Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Change: A.D. 700 –1300

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N Grand 0 20 km O N T A R I O Porteous River Credit Princess Point River Arboretum Bull's Point Hickory Island Rat Island Old Lilac Garden Sassafras Point Lake Ontario NEW YORK Lone Pine Young 1 Grand Banks Cayuga Bridge Surma Long Point Lake Erie Princess Point Sites Princess Point Cootes Paradise Sites Princess Point Cayuga Cluster Sites J. Skiba Figure 5.1. Southern Ontario and the Princess Point region. and presents a revised overview of Princess Point and its implications for our understanding of the origins and development of food production in the <strong>Northeast</strong> Woodlands. SECONDARY AGRICULTURAL ORIGINS In northern Europe and northern Japan, as well as the U.S. Southwest, data have enlightened us on processes of secondary agricultural origins. Historical trajectories must be detailed for the areas in question (Gebauer and Price 1992). In Japan, one of us (Crawford) has been examining the period from about 2000 B.P. to 800 B.P. There, the transition to agriculture occurred through diffusion, assimilation and migration (Crawford 1992b, 1992c; Crawford and Takamiya 1990; Crawford and Yoshizaki 1987; D’Andrea 1992). Local populations were eventually overrun by people with agriculture. Overall, colonization, though, is the exception in secondary origins (Gebauer and Price 1992:8). The move to agriculture in western Europe seems to involve a different process than it did in central Europe. In the former, local hunter-gatherers appear to have adopted agriculture, while in central Europe, there was a migratory intrusion (Dennel 1992; Keeley 1992; Price and Gebauer 1995). In northern Europe particularly, one view holds that hunting and gathering Mesolithic peoples engaged in a cooperative relationship with Neolithic newcomers (Gregg 1988). This model relies on ethnographic analogy and many untested assumptions (Crawford 1992a). Gregg (1988:7, 233) also has a lack of confidence in the archaeological record. (According to Gregg, charred cereal remains are not recoverable from Mesolithic sites, and radiocarbon dates are unreliable). Another view rules out cooperation in view of an archaeological record that, in fact, documents conflict and little 98 Smith and Crawford
interest in exchange of service or commodities for domesticated resources (Gebauer and Price 1992; Keeley 1992). Nevertheless, in parts of Europe, interaction apparently took place. Where hunter-gatherers and farmers were interacting, domesticates (plants and animals) were incorporated into the subsistence regime, but initially they helped to sustain a fundamentally hunter-gatherer mode (Dennel 1992). Zvelibil (1986) argued that the shift to a dominant farming mode was a gradual and lengthy process that went through three stages: availability, substitution, and consolidation. This seems to be the case in Japan, where a complex intertwining of diffusion and migration took place (Crawford 1992c; Crawford and Takamiya 1990). The New World situation is documented less adequately, but the same pattern appears to apply: earliest agriculture did not necessarily disrupt hunter-gatherer lifeways when first introduced. In the American Southwest, for example, casual agriculture was adopted throughout the Desert Borderlands and effectively increased the economic security of Archaic peoples (Wills 1992, 1995). Rather than corn being a prime mover in the late second millennium B.P. culture change in the Lower Ohio Valley, Muller (1987) proposes that new technologies lessened the interdependence of Middle Woodland peoples, and led to changed settlement patterns related to new resource procurement strategies that facilitated increased population. Increased localization of populations resulted, and the potential for local pressures on wild resources increased. The development and intensification of horticulture, including the addition of corn, would have been profitable under these circumstances (1987:266). Muller’s (1987) model is multicausal and incorporates demography, sedentism, competition/cooperation. Braun (1987) also prefers a multifactorial approach. Wills (1995) adds competition as a major factor, in the context of circumscription. A variant of the migration model tries to account for the spread of agriculture to the northern Midwest and Ontario (Stothers and Yarnell 1977). Consistent with data available in the 1970s, Stothers proposed that climatic amelioration in the mid-second millennium B.P. was the proximate cause of the spread of corn horticulture northward. The Hopewell interaction sphere existed to balance resource distribution throughout its domain. Peoples in widely separated regions were interdependent to some degree. With climatic warming and moistening, corn that was hitherto unsuccessful in the Midwest could grow well and could grow farther north. This productive resource lessened the need for interaction, and ultimately led to a greater degree of local independence and thus the demise of the interaction sphere. The push