase, herein interpreted to date between A.D. 750 and 1000 (Stothers 1995). Early maize was also reported from the Gard Island No. 2 site, located adjacent to Indian Island in Maumee Bay of northwestern Ohio. Radiocarbon dates from the site came from samples of human bone in two burial pits associated with the maize. Neither of the burial features had any other inclusions. The first of the two burials was dated to A.D. 590 (670) 880 (DIC-416), and the second to 90 B.C. (A.D. 70) 240 (DIC-417). The second date was rejected as being too early and possibly contaminated. A second sample run from this burial feature later produced a calibrated date of A.D. 780 (970) 1150 (DIC-418). Another burial was also dated to A.D. 660 (900, 910, 960) 1200 (DIC-419). None of the samples were corrected for stable carbon isotope ratios, since that technology was not available at the time. Though the site was originally interpreted as a component dating to the sixth century A.D. based on the first uncalibrated date of 1340±80 B.P. (Stothers and Yarnell 1977), the subsequent dates suggest a tenth century Riviere au Vase phase placement, a placement that is more congruous with the cultural assemblage (Schneider 2000). A recent stable nitrogen isotope analysis of 10 individuals from the Gard Island No. 2 cemetery suggested a high level of maize consumption among some members of this population, a situation more congruous with a later tenth century temporal placement (Schurr and Redmond 1991). Another site that was purported to yield evidence of sixth century A.D. maize in northern Ohio was the Leimbach site. Located on the Vermilion River in northcentral Ohio, the site produced maize from a Late Woodland pit feature associated with Riviere Ware ceramics and a triangular projectile point. Charcoal from the pit was radiocarbon-dated to 1375±180 B.P. (GX-1743) (Prufer and Shane 1976), which has a calibrated date of A.D. 270 (660) 1020. The ceramic assemblage, however, exclusively contains Riviere Ware, suggesting the component should be placed into the Riviere au Vase phase (A.D. 750-1000), not the Gibraltar phase (A.D. 500-750). The Sissung site (cf. Stothers 1995:10; Stothers and Bechtel 2000), in extreme southeastern Michigan, is also probably best interpreted as a transitional Riviere au Vase phase component on the basis of ceramic associations and a radiocarbon assay on wood charcoal of A.D. 600 (780) 1020 (M-1519). A feature at this site produced two maize kernels identified by Yarnell as Northern Flint (Stothers and Yarnell 1977), in association with collarless Vase Dentate and Gibraltar Cordmarked ceramics, lithic artifacts, and faunal remains. A six-rowed “sucker” cob was recently recovered from a pit feature at the Dillon site (Stothers et al. 1994) in northcentral Ohio, associated with a small grit-tempered Vase Dentate rim, an undecorated plainsmoothed rim, three cordmarked grit-tempered body sherds, and a Jack’s Reef projectile point fashioned of Upper Mercer chert. The decorated rim displays an incipient folded collar embellished with a herringbone motif executed in oblique dentate-stamped impressions. The interior rim is plain and smoothed. A wood charcoal sample from the feature yielded a radiocarbon assay of A.D. 670 (820, 840, 860) 990 (Beta-30054). Ceramics from the site suggest a transitional Riviere au Vase phase component. In summary, no maize has yet been clearly associated with an early Late Woodland context. The earliest clear associations of maize come from contexts postdating A.D. 750, when it proliferates floral assemblages from lake estuary plain sites in Maumee and Sandusky Bays. The earliest maize from this region is yet to be documented, but when it is, we believe that dates of A.D. 400 or earlier should not be surprising. Stable carbon isotope ratios seem to confirm that maize was a minor contributor to the earliest Late Woodland diets, but quickly grew in importance (Tables 4.2 and 4.3). Five δ 13 C‰ values associated with Chapter 4 The Early Late Woodland in the Southwestern Lake Erie Littoral Region 81
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Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Ch
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Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Ch
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TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures L
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LIST OF FIGURES 2.1 Map of the cent
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9.3 Topographic map of Broome Tech.
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11.1 Upper Susquehanna Site Types (
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PREFACE The New York State Museum h
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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Christina B.
