Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Change: A.D. 700 –1300

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undoubtedly played a role in this process. Such changes may have been accompanied by shifts in social organization at this time, specifically a shift from a pattern of patrilineality typical of many Northeastern Algonquian populations to a preference for matrilineality and matrilocal post-marital residence. According to the early Dutch records, at the time of contact the landholding units of the Mohican were matrilineages (Brasser 1978:200). The focus of these lineage tracts appears to have been the garden lands in proximity to the Hudson River and its major tributaries rather than the lands in the interior used for hunting. Although we are not invoking Late Woodland period “big women” to explain these changes in subsistence and settlement behavior, we must consider that the sociospatial arrangements termed matrilineality and matrilocality, while attributed to the Mohican as well as the Munsee (Brasser 1978:200), were not typical of the Algonquian-speaking populations of the Northeast. In contrast, these patterns do appear to have been common among the New York Iroquois and their linguistic relatives and might well have predated their adoption of horticulture. Like our current knowledge of maize, we don’t know when or from where the Mohican adopted these practices. However, the increased focus on horticulture during the Late Woodland period turned garden lands and crops into valuable resources controlled by women and their families. While the model of subsistence change presented here has been only briefly described, it is apparent that it derives more from settlement geography, ceramic production, and site features than from the floral and faunal remains themselves. Future research in the Hudson Valley hopefully will be directed to filling in these gaps through greater attention paid to flotation of feature and midden samples. The recovery of additional dated samples of maize, as well as bean and squash, will help refine, and if necessary, redraw this model. Additionally, our study of subsistence and settlement change has brought into focus interesting questions relating gender, social organization, and the processes through which foragers become horticulturists. Acknowledgments We would like to thank the many individuals and institutions who aided us in this research: James Walsh and the members of the Auringer-Seelye Chapter of the New York Archaeological Association, Karen Hartgen, Andy Krievs, Beth Wellman, Robert Funk, Robert Jarvenpa, Glen Paris, Skidmore College, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, and the University at Albany. An earlier version of this paper was presented at the New York State Museum Natural History Conference VI, Albany, New York. We thank the organizers, John Hart and Chris Rieth, for inviting us to participate in that session. REFERENCES CITED Bender, S. J., and Brumbach, H. J. (1992). Material Manifestations of Algonquian Ethnicity: A Case Study from the Upper Hudson. Paper presented at the 57th Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Bender, S. J., and Curtin, E. V. (1990). A Prehistoric Context for the Upper Hudson Valley: Report of the Survey and Planning Project. New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation, Albany, New York. Bigelow, H. B., and Schroeder, W. C. (1953). Fishes of the Gulf of Maine. United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. Boyle, R. H. (1969). The Hudson River. W. W. Horton and Co., Inc., New York. Brandow, J. H. (1900). The Story of Old Saratoga and the History of Schuylerville. Brandow Printing Co., Albany, New York. Brasser, T. J. (1978). Mahican. In Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 15, Northeast, edited by B. G. Trigger, pp. 198-212. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. Braun, D. P. (1980). On the appropriateness of the Woodland concept in Northeastern archaeology. In Proceedings of the Conference on Northeastern Archaeology, edited by J. A. Moore, pp. 93-108. Research Reports 19. Department of Anthropology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst. Braun, D. P. (1983). Pots as tools. In Archaeological Hammers and Theories, edited by A. Keene and J. A. Moore, pp. 107-134. Academic Press, New York. Brumbach, H. J. (1975). “Iroquoian” ceramics in “Algonkian” territory. Man in the Northeast 10:17-28. Brumbach, H. J. (1978). Middle Woodland Fishing Economics: The Upper Hudson River Drainage. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, State University of New York at Albany. Brumbach, H. J. (1995). Algonquian and Iroquoian ceramics in the upper Hudson River drainage. Northeast Anthropology 49:55-66. Brumbach, H. J. (1996). Unpublished field notes from Paris No. 2, Town of Berne, Albany County. Department of Anthropology, State University of New York at Albany. Brumbach, H. J. (n.d.). Study of Transitional and Woodland Period ceramics in eastern New York State. Manuscript on file, Department of Anthropology, State University of New York at Albany. Brumbach, H. J, and Bender, S. J. (1986). Winney’s Rift: A Late Woodland village site in the upper Hudson River drainage. The Bulletin and Journal of Archaeology for New 238 Brumbach and Bender
