Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Change: A.D. 700 –1300

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Table 16.2. Faunal Remains Associated with the Partridge Island Late Maritime Woodland Component. Taxonomic Designations Common Names Description Quantity MAMMALIA calcined fragments 1 Castor canadensis beaver post-cranial elements 2 MNI=1 3 Canis sp. (domestic?) dog MNI=1 Phoca vitulina harbor seal MNI=1 Odocoileus virginianus white-tailed deer MNI=1 AVES Gavia immer common loon MNI=1 Somateria mollissima eider duck MNI=1 OSTEICHTHYES Pollachius virens harbor pollock MNI=1 Melanogrammus aeglefinus haddock MNI=1 Clupea harengus Atlantic herring MNI=4 4 SHELLFISH 5 Mya arenaria soft-shelled clam 41% 6 Modiolus modiolus horse mussel 34% Mytilus edulis edible mussel 9% Nucella lapillus dogwhelk 6% Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis green sea urchin 9% Note: Data from Bishop and Black (1988:23) and Black (1993:59, 83-85). 1 Not further identifiable; only calcined fragments found in Unit 1. 2 Beaver cranial/dental elements are excluded from this analysis; most represent artifacts rather than food remains. 3 MNI = minimum number of individuals. 4 Most small fish remains were recovered from column samples; quantity is probably under-estimated as compared to other vertebrates. 5 Only the five most common shellfish species are listed; all other species together make up < 1% of the total shellfish assemblage. 6 % = estimated proportion of the total shellfish assemblage by shell weight. Historic period activity. The site is composed of four mounds of cultural material on four distinct bedrock outcrops. Figure 16.4 is a schematic representation of the stratification of the central mound, which contains Early, Middle, and Late Maritime Woodland material (dating ca. 400 B.C.–A.D. 1000). The Early Maritime Woodland occupations, which took place during the warm seasons, are represented by cultural material in the basal soil deposit (sc1) immediately above the bedrock outcrop. Above this deposit are a series of Middle Maritime Woodland occupations (sc2 and sc3) consisting of substantial shell middens and gravelbased living floors (Figure 16.5). Middle Maritime Woodland occupations took place in all seasons, but evidence for cold season occupations predominates. The Late Maritime Woodland occupation (sc4), dating ca. A.D. 700–1000, is more extensive, covering the earlier components on the central mound (Figure 16.5), and forming the bulk of the cultural material in the eastern and western mounds (MacDonald 1994). These deposits consist of a 5-25 cm deep black soil midden containing gravel-based living floors and rock-delimited features (Figure 16.6). The northern mound consists mainly of shell midden deposits, the bulk of which may have accumulated during the occupation of the Late Maritime Woodland living floors on the other mounds (Black 1985:97-98, 1992:143-144). Some poorly preserved shell-tempered ceramics are present in the Late Maritime Woodland component. The lithic assemblage includes exotic materials from Nova Scotia and Maine (Black et al. 1998; MacDonald 1994). Harbor seal, fish, and migratory bird remains suggest the Late Maritime Woodland occupations took place during the warm seasons (Table 16.3). Although season-of-death analysis of soft-shelled clams indicates that shellfishing was mainly a winter/spring activity at the Weir site, one sample of clams associated with sc4 suggests warm season shellfishing (Black 1992:142). Poor organic preservation on the western mound and pit features excavated into earlier deposits on the central mound 308 Black
(e.g., Black 1992:190) limit and complicate seasonality interpretations. The Northeast Point Site The Northeast Point site (Black 1985:26-27, 1987:8, 1992:40, 89-90) is structurally similar to the Late Maritime Woodland component at the Weir site; it consists of a black soil midden, containing gravel-based, rock-delimited living floors and hearth features, sealed beneath a peat soil deposit not disturbed by Historic period activity (Figure 16.7). The main difference is that Northeast Point is a single-component site— probably representing a single occupation dating ca. A.D. 700—lacking shell midden deposits. No ceramics are associated with this occupation. The lithic assemblage includes a significant proportion of artifacts and debitage made of exotic chert from sources in the Minas Basin/North Mountain area of Nova Scotia. The few identifiable faunal elements preserved represent artifacts rather than food remains (Table 16.4); thus, there is no faunal basis for seasonality inferences. Site exposure to the northwest suggests a warm season occupation 7 . THE MIDDLE–LATE MARITIME WOODLAND TRANSITION Middle Maritime Woodland Period Middle Maritime Woodland components are found in both insular (e.g., Weir, Camp, Partridge Island) and mainland (e.g., Ministers Island, Teachers Cove, Holts Point, Phils Beach, Simpsons Farm) locations. They are usually stratified above Early Maritime Woodland Figure 16.4. Weir site: stratigraphy/chronology/seasonality schematic (adapted from Black 1992). Numbers at top of block diagram show how contiguous excavation units in the central mound intersect stratigraphic units (stippled horizontal bars). (LMW = Late Maritime Woodland; MMW = Middle Maritime Woodland; EMW = Early Maritime Woodland; sc = stratigraphic component.) Chapter 16 Out of the Blue and into the Black: The Middle-Late Maritime Woodland Transition in the Quoddy Region 309
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Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Ch
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Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Ch
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TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures L
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LIST OF FIGURES 2.1 Map of the cent
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9.3 Topographic map of Broome Tech.