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domesticates and the occupation of
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and Rieth highlight the important c
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Dunnell, R. C. (1971). Systematics
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Anthropology, University of Massach
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CHAPTER 2 CENTRAL OHIO VALLEY DURIN
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L a k e E r i e PENNSYLVANIA INDIAN
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L a k e E r i e INDIANA R i v e r G
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Olentangy River and other minor tri
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Figure 2.6. Comparison of Late Wood
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support the notion of resource stre
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F4 F7 F5 F6 F3 F2 F9 F10 F12 F13 F1
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B B M F42 F43 F41 F44 S5 S4 S1 F30
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Table 2.3. continued Temporal Age A
Page 43 and 44: Table 2.3. continued Temporal Age A
Page 45 and 46: L a k e E r i e INDIANA o i O h Sal
Page 47 and 48: Figure 2.13. Map of the Late Prehis
Page 49 and 50: Figure 2.15. Map of households with
Page 51 and 52: Figure 2.17. Sample of Late Prehist
Page 53 and 54: Barkes, B. M. (1982). An Analysis o
Page 55 and 56: Fort Ancient Tradition, edited by J
Page 57 and 58: CHAPTER 3 “ . . . to reconstruct
Page 59 and 60: IT TAKES A VILLAGE Figure 3.2. Arti
Page 61 and 62: social organizations is drawn prima
Page 63 and 64: elements of the village, the spaces
Page 65 and 66: Diametric, concentric, and circumfe
Page 67 and 68: egion, including Reckner (Augustine
Page 69 and 70: Chapter 3 Modeling Village Communit
Page 71 and 72: Figure 3.9. Architectural and nonar
Page 73 and 74: Figure 3.11. Measuring distances in
Page 75 and 76: Table 3.2. Descriptive Statistics f
Page 77 and 78: DISCUSSION Table 3.3. Descriptive S
Page 79 and 80: Figure 3.14. Box-and-whisker plot o
Page 81 and 82: Augustine, E. A. (1938d). Important
Page 83 and 84: Among Some Amazon Tribes. Privately
Page 85 and 86: on Black Mesa, Arizona. The Univers
Page 87 and 88: CHAPTER 4 THE EARLY LATE WOODLAND I
Page 89 and 90: Figure 4.3. Gibraltar Cordmarked ce
Page 91 and 92: Figure 4.5. Ceramics of the Gibralt
Page 93: points and notched Chesser or Lowe
Page 97 and 98: Table 4.3. Available Stable Carbon
Page 99 and 100: where fishing and farming may have
Page 101 and 102: Figure 4.10. Ceramic of the Sandusk
Page 103 and 104: singular Mixter Stamped vessels typ
Page 105 and 106: urial with the dead, broadcasted a
Page 107 and 108: during the early Late Woodland time
Page 109 and 110: Valley. North American Archaeologis
Page 111 and 112: CHAPTER 5 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN TH
Page 113 and 114: interest in exchange of service or
Page 115 and 116: CURRENT INVESTIGATIONS In view of t
Page 117 and 118: 710 Area C 700 B-75084 TO-4556 TO-4
Page 119 and 120: Table 5.1. Summary of Artifacts fro
Page 121 and 122: e Bull's Point C o o t e s P a r a
Page 123 and 124: classification system has been appl
Page 125 and 126: (Crawford et al. 1997a). The same i
Page 127 and 128: in Ontario was Middle Woodland-deri
Page 129 and 130: 207-212. Smithsonian Institution, W
Page 131 and 132: CHAPTER 6 EARLY LATE WOODLAND IN SO
Page 133 and 134: Figure 6.2. Lower Grand River Valle
Page 135 and 136: Table 6.1. Radiocarbon Dates from t
Page 137 and 138: segment of the terrace that effecti
Page 139 and 140: Figure 6.7. Meyer site terrace, vie
Page 141 and 142: Figure 6.10. Forster site reconstru
Page 143 and 144: Figure 6.12. Middle Thames River 20
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Figure 6.13. Site situation: a comp
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Dieterman, F. (2001). Princess Poin
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CHAPTER 7 EARLY LATE PREHISTORIC SE
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ticultural hamlets, small and large
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that Clemson Island was greatly inf
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local deposits. Alternately, Stimme
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Table 7.1. Radiocarbon Dates from S
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Pennsylvania continued to practice
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level) overlaps with the West Branc
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Under a population metaphysic, the
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Hatch, J. W., and Koontz, K. L. (19
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CHAPTER 8 NEW DATES FOR OWASCO POTS
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Table 8.1. Key Components of the Th
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Figure 8.1. Location of the Kipp Is
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Table 8.4. Carpenter Brook Phase Ho
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Table 8.5. Physical Characteristics
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Table 8.6. AMS Dates and Calibrated
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REFERENCES CITED Ammerman, A. J., a
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CHAPTER 9 PITS, PLANTS, AND PLACE:
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Thomas/Luckey Broome Tech N 0 0 50
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confluence with the Susquehanna Riv
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Figure 9.3. Topographic map of Broo
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Table 9.2. Feature Types at Thomas/
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Figure 9.4. Histogram of feature de
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Table 9.4. Plant Remains from Thoma
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Figure 9.7. Sample composition of n
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Figure 9.9. Seed composition (exclu
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suggests that the gathering of wild
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of posts may mark remnants of tempo
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for allowing me repeated and unteth
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History Press, Garden City, New Yor
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CHAPTER 10 UPLAND LAND USE PATTERNS
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LOCAL LEVEL ANALYSIS Local level an
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N104 E101 Unit 19A Unit 7A Unit 12A
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Table 10.2. Park Creek II Feature A
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Fea. 2 Fea. 5 0 1 2 N Figure 10.4.
