Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Change: A.D. 700 –1300

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Petersen and Cowie; Stothers and Abel) demonstrate, there is no wide agreement on this topic. In order to better understand maize agriculture evolution, it is important to understand how maize as a sessile plant would respond to differing agricultural settings. Explicitly incorporating biological knowledge, including modern organic evolutionary theory, into our models can lead to significant new insights, not only about maize agriculture evolution (Hart 1999a), but also about the evolution of settlement patterns (Hart 2001). The current debate about the importance of maize agriculture in New England could very well benefit from such an approach, resulting in better understandings about the potential of regional variation in maize’s importance. Models such as Stothers and Abel’s (this volume) might be more convincing by being explicit about how maize agriculture could have been managed successfully under the conditions of their model, rather than just assuming its successful perpetuation and availability. CONCLUSIONS Current data on the timing of maize and nucleated villages do not show a sudden appearance of nucleated villages after the adoption of maize. The frequency of maize in the archaeological record may be a function of the length of site occupation, and thus its ubiquity at many nucleated village sites. Rather than being a direct cause of nucleated settlements, settlement nucleation and maize agriculture intensification may be connected as a result of the coevolution of human and maize populations (Hart 2001). Since evolution is opportunistic, the adoption and evolution of maize agriculture need not necessarily result in nucleated villages. People can form social networks that manifest at critical points throughout the year to manage some of the tasks requiring group cooperations that are associated with maize agriculture, without also maintaining coresidence within a nucleated village. Following this line of reasoning, the apparent absence of villages in New England for hundreds of years after maize becomes archaeologically visible need not be such a puzzle or point of contention. The apparent coevolution between maize agriculture and nucleated villages in many areas may simply indicate that some inhabitants of those regions chose to reinforce their social and economic networks through coresidence. Building explicit models of subsistence and settlement change will help us identify those areas where we are lacking appropriate data to address these issues (Hart 1999a, 2001). Attention needs to be placed not only on the size of villages and their constituent elements, but how these elements were arranged within villages at any point in time. As we enter the twenty-first century, our knowledge of early Late Prehistoric subsistence and settlement change in the Northeast is greater than at any time in the past. However, our knowledge is far from complete and in many instances stands in need of revision. The descriptions of sites in the literature are based on the methods, techniques, and theories available at the time of analysis and also reflect the biases of the writer. Critically evaluating our data and the implications of the sources of those data thus becomes increasingly important as new methods and techniques are developed and as the time since the original analyses and interpretations lengthens. Increased use of flotation recovery of macrobotanical remains, AMS dating of crop remains, SCIA of human bone collagen and apatite (if possible, under NAGPRA), large-scale excavations, reanalysis of museum collections, and new developments in method and theory will change our understandings of early Late Prehistoric subsistence and settlement in the Northeast as we progress through the first few decades of the twenty-first century. Acknowledgments We thank Chris Rieth and two reviewers for comments on earlier versions of this chapter. REFERENCES CITED Adovasio, J. M., and Johnson, W. C. (1981). The appearance of cultigens in the upper Ohio Valley: a view from the Meadowcroft Rockshelter. Pennsylvania Archaeologist 51(1-2):63-80. Aiello, J., and Thompson, D. (1980). Personal space, crowding, and spatial behavior in a cultural context. In Human Behavior and Environment, Advances in Theory and Research, Volume 4: Environment and Culture, edited by I. Altman, A. Rapoport, and J. Wohlwill, pp. 107-178. Plenum Press, New York. Asch Sidell, N. (1999). Prehistoric plant use in Maine: Paleoindian to Contact period. In Current Northeast Paleoethnobotany edited by J. P. Hart, pp. 191-224. New York State Museum Bulletin 494, The University of the State of New York, Albany. Bendremer, J. C. (1999). Changing strategies in the pre- and post-Contact subsistence systems of southern New England: archaeological and ethnohistorical evidence. In Current Northeast Paleoethnobotany edited by J. P. Hart, pp. 354 Hart and Means
133-156. New York State Museum Bulletin 494, The University of the State of New York, Albany. Bendremer, J. C. M., Kellogg, E. A., and Largy, T. B. (1991). A grass-lined maize storage pit and early maize horticulture in central Connecticut. North American Archaeologist 12:325-349. Bernstein, D. J. (1999). Prehistoric use of plant foods on Long Island and Block Island Sounds. In Current Northeast Paleoethnobotany, edited by J. P. Hart, pp. 101-120. New York State Museum Bulletin, The University of the State of New York, Albany. Bourque, B. J., and Krueger, H. W. (1994). Dietary reconstruction from human bone isotopes for five coastal New England populations. In Paleonutrition: The Diet and Health of Prehistoric Americans, edited by K. D. Sobolik, pp. 195- 209. Center for Archaeological Investigations Occasional Paper No. 22, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale. Boyd, V., Furgerson, K., Means, B. K., Lewthwaite, S., Vento, F., Sparenberg, J., Reilly, C. O., and Long, J. (1998a). Archaeological Data Recovery Site 36SO113: U.S. 219 Meyersdale Bypass Project, S.R. 6219, Section B08, Somerset County, Pennsylvania. E.R. No. 92-0237-111. Report prepared by Greenhorne & O’Mara, Inc., for the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation. Boyd, V., Lewthwaite, S., Furgerson, K., Means, B. K., Sparenberg, J., Vento, F., and Reilly, C. O. (1998b). Archaeological Data Recovery Site 36SO62: U.S. 219 Meyersdale Bypass Project, S.R. 6219, Section B08, Somerset County, Pennsylvania. E.R. No. 92-0237-111. Report prepared by Greenhorne & O’Mara, Inc., for the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation. Butt, A. (1977). Land use and social organization of tropical forest peoples of the Guianas. In Human Ecology in the Tropics, edited by J. P. Garlick and R. W. Keay, pp. 1-17. Halstead Press, New York. Carneiro, R. (1967). On the relationship between size of population and complexity of social structure. Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 23:234-243. Carskadden, J., and Morton, J. (2000). Fort Ancient in the central Muskingum Valley of eastern Ohio: a view from the Philo II site. In Cultures Before Contact: The Late Prehistory of Ohio and Surrounding Regions, edited by R. A. Genheimer, pp. 158-193. The Ohio Historical Council, Columbus. Cassedy, D., and Webb, P. (1999). New data on the chronology of maize horticulture in eastern New York and southern New England. In Current Northeast Paleoethnobotany, edited by J. P. Hart, pp. 85-100. New York State Museum Bulletin 494. The University of the State of New York, Albany. Chang, K. C. (1958). Study of the Neolithic social grouping: examples from the New World. American Anthropologist 60:298-334. Chapdelaine, C. (1993). The sedentarization of the prehistoric Iroquois: a slow or rapid transition? Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 12:173-209. Chilton, E. S. (1999). Mobile farmers of pre-Contact southern New England: the archaeological and ethnohistoric evidence. In Current Northeast Paleoethnobotany, edited by J. P. Hart , pp. 157-176. New York State Museum Bulletin 494. The University of the State of New York, Albany. Chilton, E. S., Baroody Largy, T., and Curran, K. (2000). Evidence for prehistoric maize horticulture at the Pine Hill site, Deerfield, Massachusetts. Northeast Anthropology 59:23-46. Conard, N., Asch, D. L., Asch, N. B., Elmore, D., Gove, H., Rubin, M., Brown, J. A., Wiant, M. D., Farnsworth, K. B., and Cook, T. G. (1984). Accelerator radiocarbon dating of evidence for prehistoric horticulture in Illinois. Nature 308:443-446. Crawford, G. W., Smith, D. G., and Bowyer, V. E. (1997). Dating the entry of corn (Zea mays) into the lower Great Lakes. American Antiquity 62:112-119. Custer, J. F., Hoseth, A., Cheshaek, D., Guttman, M., and Ipenski, K. (1995). Data recovery at the Slackwater site (36LA207), Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania Archaeologist 65(1):19-112. Custer, J. F., Watson, S. C., and Bailey, D. N. (1996). A summary of Phase III data recovery excavations at the West Water Street site (36CN175), Lock Haven, Clinton County, Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania Archaeologist 66(1):1-53. Dancey, W. C. (1988). The community plan of an early Late Woodland village in the middle Scioto River valley. Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 13:223-258. Dancey, W. C. (1991). A Middle Woodland settlement in central Ohio: a preliminary report on the Murphy site (33LI212). Pennsylvania Archaeologist 61(2):37-72. Dodd, F. D. (1984). Ontario Iroquois Tradition Longhouses. National Museum of Man Mercury Series, Ottawa, Ontario. Dodd, C. F., Poulton, D. R., Lennox, P. A., Smith, D. G., and Warrick, G. A. (1990). The Middle Ontario Iroquoian stage. In The Archaeology of Southern Ontario to A.D. 1650, edited by C. J. Ellis, and N. Ferris, pp. 321-359. Ontario Archaeological Society No. 5, London, Ontario. Drooker, P. B. (2000). Madisonville Focus revisited: reexcavating southwestern Ohio Fort Ancient from museum collections. In Cultures Before Contact: The Late Prehistory of Ohio and Surrounding Regions, edited by R. A. Genheimer, pp. 228-271. The Ohio Historical Council, Columbus. Dunnell, R. C. (1971). Systematics in Prehistory. The Free Press, New York. Dunnell, R. C. (1982). Science, social science, and common sense: the agonizing dilemma of modern archaeology. Journal of Anthropological Research 38:1-25. Eggan, F. (1955). Social anthropology: methods and results. In Social Anthropology of North American Tribes, edited by F. Eggan, pp. 485-555. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. Farrow, D. C. (1986). A study of Monongahela subsistence patterns based on mass spectrometric analysis. Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 11:153-180. Fenton, W. A. (1951). Locality as a basic factor in the development of Iroquois social structure. In Symposium on Local Diversity in Iroquois Culture, edited by W. Fenton, pp.35- 54. Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 149. Washington, D.C. Fletcher, A., and LaFlesche, F. (1911). The Omaha tribe. 27th Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of Chapter 18 Maize and Villages: A Summary and Critical Assessment of Current Northeast Early Late Prehistoric Evidence 355
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Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Ch
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Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Ch
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TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures L
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LIST OF FIGURES 2.1 Map of the cent
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9.3 Topographic map of Broome Tech.
