Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Change: A.D. 700 –1300

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American Research Press, Santa Fe. Quin, J. (1996). Chert Sourcing in the Lower Grand River Valley: A Study in Methods and Applications. M.Sc. research paper, Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto. Shen, C. (1997). Towards a Comprehensive Understanding of the Lithic Production System of the Princess Point Complex, Southwestern Ontario. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto. Smith, B. D. (1987). The independent domestication of indigenous seed-bearing plants in eastern North America. In Emergent Horticultural Economies of the Eastern Woodlands, edited by W. F. Keegan, pp. 1-47. Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, Center for Archaeological Investigations, Occasional Paper Vol. 7 Smith, B. D. (1989). Origins of agriculture in eastern North America. Science 246:1566-1571. Smith, B. D. (1992). Rivers of Change: Essays on Early Agriculture. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. Smith, B. D. (1995). Seed plant domestication in eastern North America. In Last Hunters-First Farmers, edited by T. D. Price and A. B. Gebauer, pp. 193-213. School of American Research Press, Santa Fe. Smith, D. G. (1996a). The early development of Iroquoian smoking pipes in Ontario, Canada. Paper presented at the 61st Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, New Orleans. Smith, D. G. (1996b). Radiocarbon Dating the Middle to Late Woodland Transition and Earliest Horticulture In Southern Ontario. On file at the Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto at Mississauga, Mississauga. Smith, D. G. (1996c). Recent Investigations of Transitional and Late Woodland Occupations at Cootes Paradise, Ontario. On file at the Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto at Mississauga, Mississauga. Smith, D. G., and Crawford, G. W. (1995). The Princess Point Complex and the origins of Iroquoian societies in Ontario. In Origins of the People of the Longhouse: Proceedings of the 21st Annual Symposium of the Ontario Archaeological Society, edited by A. Bekerman and G. A. Warrick, pp. 55-70. Ontario Archaeological Society, Toronto. Snow, D. R. (1995). Migration in prehistory: the northern Iroquoian case. American Antiquity 60:59-79. Spence, M. W., and Pihl, R. (1984). The Early and Middle Woodland occupations of Ontario: past, present and future research. Arch Notes 84:32-48. Stothers, D. M. (1969). An archaeological survey of Cootes Paradise, Hamilton, Ontario (1969). On file at the Department of Anthropology, University of Toledo, Toledo. Stothers, D. M. (1977). The Princess Point Complex. Mercury Series 58. National Museum of Man, Archaeological Survey of Canada. Stothers, D. M., and Pratt, M. (1981). New perspectives on the Late Woodland cultures of the western Lake Erie basin. Mid-Continental Journal of Archaeology 6:91-121. Stothers, D. M., and Yarnell, R. A. (1977). An agricultural revolution in the lower Great Lakes. In Geobotany, edited by R. D. Romans, pp. 209-232. Plenum Press, New York. Sykes, C. M. (1981). Northern Iroquois maize remains. Ontario Archaeology 35:23-24. Timmins, P. A. (1985). The Analysis and interpretation of radiocarbon dates in Iroquoian Prehistory. Museum of Indian Archaeology, Research Report 19. Timmins, P. A. (1992). The Alder Creek Site (AiHd-75): Interior Paleo- Indian and Princess Point Settlement Patterns in the Region of Waterloo, Ontario. On file at the Ontario Ministry of Transportation, Toronto. Trigger, B. G. (1985). Natives and Newcomers: Canada’s ‘Heroic Age’ Reconsidered. McGill-Queen’s University Press, Montreal. Wagner, G. E. (1983). Fort Ancient subsistence: the botanical record. West Virginia Archaeologist 35:27-39. Walker, I. J., Desloges, J. R., Crawford, G. W., and Smith, D. G. (1997). Floodplain formation processes and archaeological implications, lower Grand River, southern Ontario. Geoarchaeology. In press. Watson, P. J. (1985). The impact of early horticulture in the upland drainages of the Midwest and Midsouth. In Prehistoric Food Production in North America, edited by R. I. Ford, pp. 99-148, Vol. 75. University of Michigan, Museum of Anthropology, Anthropological Papers. Watson, P. J. (1989). Early plant cultivation in the eastern woodlands of eastern North America. In Foraging and Farming, edited by D. R. Harris and G. C. Hillman, pp. 556-571. Unwin Hyman, London. Wills, W. H. (1992). Foraging systems and plant cultivation during the emergence of agricultural economies in the prehistoric American Southwest. In Transitions to Agriculture in Prehistory, edited by A. B. Gebauer and T. D. Price, pp. 153- 176. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Wills, W. H. (1995). Archaic foraging and the beginning of food production in the American Southwest. In Last Hunters- First Farmers, edited by T. D. Price and A. B. Gebauer, pp. 215-242. School of American Research Press, Santa Fe. Wright, J. V. (1972). Ontario Prehistory: An Eleven-Thousand-Year Archaeological Outline. National Museums of Canada, Ottawa. Wright, J. V. (1984). The cultural continuity of Iroquoian-speaking peoples. In Extending the Rafters, edited by M. Foster, J. Campisi and M. Mithun, pp. 283-299. State University of New York, Albany. Wymer, D. A. (1987). The Middle Woodland-Late Woodland interface in central Ohio: subsistence continuity amid cultural change. In Emergent Horticultural Economies of the Eastern Woodlands, edited by W. F. Keegan, pp. 201-216. Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, Center for Archaeological Investigations, Occasional Paper Vol. 7 Zvelebil, M. (1986). Mesolithic societies and the transition to farming: problems of time, scale and organization. In Hunters in Transition, edited by M. Zvelebil, pp. 167-188. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 116 Smith and Crawford