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11.1 Upper Susquehanna Site Types (
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PREFACE The New York State Museum h
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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Christina B.
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domesticates and the occupation of
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and Rieth highlight the important c
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Dunnell, R. C. (1971). Systematics
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Anthropology, University of Massach
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CHAPTER 2 CENTRAL OHIO VALLEY DURIN
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L a k e E r i e PENNSYLVANIA INDIAN
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L a k e E r i e INDIANA R i v e r G
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Olentangy River and other minor tri
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Figure 2.6. Comparison of Late Wood
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support the notion of resource stre
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F4 F7 F5 F6 F3 F2 F9 F10 F12 F13 F1
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B B M F42 F43 F41 F44 S5 S4 S1 F30
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Table 2.3. continued Temporal Age A
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Table 2.3. continued Temporal Age A
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L a k e E r i e INDIANA o i O h Sal
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Figure 2.13. Map of the Late Prehis
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Figure 2.15. Map of households with
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Figure 2.17. Sample of Late Prehist
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Barkes, B. M. (1982). An Analysis o
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Fort Ancient Tradition, edited by J
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CHAPTER 3 “ . . . to reconstruct
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IT TAKES A VILLAGE Figure 3.2. Arti
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social organizations is drawn prima
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elements of the village, the spaces
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Diametric, concentric, and circumfe
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egion, including Reckner (Augustine
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Chapter 3 Modeling Village Communit
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Figure 3.9. Architectural and nonar
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Figure 3.11. Measuring distances in
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Table 3.2. Descriptive Statistics f
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DISCUSSION Table 3.3. Descriptive S
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Figure 3.14. Box-and-whisker plot o
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Augustine, E. A. (1938d). Important
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Among Some Amazon Tribes. Privately
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on Black Mesa, Arizona. The Univers
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CHAPTER 4 THE EARLY LATE WOODLAND I
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Figure 4.3. Gibraltar Cordmarked ce
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Figure 4.5. Ceramics of the Gibralt
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points and notched Chesser or Lowe
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dated to A.D. 890 (1025) 1230 (DIC-
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Table 4.3. Available Stable Carbon
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where fishing and farming may have
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Figure 4.10. Ceramic of the Sandusk
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singular Mixter Stamped vessels typ
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urial with the dead, broadcasted a
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during the early Late Woodland time
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Valley. North American Archaeologis
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CHAPTER 5 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN TH
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interest in exchange of service or
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CURRENT INVESTIGATIONS In view of t
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710 Area C 700 B-75084 TO-4556 TO-4
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Table 5.1. Summary of Artifacts fro
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e Bull's Point C o o t e s P a r a
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classification system has been appl
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(Crawford et al. 1997a). The same i
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in Ontario was Middle Woodland-deri
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207-212. Smithsonian Institution, W
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CHAPTER 6 EARLY LATE WOODLAND IN SO
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Figure 6.2. Lower Grand River Valle
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Table 6.1. Radiocarbon Dates from t
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segment of the terrace that effecti
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Figure 6.7. Meyer site terrace, vie
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Figure 6.10. Forster site reconstru
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Figure 6.12. Middle Thames River 20
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Figure 6.13. Site situation: a comp
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Dieterman, F. (2001). Princess Poin
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CHAPTER 7 EARLY LATE PREHISTORIC SE
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ticultural hamlets, small and large
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that Clemson Island was greatly inf
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local deposits. Alternately, Stimme
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Table 7.1. Radiocarbon Dates from S
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Pennsylvania continued to practice
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level) overlaps with the West Branc
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Under a population metaphysic, the
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Hatch, J. W., and Koontz, K. L. (19
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CHAPTER 8 NEW DATES FOR OWASCO POTS
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Table 8.1. Key Components of the Th
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Figure 8.1. Location of the Kipp Is
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Table 8.4. Carpenter Brook Phase Ho
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Table 8.5. Physical Characteristics
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Table 8.6. AMS Dates and Calibrated
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REFERENCES CITED Ammerman, A. J., a
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CHAPTER 9 PITS, PLANTS, AND PLACE:
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Thomas/Luckey Broome Tech N 0 0 50
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confluence with the Susquehanna Riv
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Figure 9.3. Topographic map of Broo
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Table 9.2. Feature Types at Thomas/
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Figure 9.4. Histogram of feature de
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Table 9.4. Plant Remains from Thoma
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Figure 9.7. Sample composition of n
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Figure 9.9. Seed composition (exclu
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suggests that the gathering of wild
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of posts may mark remnants of tempo
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for allowing me repeated and unteth
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History Press, Garden City, New Yor
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CHAPTER 10 UPLAND LAND USE PATTERNS
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LOCAL LEVEL ANALYSIS Local level an
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N104 E101 Unit 19A Unit 7A Unit 12A
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Table 10.2. Park Creek II Feature A
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Fea. 2 Fea. 5 0 1 2 N Figure 10.4.