York State 92:1-8. Busby, M. (1966). Movement of water in the Hudson River estuary. In Hudson River Ecology, pp.135-146. Hudson River Valley Commission of New York, Tuxedo, New York. Cassedy, D., and Webb, P. (1999). New data on the chronology of maize horticulture in eastern New York and southern New England. In Current Northeast Paleoethnobotany, edited by J. P. Hart, pp. 85-99. New York State Museum Bulletin No. 494, Albany, New York. Cheney, A. N. (1897). The Hudson. Farrar and Rinehart, New York. Crawford, G. W., and Smith, D. G. (1996). Migration in prehistory: Princess Point and the Northern Iroquoian case. American Antiquity 61:782-790. Cronon, W. (1983). Changes in the Land: Indians, Colonists, and the Ecology of Southern New England. Hill and Land, New York. Crown, P. L., and Wills, W. H. (1995). Economic intensification and the origins of ceramic containers in the American Southwest. In The Emergence of Pottery: Technology and Innovation in Ancient Societies, edited by W. K. Barnett and J. W. Hoopes, pp. 241-254. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. Drahos, N. (1954). About eel racks. New York State Conservationist 8(3):20-21. Dunn, S. W. (1994). The Mohicans and Their Land: 1609-1730. Purple Mountain Press, Fleischmanns, New York. Funk, R. E. (1976). Recent Contributions to Hudson Valley Prehistory. New York State Museum Memoir 22, The University of the State of New York, Albany. Hart, J. P., Asch, D. L., Scarry, C. M., and Crawford, G.W. (2002). The age of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) in the northern Eastern Woodlands of North America. Antiquity 76:in press. Hart, J. P., and Scarry, C. M. (1999). The age of common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) in the northeastern United States. American Antiquity 64:653-658. Hart, J. P., and Asch Sidell, N. (1996). Prehistoric agricultural systems in the West Branch of the Susquehanna River basin, A.D. 800 to A.D. 1350. Northeast Anthropology 52:1- 30. Hartgen Archeological Associates, Inc. (1983). Mechanicville Road (209) Site: Results of Mitigation Procedures, Waterford, Saratoga County, New York (C-36-644). Hartgen Archeological Associates, Inc., Troy, New York. Heidenreich, C. (1971). Huronia: A History and Geography of the Huron Indians, 1600-1650. McClelland and Stewart, Toronto. Hildebrand, S. F. (1963). Family Clupeidae. In Fishes of the Western North Atlantic, Part 3, edited by H. B. Bigelow, pp. 257-442. Sears Foundation for Marine Research, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut. Kraft, H. C. (1986). The Lenape: Archaeology, History, and Ethnography. New Jersey Historical Society, Newark, New Jersey. Largy, T. B., Lavin, L., Mozzi, M. E., and Furgeson, K. (1999). Corncobs and buttercups: plant remains from the Goldkrest site. In Current Northeast Paleoethnobotany, edited by J. P. Hart, pp. 69-84. New York State Museum Bulletin No. 494. The University of the State of New York, Albany. Leggett, W. C., and Whitney, R. R. (1972). Water temperature and the migrations of American shad. Fishery Bulletin 70(3):659-670. Netboy, A. (1968). The Atlantic Salmon. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston. Nikolsky, G. V. (1963). The Ecology of Fishes. Academic Press, London and New York. Reid, K. C. (1989). A materials science perspective on huntergatherer pottery. In Pottery Technology: Ideas and Approaches, edited by G. Bronitsky, pp. 167-180. Westview Press, Boulder. Rice, P. M. (1987). Pottery Analysis: A Sourcebook. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. Ritchie, W. A. (1958). An Introduction to Hudson Valley Prehistory. New York State Museum and Science Service Bulletin 358. The University of the State of New York, Albany. Ritchie, W. A., and MacNeish, R. S. (1949). The pre-Iroquoian pottery of New York State. American Antiquity 15:97-124. Rostlund, E. (1952). Freshwater Fish and Fishing in Native North America. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles. Schalk, R. F. (1977). The structure of an anadromous fish resource. In For Theory Building in Archaeology, edited by L. R. Binford, pp. 207-249. Academic Press, New York. Snow, D. R. (1980). The Archaeology of New England. Academic Press, New York. Stuiver, M., Reimer, P. J., Bard, E., Beck, J. W., Burr, G. S., Hughen, K. A., Kromer, B., F. G., McCormack, v. d. Plicht, J., and Spurk, M. (1998). INTCAL98 radiocarbon age calibration 24,000-0 BP. Radiocarbon 40:1042-1083. Trigger, B.G. (1969). The Huron: Farmers of the North. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York. Vladykov, V. D., and Greeley, J. R. (1963). Order Acipenseroidei. In Fishes of the Western North Atlantic, Part 3, edited by H. B. Bigelow, pp. 24-60. Sears Foundation for Marine Research, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut. Chapter 12 Woodland Period Settlement and Subsistence Change in the Upper Hudson River Valley 239
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Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Ch
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Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Ch
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TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures L
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LIST OF FIGURES 2.1 Map of the cent
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9.3 Topographic map of Broome Tech.