CHAPTER 6 EARLY LATE WOODLAND IN SOUTHERN ONTARIO: An Update (1996-2000) Gary W. Crawford and David G. Smith INTRODUCTION Since publishing our earlier paper (Smith and Crawford 1997; this volume) we have continued a more broadly based assessment of interpretations developed during the first phase of our research (1993- 1996). Substantial headway has been made on our original objectives. Interactions of early Late Woodland Princess Point people with their environment have been the primary focus of not only our earlier research but our current investigations. The first three years of our work focused on a fundamental reassessment of Princess Point material culture, chronology, and palaeoethnobotany (Bekerman 1995; Bowyer 1995; Crawford and Smith 1996; Crawford et al. 1997; Crawford et al. 1998; Dieterman 1997, 2001; Ormerod 1994, 1997; Shen 1999, 2000, 2001; Smith 1997a, 1997b, in press; Smith and Crawford 1995, 1997; Smith et al. 1996; Walker et al. 1998). We have also built on the fluvial geomorphologic study of the Grand Banks site by undertaking an examination of several floodplain locales along the lower Grand River (Figure 6.1). In addition, research in the Thames Valley drainage system to the southwest of the Princess Point region began in 2000 (Figure 6.1). An assessment of the poorly known early Late Woodland there is long overdue. We have added to our site-specific database by systematically sampling the Cayuga Bridge, CNR Bridge, Bell Terrace, and Meyer sites, all located within an 8 km stretch of the Grand River between Cayuga and York where 12 Princess Point sites are located (Figure 6.2). Three of the sites have not been reported previously: Bell Terrace, Bell Flats, and Armstrong Flats. Canoe and pedestrian surveys are providing a detailed assessment of site distribution in the area. Further research has also been conducted at the Cootes Paradise wetland with excavations at the Sassafras Point and Princess Point sites. The survey of the Thames River area is providing new insights challenging long-standing interpretations of early Late Woodland adaptations in southwestern Ontario. FLOODPLAIN RESEARCH The Grand Banks floodplain appears to have formed through a combination of episodic accretion adjacent to a laterally stable river (Crawford et al. 1998; Walker et al. 1998). One stable period coincided with the Princess Point occupation found in, and extending through, the palaeosol. The palaeosol is buried under an undifferentiated alluvium with a mixture of historic and earlier artifacts. No aboriginal materials diagnostic of the post-A.D. 1100 precontact period have been found at Grand Banks. An understanding of the broader Grand River geomorphology is critical to our understanding of Princess Point settlement in the area. Historic and anecdotal evidence from our study area document that the original riverside road was built on the river bar below the Meyer site (Figure 6.2) in the mid-nineteenth century. The road was moved to the terrace only after the forests had been cleared by the 1870s. A canal (Grand River Transportation Company, ca. 1850s) was built on the large river bar to bypass narrow straits around upstream islands. Oral history indicates that the river flats never flooded until the forests were cut back (Colin Bell, pers. comm. 1997). The now abandoned settlement of Indiana, dating from the 1840s, was situated on a large floodplain, presumably because, at the time, there was a much lower risk of flooding. Today, floods inundate the Grand Banks site (and, therefore, other river bars in the vicinity), on average, every 1.8 years. At least 32 one-tothree-day floods occurred between 1914 and 1990 Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Change: A.D. 700–1300 by John P. Hart and Christina B. Rieth. New York State Museum © 2002 by the University of the State of New York, The State Education Department, Albany, New York. All rights reserved. Chapter 6 Early Late Woodland in Southern Ontario: An Update (1996–2000) 117
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Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Ch
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Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Ch
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TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures L
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LIST OF FIGURES 2.1 Map of the cent
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9.3 Topographic map of Broome Tech.