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encounterlike hunting/butchering st
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END NOTES 1. A village is defined a
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Perrelli, D. J. (1994). Gender, Mob
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CHAPTER 11 EARLY LATE PREHISTORIC S
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Table 11.1. Upper Susquehanna Site
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Table 11.2. Summary of Late Middle
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Table 11.3. Settlement Features of
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approximately 1,000 sq. ft, there i
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Table 11.5. Summary of Seed Identif
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importance of hunting and hunting-r
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portion of the Susquehanna Valley,
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Herrick, J. W., and Snow, D. R. (19
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CHAPTER 12 WOODLAND PERIOD SETTLEME
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oundaries were given. According to
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Table 12.1: Selected Radiocarbon an
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shads and herrings of the family Cl
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consists of large concentrations of
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(1990) survey of recorded sites in
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York State 92:1-8. Busby, M. (1966)
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CHAPTER 13 PALEOETHNOBOTANICAL INDI
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Figure 13.1. Forest regions of the
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Table 13.1. Distribution of Nut Tre
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ation in feature contents. For mult
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Figure 13.4. Nutshell density (gray
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Figure 13.5. Seed density and maize
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Table 13.3. Seed Indicators-Maine S
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Table 13.4. Broome Tech Site: Selec
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Page 273 and 274: Table 13.6. Continued Site Uncalibr
Page 275 and 276: Acknowledgments I thank John Hart f
Page 277 and 278: y K. J. Gremillion, pp. 161-178. Th
Page 279 and 280: CHAPTER 14 FROM HUNTER-GATHERER CAM
Page 281 and 282: Figure 14.1. Distribution of select
Page 283 and 284: available to Ceci were simply too l
Page 285 and 286: the AMS date of A.D. 1185 (A.D. 127
Page 287 and 288: Table 14.1. Continued Site Lab C14
Page 289 and 290: within single settlements remains e
Page 291 and 292: noncoastal residential sites certai
Page 293 and 294: Figure 14.3. Two stratigraphic prof
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Page 297 and 298: other related questions yet, and so
Page 299 and 300: Northeast Historical Archaeology 21
Page 301 and 302: Thomas, P. A. (1976). Contrastive s
Page 303 and 304: CHAPTER 15 “towns they have none
Page 305 and 306: Table 15.1. Key to Figure 15.1: Arc
Page 307 and 308: Maize will normally not preserve fo
Page 309 and 310: artifacts. Cowie (2000) suggests th
Page 311 and 312: creativity to resolve, but is also
Page 313 and 314: Ph.D. dissertation, Department of A
Page 315 and 316: CHAPTER 16 OUT OF THE BLUE AND INTO
Page 317 and 318: Figure 16.2. Map of the Bliss Islan
Page 319 and 320: shell-bearing sites located on the
Page 321: site. Middle Maritime Woodland occu
Page 325 and 326: Table 16.3. Faunal Remains Associat
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Page 329 and 330: the Maine/Maritimes area have argue
Page 331 and 332: SE: warm season (Rojo 1987:221); sp
Page 333 and 334: Ethnohistory 36:257-284. Bourque, B
Page 335 and 336: CHAPTER 17 ABORIGINAL LAND AND RESO
Page 337 and 338: Table 17.1. Chronological and Ceram
Page 339 and 340: Among the food plants listed above,
Page 341 and 342: species, the American eel (Anguilla
Page 343 and 344: the Early Woodland period. Tools ma
Page 345 and 346: Copper Resources Throughout the Lat
Page 347 and 348: midden deposits were located along
Page 349 and 350: a model with two distinct populatio
Page 351 and 352: Table 17.2. Summary of Landscape an
Page 353 and 354: File Report 93-1, Fredericton. Alle
Page 355 and 356: Anthropology, Temple University, Ph
Page 357 and 358: stone age found at Maquapit Lake. N
Page 359 and 360: CHAPTER 18 MAIZE AND VILLAGES: A Su
Page 361 and 362: use of the term “small village”
Page 363 and 364: 1325 [1425] 1460) (Boyd et al. 1998
Page 365 and 366: several centuries after its first a
Page 367 and 368: from excavations at village sites h
Page 369 and 370: 133-156. New York State Museum Bull
Page 371 and 372: longhouses. American Antiquity 55:4
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CONTRIBUTORS Timothy J. Abel. Carth
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Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Change: A.D. 700 –1300

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