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encounterlike hunting/butchering st
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END NOTES 1. A village is defined a
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Perrelli, D. J. (1994). Gender, Mob
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CHAPTER 11 EARLY LATE PREHISTORIC S
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Table 11.1. Upper Susquehanna Site
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Table 11.2. Summary of Late Middle
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Table 11.3. Settlement Features of
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approximately 1,000 sq. ft, there i
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Table 11.5. Summary of Seed Identif
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importance of hunting and hunting-r
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portion of the Susquehanna Valley,
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Herrick, J. W., and Snow, D. R. (19
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CHAPTER 12 WOODLAND PERIOD SETTLEME
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oundaries were given. According to
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Table 12.1: Selected Radiocarbon an
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shads and herrings of the family Cl
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consists of large concentrations of
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(1990) survey of recorded sites in
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York State 92:1-8. Busby, M. (1966)
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CHAPTER 13 PALEOETHNOBOTANICAL INDI
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Figure 13.1. Forest regions of the
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Table 13.1. Distribution of Nut Tre
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ation in feature contents. For mult
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Figure 13.4. Nutshell density (gray
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Figure 13.5. Seed density and maize
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Table 13.3. Seed Indicators-Maine S
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Table 13.4. Broome Tech Site: Selec
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6, and it occurred in 58 percent of
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Table 13.6. Continued Site Uncalibr
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Acknowledgments I thank John Hart f
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y K. J. Gremillion, pp. 161-178. Th
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CHAPTER 14 FROM HUNTER-GATHERER CAM
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Figure 14.1. Distribution of select
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available to Ceci were simply too l
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the AMS date of A.D. 1185 (A.D. 127
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Table 14.1. Continued Site Lab C14
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within single settlements remains e
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noncoastal residential sites certai
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Figure 14.3. Two stratigraphic prof
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to the Maritime Provinces on the Gu
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other related questions yet, and so
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Northeast Historical Archaeology 21
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Thomas, P. A. (1976). Contrastive s
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CHAPTER 15 “towns they have none
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Table 15.1. Key to Figure 15.1: Arc
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Maize will normally not preserve fo
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artifacts. Cowie (2000) suggests th
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creativity to resolve, but is also
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Ph.D. dissertation, Department of A
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CHAPTER 16 OUT OF THE BLUE AND INTO
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Figure 16.2. Map of the Bliss Islan
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shell-bearing sites located on the
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site. Middle Maritime Woodland occu
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(e.g., Black 1992:190) limit and co
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Table 16.3. Faunal Remains Associat
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and often poor vertebrate faunal pr
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the Maine/Maritimes area have argue
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SE: warm season (Rojo 1987:221); sp
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Ethnohistory 36:257-284. Bourque, B
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CHAPTER 17 ABORIGINAL LAND AND RESO
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Table 17.1. Chronological and Ceram
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Among the food plants listed above,
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species, the American eel (Anguilla
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the Early Woodland period. Tools ma
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Copper Resources Throughout the Lat
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midden deposits were located along
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a model with two distinct populatio
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Table 17.2. Summary of Landscape an
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File Report 93-1, Fredericton. Alle
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Anthropology, Temple University, Ph
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stone age found at Maquapit Lake. N
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CHAPTER 18 MAIZE AND VILLAGES: A Su
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use of the term “small village”
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1325 [1425] 1460) (Boyd et al. 1998
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several centuries after its first a
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from excavations at village sites h
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133-156. New York State Museum Bull
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longhouses. American Antiquity 55:4
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CONTRIBUTORS Timothy J. Abel. Carth
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Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Change: A.D. 700 –1300

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