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11.1 Upper Susquehanna Site Types (
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PREFACE The New York State Museum h
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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Christina B.
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domesticates and the occupation of
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and Rieth highlight the important c
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Dunnell, R. C. (1971). Systematics
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Anthropology, University of Massach
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CHAPTER 2 CENTRAL OHIO VALLEY DURIN
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L a k e E r i e PENNSYLVANIA INDIAN
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L a k e E r i e INDIANA R i v e r G
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Olentangy River and other minor tri
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Figure 2.6. Comparison of Late Wood
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support the notion of resource stre
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F4 F7 F5 F6 F3 F2 F9 F10 F12 F13 F1
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B B M F42 F43 F41 F44 S5 S4 S1 F30
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Table 2.3. continued Temporal Age A
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Table 2.3. continued Temporal Age A
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L a k e E r i e INDIANA o i O h Sal
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Figure 2.13. Map of the Late Prehis
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Figure 2.15. Map of households with
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Figure 2.17. Sample of Late Prehist
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Barkes, B. M. (1982). An Analysis o
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Fort Ancient Tradition, edited by J
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CHAPTER 3 “ . . . to reconstruct
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IT TAKES A VILLAGE Figure 3.2. Arti
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social organizations is drawn prima
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elements of the village, the spaces
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Diametric, concentric, and circumfe
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egion, including Reckner (Augustine
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Chapter 3 Modeling Village Communit
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Figure 3.9. Architectural and nonar
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Figure 3.11. Measuring distances in
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Table 3.2. Descriptive Statistics f
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DISCUSSION Table 3.3. Descriptive S
Page 79 and 80: Figure 3.14. Box-and-whisker plot o
Page 81 and 82: Augustine, E. A. (1938d). Important
Page 83 and 84: Among Some Amazon Tribes. Privately
Page 85 and 86: on Black Mesa, Arizona. The Univers
Page 87 and 88: CHAPTER 4 THE EARLY LATE WOODLAND I
Page 89 and 90: Figure 4.3. Gibraltar Cordmarked ce
Page 91 and 92: Figure 4.5. Ceramics of the Gibralt
Page 93 and 94: points and notched Chesser or Lowe
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Page 97 and 98: Table 4.3. Available Stable Carbon
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Page 101 and 102: Figure 4.10. Ceramic of the Sandusk
Page 103 and 104: singular Mixter Stamped vessels typ
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Page 109 and 110: Valley. North American Archaeologis
Page 111 and 112: CHAPTER 5 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN TH
Page 113 and 114: interest in exchange of service or
Page 115 and 116: CURRENT INVESTIGATIONS In view of t
Page 117 and 118: 710 Area C 700 B-75084 TO-4556 TO-4
Page 119 and 120: Table 5.1. Summary of Artifacts fro
Page 121 and 122: e Bull's Point C o o t e s P a r a
Page 123 and 124: classification system has been appl
Page 125 and 126: (Crawford et al. 1997a). The same i
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Page 129: 207-212. Smithsonian Institution, W
Page 133 and 134: Figure 6.2. Lower Grand River Valle
Page 135 and 136: Table 6.1. Radiocarbon Dates from t
Page 137 and 138: segment of the terrace that effecti
Page 139 and 140: Figure 6.7. Meyer site terrace, vie
Page 141 and 142: Figure 6.10. Forster site reconstru
Page 143 and 144: Figure 6.12. Middle Thames River 20
Page 145 and 146: Figure 6.13. Site situation: a comp
Page 147 and 148: Dieterman, F. (2001). Princess Poin
Page 149 and 150: CHAPTER 7 EARLY LATE PREHISTORIC SE
Page 151 and 152: ticultural hamlets, small and large
Page 153 and 154: that Clemson Island was greatly inf
Page 155 and 156: local deposits. Alternately, Stimme
Page 157 and 158: Table 7.1. Radiocarbon Dates from S
Page 159 and 160: Pennsylvania continued to practice
Page 161 and 162: level) overlaps with the West Branc
Page 163 and 164: Under a population metaphysic, the
Page 165 and 166: Hatch, J. W., and Koontz, K. L. (19
Page 167 and 168: CHAPTER 8 NEW DATES FOR OWASCO POTS
Page 169 and 170: Table 8.1. Key Components of the Th
Page 171 and 172: Figure 8.1. Location of the Kipp Is
Page 173 and 174: Table 8.4. Carpenter Brook Phase Ho
Page 175 and 176: Table 8.5. Physical Characteristics
Page 177 and 178: Table 8.6. AMS Dates and Calibrated
Page 179 and 180: REFERENCES CITED Ammerman, A. J., a
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CHAPTER 9 PITS, PLANTS, AND PLACE:
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Thomas/Luckey Broome Tech N 0 0 50
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confluence with the Susquehanna Riv
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Figure 9.3. Topographic map of Broo
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Table 9.2. Feature Types at Thomas/
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Figure 9.4. Histogram of feature de
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Table 9.4. Plant Remains from Thoma
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Figure 9.7. Sample composition of n
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Figure 9.9. Seed composition (exclu
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suggests that the gathering of wild
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of posts may mark remnants of tempo
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for allowing me repeated and unteth
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History Press, Garden City, New Yor
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CHAPTER 10 UPLAND LAND USE PATTERNS
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LOCAL LEVEL ANALYSIS Local level an
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N104 E101 Unit 19A Unit 7A Unit 12A
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Table 10.2. Park Creek II Feature A
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Fea. 2 Fea. 5 0 1 2 N Figure 10.4.