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11.1 Upper Susquehanna Site Types (
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PREFACE The New York State Museum h
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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Christina B.
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domesticates and the occupation of
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and Rieth highlight the important c
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Dunnell, R. C. (1971). Systematics
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Anthropology, University of Massach
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CHAPTER 2 CENTRAL OHIO VALLEY DURIN
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L a k e E r i e PENNSYLVANIA INDIAN
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L a k e E r i e INDIANA R i v e r G
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Olentangy River and other minor tri
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Figure 2.6. Comparison of Late Wood
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support the notion of resource stre
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F4 F7 F5 F6 F3 F2 F9 F10 F12 F13 F1
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B B M F42 F43 F41 F44 S5 S4 S1 F30
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Table 2.3. continued Temporal Age A
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Table 2.3. continued Temporal Age A
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L a k e E r i e INDIANA o i O h Sal
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Figure 2.13. Map of the Late Prehis
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Figure 2.15. Map of households with
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Figure 2.17. Sample of Late Prehist
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Barkes, B. M. (1982). An Analysis o
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Fort Ancient Tradition, edited by J
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CHAPTER 3 “ . . . to reconstruct
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IT TAKES A VILLAGE Figure 3.2. Arti
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social organizations is drawn prima
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elements of the village, the spaces
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Diametric, concentric, and circumfe
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egion, including Reckner (Augustine
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Chapter 3 Modeling Village Communit
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Figure 3.9. Architectural and nonar
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Figure 3.11. Measuring distances in
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Table 3.2. Descriptive Statistics f
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DISCUSSION Table 3.3. Descriptive S
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Figure 3.14. Box-and-whisker plot o
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Augustine, E. A. (1938d). Important
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Among Some Amazon Tribes. Privately
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on Black Mesa, Arizona. The Univers
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CHAPTER 4 THE EARLY LATE WOODLAND I
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Figure 4.3. Gibraltar Cordmarked ce
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Figure 4.5. Ceramics of the Gibralt
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points and notched Chesser or Lowe
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dated to A.D. 890 (1025) 1230 (DIC-
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Table 4.3. Available Stable Carbon
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where fishing and farming may have
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Figure 4.10. Ceramic of the Sandusk
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singular Mixter Stamped vessels typ
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urial with the dead, broadcasted a
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during the early Late Woodland time
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Valley. North American Archaeologis
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CHAPTER 5 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN TH
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interest in exchange of service or
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CURRENT INVESTIGATIONS In view of t
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710 Area C 700 B-75084 TO-4556 TO-4
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Table 5.1. Summary of Artifacts fro
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e Bull's Point C o o t e s P a r a
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classification system has been appl
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(Crawford et al. 1997a). The same i
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in Ontario was Middle Woodland-deri
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207-212. Smithsonian Institution, W
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CHAPTER 6 EARLY LATE WOODLAND IN SO
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Figure 6.2. Lower Grand River Valle
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Table 6.1. Radiocarbon Dates from t
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segment of the terrace that effecti
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Figure 6.7. Meyer site terrace, vie
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Figure 6.10. Forster site reconstru
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Figure 6.12. Middle Thames River 20
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Figure 6.13. Site situation: a comp
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Dieterman, F. (2001). Princess Poin
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CHAPTER 7 EARLY LATE PREHISTORIC SE
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ticultural hamlets, small and large
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that Clemson Island was greatly inf
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local deposits. Alternately, Stimme
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Table 7.1. Radiocarbon Dates from S
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Pennsylvania continued to practice
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level) overlaps with the West Branc
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Under a population metaphysic, the
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Hatch, J. W., and Koontz, K. L. (19
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CHAPTER 8 NEW DATES FOR OWASCO POTS
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Table 8.1. Key Components of the Th
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Figure 8.1. Location of the Kipp Is
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Table 8.4. Carpenter Brook Phase Ho
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Table 8.5. Physical Characteristics
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Table 8.6. AMS Dates and Calibrated
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REFERENCES CITED Ammerman, A. J., a
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CHAPTER 9 PITS, PLANTS, AND PLACE:
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Thomas/Luckey Broome Tech N 0 0 50
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confluence with the Susquehanna Riv
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Figure 9.3. Topographic map of Broo
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Table 9.2. Feature Types at Thomas/
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Figure 9.4. Histogram of feature de
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Table 9.4. Plant Remains from Thoma
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Figure 9.7. Sample composition of n
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Figure 9.9. Seed composition (exclu
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suggests that the gathering of wild
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of posts may mark remnants of tempo
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for allowing me repeated and unteth
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History Press, Garden City, New Yor
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CHAPTER 10 UPLAND LAND USE PATTERNS
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LOCAL LEVEL ANALYSIS Local level an
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N104 E101 Unit 19A Unit 7A Unit 12A
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Table 10.2. Park Creek II Feature A
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Fea. 2 Fea. 5 0 1 2 N Figure 10.4.