northward by peoples from the Midwest ultimately led to agriculture in Ontario. The lack of evidence for cultural continuity between the southern Ontario Middle Woodland and Princess Point argued for a colonization of southern Ontario by corn horticulturists (Stothers 1977; Stothers and Yarnell 1977). We now know that so-called Hopewellian, and many other Middle Woodland peoples, had successful non-corn-based food production. In southern Ohio, early Late Woodland sites have cultigen assemblages that are qualitatively indistinguishable from Middle Woodland assemblages (including the absence of corn) (Wymer 1987). Thus, this initial migration model is inconsistent with present knowledge, but Stothers’ observation that the transition to agriculture underlay the development of Iroquoian societies is still well accepted. PREVIOUS INVESTIGATION OF PRINCESS POINT Princess Point was originally defined by David Stothers based on research conducted between 1969 and 1974. This included excavation at the Princess Point type site (AhGx-1) by Noble and Stothers in the late 1960s, survey and test excavation by Stothers around Cootes Paradise in 1969, survey of provincial parks in southern Ontario by Stothers in 1972, and survey and test excavation in the lower Grand Valley between 1969 and 1974 (Stothers 1977). At the Cayuga Bridge (AfGx-1) and Grand Banks (AfGx-3) sites, located on the banks of the Grand River, Stothers excavated sections of the riverbank, and at both sites the stratigraphy apparently showed three distinct periods of Princess Point occupation. From this research, Stothers concluded that Princess Point was transitional between Middle Woodland and the Late Woodland Ontario Iroquoian Tradition in southern Ontario (Stothers 1977). He considered it intrusive into southern Ontario from the Western Basin region at the west end of Lake Erie, bringing with it incipient maize horticulture. The distribution of Princess Point sites led Stothers to isolate three contemporary regional concentrations in southwestern Ontario: the Point Pelee, Ausable, and Grand River foci. On the basis of a limited number of radiocarbon assays, pottery seriation, and stratigraphy he defined three phases: Early, A.D. 600-750; Middle, A.D. 750-850; and Late, A.D. 850-900 (Stothers 1977:113). Chapter 5 Recent Developments in the Archaeology of the Princess Point Complex in Southern Ontario 99
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Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Ch
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Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Ch
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TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures L
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LIST OF FIGURES 2.1 Map of the cent
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9.3 Topographic map of Broome Tech.
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11.1 Upper Susquehanna Site Types (
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PREFACE The New York State Museum h
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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Christina B.
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domesticates and the occupation of
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and Rieth highlight the important c
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Dunnell, R. C. (1971). Systematics
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Anthropology, University of Massach
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CHAPTER 2 CENTRAL OHIO VALLEY DURIN
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L a k e E r i e PENNSYLVANIA INDIAN
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L a k e E r i e INDIANA R i v e r G
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Olentangy River and other minor tri
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Figure 2.6. Comparison of Late Wood
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support the notion of resource stre
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F4 F7 F5 F6 F3 F2 F9 F10 F12 F13 F1
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B B M F42 F43 F41 F44 S5 S4 S1 F30
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Table 2.3. continued Temporal Age A
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Table 2.3. continued Temporal Age A
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L a k e E r i e INDIANA o i O h Sal
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Figure 2.13. Map of the Late Prehis
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Figure 2.15. Map of households with
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Figure 2.17. Sample of Late Prehist
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Barkes, B. M. (1982). An Analysis o
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Fort Ancient Tradition, edited by J
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CHAPTER 3 “ . . . to reconstruct
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IT TAKES A VILLAGE Figure 3.2. Arti