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encounterlike hunting/butchering st
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END NOTES 1. A village is defined a
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Perrelli, D. J. (1994). Gender, Mob
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CHAPTER 11 EARLY LATE PREHISTORIC S
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Table 11.1. Upper Susquehanna Site
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Table 11.2. Summary of Late Middle
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Table 11.3. Settlement Features of
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approximately 1,000 sq. ft, there i
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Table 11.5. Summary of Seed Identif
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importance of hunting and hunting-r
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portion of the Susquehanna Valley,
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Herrick, J. W., and Snow, D. R. (19
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CHAPTER 12 WOODLAND PERIOD SETTLEME
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oundaries were given. According to
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Table 12.1: Selected Radiocarbon an
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shads and herrings of the family Cl
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consists of large concentrations of
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(1990) survey of recorded sites in
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York State 92:1-8. Busby, M. (1966)
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CHAPTER 13 PALEOETHNOBOTANICAL INDI
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Figure 13.1. Forest regions of the
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Table 13.1. Distribution of Nut Tre
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ation in feature contents. For mult
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Figure 13.4. Nutshell density (gray
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Figure 13.5. Seed density and maize
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Table 13.3. Seed Indicators-Maine S
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Table 13.4. Broome Tech Site: Selec
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6, and it occurred in 58 percent of
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Table 13.6. Continued Site Uncalibr
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Acknowledgments I thank John Hart f
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y K. J. Gremillion, pp. 161-178. Th
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CHAPTER 14 FROM HUNTER-GATHERER CAM
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Figure 14.1. Distribution of select
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available to Ceci were simply too l
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the AMS date of A.D. 1185 (A.D. 127
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Table 14.1. Continued Site Lab C14
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within single settlements remains e
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noncoastal residential sites certai
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Figure 14.3. Two stratigraphic prof
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to the Maritime Provinces on the Gu
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other related questions yet, and so
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Northeast Historical Archaeology 21
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Thomas, P. A. (1976). Contrastive s
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CHAPTER 15 “towns they have none
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Table 15.1. Key to Figure 15.1: Arc
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Maize will normally not preserve fo
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artifacts. Cowie (2000) suggests th
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creativity to resolve, but is also
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Ph.D. dissertation, Department of A
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CHAPTER 16 OUT OF THE BLUE AND INTO
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Figure 16.2. Map of the Bliss Islan
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shell-bearing sites located on the
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site. Middle Maritime Woodland occu
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(e.g., Black 1992:190) limit and co
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Table 16.3. Faunal Remains Associat
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and often poor vertebrate faunal pr
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the Maine/Maritimes area have argue
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SE: warm season (Rojo 1987:221); sp
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Ethnohistory 36:257-284. Bourque, B
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CHAPTER 17 ABORIGINAL LAND AND RESO
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Table 17.1. Chronological and Ceram
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Among the food plants listed above,
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species, the American eel (Anguilla
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the Early Woodland period. Tools ma
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Copper Resources Throughout the Lat
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midden deposits were located along
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a model with two distinct populatio
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Table 17.2. Summary of Landscape an
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File Report 93-1, Fredericton. Alle
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Anthropology, Temple University, Ph
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stone age found at Maquapit Lake. N
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CHAPTER 18 MAIZE AND VILLAGES: A Su
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use of the term “small village”
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1325 [1425] 1460) (Boyd et al. 1998
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several centuries after its first a
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from excavations at village sites h
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133-156. New York State Museum Bull
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longhouses. American Antiquity 55:4
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CONTRIBUTORS Timothy J. Abel. Carth
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Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Change: A.D. 700 –1300

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