Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Change: A.D. 700 –1300

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L a ke E rie N E W Sample #1 Y O R KSample #2 Sample #3 4 North Sample #4 W est B ranch Sample #5 3 Branch OHIO 1 2 P E N N S Y L V A N I A Juanita River Susquehanna River N 0 60 km WEST VIRGINIA VIRGINIA MARYLAND DELAWARE NEW JERSEY J. Skiba Figure 7.3. Map showing the location of the (1) Fisher Farm (36CE35), (2) St. Anthony’s (36UN11), (3) Wells (36BR59), and (4) Tioga Point Farm Sites (36BR52, 36BR3), and clay samples (samples 1-5) analyzed during this study. Owasco and Clemson Island sherds were found in association with each other and are considered to have been used by the same occupants of the site. Data were also collected on five raw clay samples from various locations throughout the Upper Susquehanna Valley (Figure 7.3). When used in conjunction with data from ceramic sherds, compositional profiles of these samples provide a basis for determining the local manufacture of containers (Bishop et al. 1982; Lizee et al. 1995). Analytical Techniques All samples were analyzed using x-ray fluorescence at the Department of Physics Accelerator Laboratory at the University at Albany, State University of New York. X-ray fluorescence analysis was chosen because of its availability to the researcher and its nondestructive nature, allowing museum collections to be analyzed. Two spatially distinct readings were taken on each sample to ensure homogeneity within a single vessel (Rieth 1997). A similar technique was used by Stimmell et al. (1991:47-51) in their work on prehistoric pottery in Ontario and Manitoba. The technique used in this study allowed proportional data about the relationship of the elements to be collected. As discussed in Kuhn (1986:12), proportional data allow ratios, or the proportions of trace elements, to be measured in terms of “the number of characteristic x-rays observed in fixed time.” Following bombardment of the sample with x-rays from a radioisotope, a sample emits fluorescent x-rays whose energies are characteristic of the elements present in the sherd (Kuhn 1986:12, 1989:26-27). The energy levels of each element are then recorded numerically, allowing concentrations (or peak counts) of specific elements to be determined. Fifteen elements were measured for each sample— iron (Fe), rubidium (Rb), strontium (Sr), barium (Ba), lead (Pb), yttrium (Y), zirconium (Zr), zinc (Zn), vanadium (V), potassium (K), titanium (Ti), scandium (Sc), manganese (Mg), copper (Cu), and nickel (Ni)—to distinguish different clay deposits. Vanadium (V) and potassium (K) were removed from the final analysis due to low detection rates. Although these elements are sufficient for distinguishing regional clay profiles, in most cases, additional samples and elements are needed to identify the precise location of a specific clay deposit. Since that was beyond the scope of this project, the results are discussed only in terms of the regional clay profile. Principal components analysis, 142 Rieth
Table 7.1. Radiocarbon Dates from Sites Used in the Study. Site Site Type Site Tradition 1 Radiocarbon Age Y.B.P Calibrated 2σ with Reference (Lab No.) intercepts (A.D.) 2 Tioga Point Farm Camp Owasco --- --- Lucy 1991a; Lucy and (36BR52, 36BR3) Vanderpoel 1979 Wells (36BR59) Camp Clemson Island 970+/-100 (I-2488) 887(1029)1275 Lucy and McCann 1983 880+/-100 (I-2489) 981(1163,1173,1180)1296 St. Anthony’s Hamlet/village Clemson Island 1150+/-90 (Beta 22696) 671(892)1029 Stewart 1990, 1994 (36UN11) 3 1140+/-130 (Beta 22693) 651(894,925,935)1183 1100+/-50 (Beta 22695) 782(904,910,976)1022 1100+/-140(Beta 22694) 658(904,910,976)1022 950+/-80 (Beta 22813) 901(1037,1143,1148)1260 920+/-60 (Beta 20368) 999(1061,1086,1123,1138,1156)1257 890+/-80 (Beta 21725) 996(1161)1283 890+/-120 (Beta 21726) 896(1161)1379 850+/-80 (Beta 20369) 1019(1212)1294 850+/-80 (Beta 21980) 1019(1212)1294 820+/-60 (Beta 20477) 1039(1221)1291 760+/-90 (Beta 21982) 1040(1276)1398 750+/-90 (Beta 21979) 1043(1278)1401 670+/-90 (Beta 22692) 1211(1297)1431 660+/-70 (Beta 22866) 1244(1299,1375,1375)1418 Fisher Farm (36CE35) 3 Hamlet/village Clemson Island 1245+/-70 (UGa 2683) 656(776)976 Hatch 1980 990+/-90 (UGa 2458) 887(1023)1242 875+/-125 (UGa 2676) 898(1164,1169,1186)1386 825+/-60 (UGa 2680) 1038(1220)1290 820+/-110 (RL-702) 1000(1221)1393 820+/-80 (UGa 2677) 1024(1221)1376 1 Site Tradition denotes the tradition assigned to the site by the excavator. 2 Calibrated using CALIB 4.2 (Stuiver et al. 1998). 3 Other dates reported beyond the early Late Prehistoric period. Chapter 7 Early Late Prehistoric <strong>Settlement</strong>: A View from Northcentral Pennsylvania 143
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Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Ch
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Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Ch
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TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures L
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LIST OF FIGURES 2.1 Map of the cent
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9.3 Topographic map of Broome Tech.