Page 61 and 62: social organizations is drawn prima
Page 63 and 64: elements of the village, the spaces
Page 65 and 66: Diametric, concentric, and circumfe
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Page 69 and 70: Chapter 3 Modeling Village Communit
Page 71 and 72: Figure 3.9. Architectural and nonar
Page 73 and 74: Figure 3.11. Measuring distances in
Page 75 and 76: Table 3.2. Descriptive Statistics f
Page 77 and 78: DISCUSSION Table 3.3. Descriptive S
Page 79 and 80: Figure 3.14. Box-and-whisker plot o
Page 81 and 82: Augustine, E. A. (1938d). Important
Page 83 and 84: Among Some Amazon Tribes. Privately
Page 85 and 86: on Black Mesa, Arizona. The Univers
Page 87 and 88: CHAPTER 4 THE EARLY LATE WOODLAND I
Page 89 and 90: Figure 4.3. Gibraltar Cordmarked ce
Page 91 and 92: Figure 4.5. Ceramics of the Gibralt
Page 93 and 94: points and notched Chesser or Lowe
Page 95 and 96: dated to A.D. 890 (1025) 1230 (DIC-
Page 97 and 98: Table 4.3. Available Stable Carbon
Page 99 and 100: where fishing and farming may have
Page 101 and 102: Figure 4.10. Ceramic of the Sandusk
Page 103 and 104: singular Mixter Stamped vessels typ
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Page 107 and 108: during the early Late Woodland time
Page 109 and 110: Valley. North American Archaeologis
Page 111: CHAPTER 5 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN TH
Page 115 and 116: CURRENT INVESTIGATIONS In view of t
Page 117 and 118: 710 Area C 700 B-75084 TO-4556 TO-4
Page 119 and 120: Table 5.1. Summary of Artifacts fro
Page 121 and 122: e Bull's Point C o o t e s P a r a
Page 123 and 124: classification system has been appl
Page 125 and 126: (Crawford et al. 1997a). The same i
Page 127 and 128: in Ontario was Middle Woodland-deri
Page 129 and 130: 207-212. Smithsonian Institution, W
Page 131 and 132: CHAPTER 6 EARLY LATE WOODLAND IN SO
Page 133 and 134: Figure 6.2. Lower Grand River Valle
Page 135 and 136: Table 6.1. Radiocarbon Dates from t
Page 137 and 138: segment of the terrace that effecti
Page 139 and 140: Figure 6.7. Meyer site terrace, vie
Page 141 and 142: Figure 6.10. Forster site reconstru
Page 143 and 144: Figure 6.12. Middle Thames River 20
Page 145 and 146: Figure 6.13. Site situation: a comp
Page 147 and 148: Dieterman, F. (2001). Princess Poin
Page 149 and 150: CHAPTER 7 EARLY LATE PREHISTORIC SE
Page 151 and 152: ticultural hamlets, small and large
Page 153 and 154: that Clemson Island was greatly inf
Page 155 and 156: local deposits. Alternately, Stimme
Page 157 and 158: Table 7.1. Radiocarbon Dates from S
Page 159 and 160: Pennsylvania continued to practice
Page 161 and 162: level) overlaps with the West Branc
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Under a population metaphysic, the
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Hatch, J. W., and Koontz, K. L. (19
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CHAPTER 8 NEW DATES FOR OWASCO POTS
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Table 8.1. Key Components of the Th
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Figure 8.1. Location of the Kipp Is
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Table 8.4. Carpenter Brook Phase Ho
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Table 8.5. Physical Characteristics
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Table 8.6. AMS Dates and Calibrated
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REFERENCES CITED Ammerman, A. J., a
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CHAPTER 9 PITS, PLANTS, AND PLACE:
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Thomas/Luckey Broome Tech N 0 0 50
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confluence with the Susquehanna Riv
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Figure 9.3. Topographic map of Broo
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Table 9.2. Feature Types at Thomas/
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Figure 9.4. Histogram of feature de
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Table 9.4. Plant Remains from Thoma
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Figure 9.7. Sample composition of n
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Figure 9.9. Seed composition (exclu
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suggests that the gathering of wild
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of posts may mark remnants of tempo
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for allowing me repeated and unteth
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History Press, Garden City, New Yor
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CHAPTER 10 UPLAND LAND USE PATTERNS
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LOCAL LEVEL ANALYSIS Local level an
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N104 E101 Unit 19A Unit 7A Unit 12A
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Table 10.2. Park Creek II Feature A
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Fea. 2 Fea. 5 0 1 2 N Figure 10.4.