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11.1 Upper Susquehanna Site Types (
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PREFACE The New York State Museum h
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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Christina B.
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domesticates and the occupation of
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and Rieth highlight the important c
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Dunnell, R. C. (1971). Systematics
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Anthropology, University of Massach
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CHAPTER 2 CENTRAL OHIO VALLEY DURIN
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L a k e E r i e PENNSYLVANIA INDIAN
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L a k e E r i e INDIANA R i v e r G
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Olentangy River and other minor tri
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Figure 2.6. Comparison of Late Wood
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support the notion of resource stre
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F4 F7 F5 F6 F3 F2 F9 F10 F12 F13 F1
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B B M F42 F43 F41 F44 S5 S4 S1 F30
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Table 2.3. continued Temporal Age A
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Table 2.3. continued Temporal Age A
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L a k e E r i e INDIANA o i O h Sal
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Figure 2.13. Map of the Late Prehis
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Figure 2.15. Map of households with
Page 51 and 52:
Figure 2.17. Sample of Late Prehist
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Barkes, B. M. (1982). An Analysis o
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Fort Ancient Tradition, edited by J
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CHAPTER 3 “ . . . to reconstruct
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IT TAKES A VILLAGE Figure 3.2. Arti
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social organizations is drawn prima
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elements of the village, the spaces
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Diametric, concentric, and circumfe
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egion, including Reckner (Augustine
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Chapter 3 Modeling Village Communit
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Figure 3.9. Architectural and nonar
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Figure 3.11. Measuring distances in
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Table 3.2. Descriptive Statistics f
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DISCUSSION Table 3.3. Descriptive S
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Figure 3.14. Box-and-whisker plot o
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Augustine, E. A. (1938d). Important
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Among Some Amazon Tribes. Privately
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on Black Mesa, Arizona. The Univers
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CHAPTER 4 THE EARLY LATE WOODLAND I
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Figure 4.3. Gibraltar Cordmarked ce
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Figure 4.5. Ceramics of the Gibralt
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points and notched Chesser or Lowe
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dated to A.D. 890 (1025) 1230 (DIC-
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Table 4.3. Available Stable Carbon
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where fishing and farming may have
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Figure 4.10. Ceramic of the Sandusk
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singular Mixter Stamped vessels typ
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urial with the dead, broadcasted a
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during the early Late Woodland time
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Valley. North American Archaeologis
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CHAPTER 5 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN TH
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interest in exchange of service or
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CURRENT INVESTIGATIONS In view of t
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710 Area C 700 B-75084 TO-4556 TO-4
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Table 5.1. Summary of Artifacts fro
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e Bull's Point C o o t e s P a r a
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classification system has been appl
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(Crawford et al. 1997a). The same i
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in Ontario was Middle Woodland-deri
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207-212. Smithsonian Institution, W
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CHAPTER 6 EARLY LATE WOODLAND IN SO
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Figure 6.2. Lower Grand River Valle
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Table 6.1. Radiocarbon Dates from t
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segment of the terrace that effecti
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Figure 6.7. Meyer site terrace, vie