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11.1 Upper Susquehanna Site Types (
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PREFACE The New York State Museum h
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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Christina B.
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domesticates and the occupation of
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and Rieth highlight the important c
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Dunnell, R. C. (1971). Systematics
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Anthropology, University of Massach
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CHAPTER 2 CENTRAL OHIO VALLEY DURIN
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L a k e E r i e PENNSYLVANIA INDIAN
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L a k e E r i e INDIANA R i v e r G
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Olentangy River and other minor tri
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Figure 2.6. Comparison of Late Wood
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support the notion of resource stre
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F4 F7 F5 F6 F3 F2 F9 F10 F12 F13 F1
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B B M F42 F43 F41 F44 S5 S4 S1 F30
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Table 2.3. continued Temporal Age A
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Table 2.3. continued Temporal Age A
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L a k e E r i e INDIANA o i O h Sal
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Figure 2.13. Map of the Late Prehis
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Figure 2.15. Map of households with
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Figure 2.17. Sample of Late Prehist
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Barkes, B. M. (1982). An Analysis o
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Fort Ancient Tradition, edited by J
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CHAPTER 3 “ . . . to reconstruct
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IT TAKES A VILLAGE Figure 3.2. Arti
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social organizations is drawn prima
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elements of the village, the spaces
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Diametric, concentric, and circumfe
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egion, including Reckner (Augustine
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Chapter 3 Modeling Village Communit
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Figure 3.9. Architectural and nonar
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Figure 3.11. Measuring distances in
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Table 3.2. Descriptive Statistics f
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DISCUSSION Table 3.3. Descriptive S
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Figure 3.14. Box-and-whisker plot o
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Augustine, E. A. (1938d). Important
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Among Some Amazon Tribes. Privately
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on Black Mesa, Arizona. The Univers
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CHAPTER 4 THE EARLY LATE WOODLAND I
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Figure 4.3. Gibraltar Cordmarked ce
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Figure 4.5. Ceramics of the Gibralt
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points and notched Chesser or Lowe
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dated to A.D. 890 (1025) 1230 (DIC-
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Table 4.3. Available Stable Carbon
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where fishing and farming may have
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Figure 4.10. Ceramic of the Sandusk
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singular Mixter Stamped vessels typ
Page 105 and 106: urial with the dead, broadcasted a
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Page 109 and 110: Valley. North American Archaeologis
Page 111 and 112: CHAPTER 5 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN TH
Page 113 and 114: interest in exchange of service or
Page 115 and 116: CURRENT INVESTIGATIONS In view of t
Page 117 and 118: 710 Area C 700 B-75084 TO-4556 TO-4
Page 119 and 120: Table 5.1. Summary of Artifacts fro
Page 121 and 122: e Bull's Point C o o t e s P a r a
Page 123 and 124: classification system has been appl
Page 125 and 126: (Crawford et al. 1997a). The same i
Page 127 and 128: in Ontario was Middle Woodland-deri
Page 129 and 130: 207-212. Smithsonian Institution, W
Page 131 and 132: CHAPTER 6 EARLY LATE WOODLAND IN SO
Page 133 and 134: Figure 6.2. Lower Grand River Valle
Page 135 and 136: Table 6.1. Radiocarbon Dates from t
Page 137 and 138: segment of the terrace that effecti
Page 139 and 140: Figure 6.7. Meyer site terrace, vie
Page 141 and 142: Figure 6.10. Forster site reconstru
Page 143 and 144: Figure 6.12. Middle Thames River 20
Page 145 and 146: Figure 6.13. Site situation: a comp
Page 147 and 148: Dieterman, F. (2001). Princess Poin
Page 149 and 150: CHAPTER 7 EARLY LATE PREHISTORIC SE
Page 151 and 152: ticultural hamlets, small and large
Page 153 and 154: that Clemson Island was greatly inf
Page 155: local deposits. Alternately, Stimme
Page 159 and 160: Pennsylvania continued to practice
Page 161 and 162: level) overlaps with the West Branc
Page 163 and 164: Under a population metaphysic, the
Page 165 and 166: Hatch, J. W., and Koontz, K. L. (19
Page 167 and 168: CHAPTER 8 NEW DATES FOR OWASCO POTS
Page 169 and 170: Table 8.1. Key Components of the Th
Page 171 and 172: Figure 8.1. Location of the Kipp Is
Page 173 and 174: Table 8.4. Carpenter Brook Phase Ho
Page 175 and 176: Table 8.5. Physical Characteristics
Page 177 and 178: Table 8.6. AMS Dates and Calibrated
Page 179 and 180: REFERENCES CITED Ammerman, A. J., a
Page 181 and 182: CHAPTER 9 PITS, PLANTS, AND PLACE:
Page 183 and 184: Thomas/Luckey Broome Tech N 0 0 50
Page 185 and 186: confluence with the Susquehanna Riv
Page 187 and 188: Figure 9.3. Topographic map of Broo
Page 189 and 190: Table 9.2. Feature Types at Thomas/
Page 191 and 192: Figure 9.4. Histogram of feature de
Page 193 and 194: Table 9.4. Plant Remains from Thoma
Page 195 and 196: Figure 9.7. Sample composition of n
Page 197 and 198: Figure 9.9. Seed composition (exclu
Page 199 and 200: suggests that the gathering of wild
Page 201 and 202: of posts may mark remnants of tempo
Page 203 and 204: for allowing me repeated and unteth
Page 205 and 206: History Press, Garden City, New Yor
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CHAPTER 10 UPLAND LAND USE PATTERNS
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LOCAL LEVEL ANALYSIS Local level an
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N104 E101 Unit 19A Unit 7A Unit 12A
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Table 10.2. Park Creek II Feature A
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Fea. 2 Fea. 5 0 1 2 N Figure 10.4.