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encounterlike hunting/butchering st
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END NOTES 1. A village is defined a
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Perrelli, D. J. (1994). Gender, Mob
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CHAPTER 11 EARLY LATE PREHISTORIC S
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Table 11.1. Upper Susquehanna Site
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Table 11.2. Summary of Late Middle
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Table 11.3. Settlement Features of
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approximately 1,000 sq. ft, there i
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Table 11.5. Summary of Seed Identif
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importance of hunting and hunting-r
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portion of the Susquehanna Valley,
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Herrick, J. W., and Snow, D. R. (19
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CHAPTER 12 WOODLAND PERIOD SETTLEME
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oundaries were given. According to
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Table 12.1: Selected Radiocarbon an
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shads and herrings of the family Cl
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consists of large concentrations of
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(1990) survey of recorded sites in
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York State 92:1-8. Busby, M. (1966)
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CHAPTER 13 PALEOETHNOBOTANICAL INDI
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Figure 13.1. Forest regions of the
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Table 13.1. Distribution of Nut Tre
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ation in feature contents. For mult
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Figure 13.4. Nutshell density (gray
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Figure 13.5. Seed density and maize
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Table 13.3. Seed Indicators-Maine S
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Table 13.4. Broome Tech Site: Selec
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6, and it occurred in 58 percent of
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Table 13.6. Continued Site Uncalibr
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Acknowledgments I thank John Hart f
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y K. J. Gremillion, pp. 161-178. Th
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CHAPTER 14 FROM HUNTER-GATHERER CAM
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Figure 14.1. Distribution of select
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available to Ceci were simply too l
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the AMS date of A.D. 1185 (A.D. 127
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Table 14.1. Continued Site Lab C14
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within single settlements remains e
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noncoastal residential sites certai
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Figure 14.3. Two stratigraphic prof
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to the Maritime Provinces on the Gu
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other related questions yet, and so
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Northeast Historical Archaeology 21
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Thomas, P. A. (1976). Contrastive s
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CHAPTER 15 “towns they have none
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Table 15.1. Key to Figure 15.1: Arc
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Maize will normally not preserve fo
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artifacts. Cowie (2000) suggests th
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creativity to resolve, but is also
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Ph.D. dissertation, Department of A
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CHAPTER 16 OUT OF THE BLUE AND INTO
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Figure 16.2. Map of the Bliss Islan
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shell-bearing sites located on the
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site. Middle Maritime Woodland occu
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(e.g., Black 1992:190) limit and co
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Table 16.3. Faunal Remains Associat
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and often poor vertebrate faunal pr
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the Maine/Maritimes area have argue
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SE: warm season (Rojo 1987:221); sp
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Ethnohistory 36:257-284. Bourque, B
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CHAPTER 17 ABORIGINAL LAND AND RESO
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Table 17.1. Chronological and Ceram
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Among the food plants listed above,
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species, the American eel (Anguilla
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the Early Woodland period. Tools ma
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Copper Resources Throughout the Lat
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midden deposits were located along
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a model with two distinct populatio
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Table 17.2. Summary of Landscape an
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File Report 93-1, Fredericton. Alle
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Anthropology, Temple University, Ph
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stone age found at Maquapit Lake. N
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CHAPTER 18 MAIZE AND VILLAGES: A Su
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use of the term “small village”
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1325 [1425] 1460) (Boyd et al. 1998
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several centuries after its first a
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from excavations at village sites h
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133-156. New York State Museum Bull
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longhouses. American Antiquity 55:4
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CONTRIBUTORS Timothy J. Abel. Carth
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Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Change: A.D. 700 –1300

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