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encounterlike hunting/butchering st
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END NOTES 1. A village is defined a
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Perrelli, D. J. (1994). Gender, Mob
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CHAPTER 11 EARLY LATE PREHISTORIC S
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Table 11.1. Upper Susquehanna Site
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Table 11.2. Summary of Late Middle
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Table 11.3. Settlement Features of
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approximately 1,000 sq. ft, there i
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Table 11.5. Summary of Seed Identif
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importance of hunting and hunting-r
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portion of the Susquehanna Valley,
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Herrick, J. W., and Snow, D. R. (19
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CHAPTER 12 WOODLAND PERIOD SETTLEME
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oundaries were given. According to
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Table 12.1: Selected Radiocarbon an
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shads and herrings of the family Cl
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consists of large concentrations of
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(1990) survey of recorded sites in
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York State 92:1-8. Busby, M. (1966)
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CHAPTER 13 PALEOETHNOBOTANICAL INDI
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Figure 13.1. Forest regions of the
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Table 13.1. Distribution of Nut Tre
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ation in feature contents. For mult
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Figure 13.4. Nutshell density (gray
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Figure 13.5. Seed density and maize
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Table 13.3. Seed Indicators-Maine S
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Table 13.4. Broome Tech Site: Selec
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6, and it occurred in 58 percent of
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Table 13.6. Continued Site Uncalibr
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Acknowledgments I thank John Hart f
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y K. J. Gremillion, pp. 161-178. Th
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CHAPTER 14 FROM HUNTER-GATHERER CAM
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Figure 14.1. Distribution of select
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available to Ceci were simply too l
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the AMS date of A.D. 1185 (A.D. 127
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Table 14.1. Continued Site Lab C14
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within single settlements remains e
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noncoastal residential sites certai
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Figure 14.3. Two stratigraphic prof
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to the Maritime Provinces on the Gu
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other related questions yet, and so
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Northeast Historical Archaeology 21
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Thomas, P. A. (1976). Contrastive s
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CHAPTER 15 “towns they have none
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Table 15.1. Key to Figure 15.1: Arc
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Maize will normally not preserve fo
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artifacts. Cowie (2000) suggests th
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creativity to resolve, but is also
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Ph.D. dissertation, Department of A
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CHAPTER 16 OUT OF THE BLUE AND INTO
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Page 333 and 334: Ethnohistory 36:257-284. Bourque, B
Page 335 and 336: CHAPTER 17 ABORIGINAL LAND AND RESO
Page 337 and 338: Table 17.1. Chronological and Ceram
Page 339 and 340: Among the food plants listed above,
Page 341 and 342: species, the American eel (Anguilla
Page 343 and 344: the Early Woodland period. Tools ma
Page 345 and 346: Copper Resources Throughout the Lat
Page 347 and 348: midden deposits were located along
Page 349 and 350: a model with two distinct populatio
Page 351 and 352: Table 17.2. Summary of Landscape an
Page 353 and 354: File Report 93-1, Fredericton. Alle
Page 355 and 356: Anthropology, Temple University, Ph
Page 357 and 358: stone age found at Maquapit Lake. N
Page 359 and 360: CHAPTER 18 MAIZE AND VILLAGES: A Su
Page 361 and 362: use of the term “small village”
Page 363 and 364: 1325 [1425] 1460) (Boyd et al. 1998
Page 365 and 366: several centuries after its first a
Page 367: from excavations at village sites h
Page 371 and 372: longhouses. American Antiquity 55:4
Page 373 and 374: CONTRIBUTORS Timothy J. Abel. Carth
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Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Change: A.D. 700 –1300

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