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encounterlike hunting/butchering st
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END NOTES 1. A village is defined a
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Perrelli, D. J. (1994). Gender, Mob
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CHAPTER 11 EARLY LATE PREHISTORIC S
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Table 11.1. Upper Susquehanna Site
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Table 11.2. Summary of Late Middle
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Table 11.3. Settlement Features of
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approximately 1,000 sq. ft, there i
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Table 11.5. Summary of Seed Identif
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importance of hunting and hunting-r
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portion of the Susquehanna Valley,
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Herrick, J. W., and Snow, D. R. (19
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CHAPTER 12 WOODLAND PERIOD SETTLEME
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oundaries were given. According to
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Table 12.1: Selected Radiocarbon an
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shads and herrings of the family Cl
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consists of large concentrations of
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(1990) survey of recorded sites in
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York State 92:1-8. Busby, M. (1966)
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CHAPTER 13 PALEOETHNOBOTANICAL INDI
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Figure 13.1. Forest regions of the
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Table 13.1. Distribution of Nut Tre
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ation in feature contents. For mult
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Figure 13.4. Nutshell density (gray
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Figure 13.5. Seed density and maize
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Table 13.3. Seed Indicators-Maine S
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Table 13.4. Broome Tech Site: Selec
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6, and it occurred in 58 percent of
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Table 13.6. Continued Site Uncalibr
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Acknowledgments I thank John Hart f
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y K. J. Gremillion, pp. 161-178. Th
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CHAPTER 14 FROM HUNTER-GATHERER CAM
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Figure 14.1. Distribution of select
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available to Ceci were simply too l
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the AMS date of A.D. 1185 (A.D. 127
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Table 14.1. Continued Site Lab C14
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within single settlements remains e
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noncoastal residential sites certai
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Figure 14.3. Two stratigraphic prof
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to the Maritime Provinces on the Gu
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other related questions yet, and so
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Northeast Historical Archaeology 21
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Thomas, P. A. (1976). Contrastive s
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CHAPTER 15 “towns they have none
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Table 15.1. Key to Figure 15.1: Arc
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Maize will normally not preserve fo
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artifacts. Cowie (2000) suggests th
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creativity to resolve, but is also
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Ph.D. dissertation, Department of A
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CHAPTER 16 OUT OF THE BLUE AND INTO
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Figure 16.2. Map of the Bliss Islan
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shell-bearing sites located on the
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site. Middle Maritime Woodland occu
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(e.g., Black 1992:190) limit and co
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Table 16.3. Faunal Remains Associat
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and often poor vertebrate faunal pr
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the Maine/Maritimes area have argue
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SE: warm season (Rojo 1987:221); sp
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Ethnohistory 36:257-284. Bourque, B
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CHAPTER 17 ABORIGINAL LAND AND RESO
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Table 17.1. Chronological and Ceram
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Among the food plants listed above,
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species, the American eel (Anguilla
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the Early Woodland period. Tools ma
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Copper Resources Throughout the Lat
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midden deposits were located along
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a model with two distinct populatio
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Table 17.2. Summary of Landscape an
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File Report 93-1, Fredericton. Alle
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Anthropology, Temple University, Ph
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stone age found at Maquapit Lake. N
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CHAPTER 18 MAIZE AND VILLAGES: A Su
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use of the term “small village”
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1325 [1425] 1460) (Boyd et al. 1998
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several centuries after its first a
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from excavations at village sites h
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133-156. New York State Museum Bull
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longhouses. American Antiquity 55:4
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CONTRIBUTORS Timothy J. Abel. Carth
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Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Change: A.D. 700 –1300

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