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Figure 6.10. Forster site reconstru
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Figure 6.12. Middle Thames River 20
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Figure 6.13. Site situation: a comp
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Dieterman, F. (2001). Princess Poin
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CHAPTER 7 EARLY LATE PREHISTORIC SE
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ticultural hamlets, small and large
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that Clemson Island was greatly inf
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local deposits. Alternately, Stimme
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Table 7.1. Radiocarbon Dates from S
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Pennsylvania continued to practice
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level) overlaps with the West Branc
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Under a population metaphysic, the
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Hatch, J. W., and Koontz, K. L. (19
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CHAPTER 8 NEW DATES FOR OWASCO POTS
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Table 8.1. Key Components of the Th
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Figure 8.1. Location of the Kipp Is
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Table 8.4. Carpenter Brook Phase Ho
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Table 8.5. Physical Characteristics
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Table 8.6. AMS Dates and Calibrated
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REFERENCES CITED Ammerman, A. J., a
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CHAPTER 9 PITS, PLANTS, AND PLACE:
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Thomas/Luckey Broome Tech N 0 0 50
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confluence with the Susquehanna Riv
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Figure 9.3. Topographic map of Broo
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Table 9.2. Feature Types at Thomas/
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Figure 9.4. Histogram of feature de
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Table 9.4. Plant Remains from Thoma
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Figure 9.7. Sample composition of n
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Figure 9.9. Seed composition (exclu
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suggests that the gathering of wild
Page 201 and 202: of posts may mark remnants of tempo
Page 203 and 204: for allowing me repeated and unteth
Page 205 and 206: History Press, Garden City, New Yor
Page 207 and 208: CHAPTER 10 UPLAND LAND USE PATTERNS
Page 209 and 210: LOCAL LEVEL ANALYSIS Local level an
Page 211 and 212: N104 E101 Unit 19A Unit 7A Unit 12A
Page 213 and 214: Table 10.2. Park Creek II Feature A
Page 215 and 216: Fea. 2 Fea. 5 0 1 2 N Figure 10.4.
Page 217 and 218: encounterlike hunting/butchering st
Page 219 and 220: END NOTES 1. A village is defined a
Page 221 and 222: Perrelli, D. J. (1994). Gender, Mob
Page 223 and 224: CHAPTER 11 EARLY LATE PREHISTORIC S
Page 225 and 226: Table 11.1. Upper Susquehanna Site
Page 227 and 228: Table 11.2. Summary of Late Middle
Page 229 and 230: Table 11.3. Settlement Features of
Page 231 and 232: approximately 1,000 sq. ft, there i
Page 233 and 234: Table 11.5. Summary of Seed Identif
Page 235 and 236: importance of hunting and hunting-r
Page 237 and 238: portion of the Susquehanna Valley,
Page 239 and 240: Herrick, J. W., and Snow, D. R. (19
Page 241 and 242: CHAPTER 12 WOODLAND PERIOD SETTLEME
Page 243 and 244: oundaries were given. According to
Page 245 and 246: Table 12.1: Selected Radiocarbon an
Page 247 and 248: shads and herrings of the family Cl
Page 249 and 250: consists of large concentrations of
Page 251: (1990) survey of recorded sites in
Page 255 and 256: CHAPTER 13 PALEOETHNOBOTANICAL INDI
Page 257 and 258: Figure 13.1. Forest regions of the
Page 259 and 260: Table 13.1. Distribution of Nut Tre
Page 261 and 262: ation in feature contents. For mult
Page 263 and 264: Figure 13.4. Nutshell density (gray
Page 265 and 266: Figure 13.5. Seed density and maize
Page 267 and 268: Table 13.3. Seed Indicators-Maine S
Page 269 and 270: Table 13.4. Broome Tech Site: Selec
Page 271 and 272: 6, and it occurred in 58 percent of
Page 273 and 274: Table 13.6. Continued Site Uncalibr
Page 275 and 276: Acknowledgments I thank John Hart f
Page 277 and 278: y K. J. Gremillion, pp. 161-178. Th
Page 279 and 280: CHAPTER 14 FROM HUNTER-GATHERER CAM
Page 281 and 282: Figure 14.1. Distribution of select
Page 283 and 284: available to Ceci were simply too l
Page 285 and 286: the AMS date of A.D. 1185 (A.D. 127
Page 287 and 288: Table 14.1. Continued Site Lab C14
Page 289 and 290: within single settlements remains e
Page 291 and 292: noncoastal residential sites certai
Page 293 and 294: Figure 14.3. Two stratigraphic prof
Page 295 and 296: to the Maritime Provinces on the Gu
Page 297 and 298: other related questions yet, and so
Page 299 and 300: Northeast Historical Archaeology 21
Page 301 and 302: Thomas, P. A. (1976). Contrastive s
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CHAPTER 15 “towns they have none
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Table 15.1. Key to Figure 15.1: Arc
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Maize will normally not preserve fo
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artifacts. Cowie (2000) suggests th
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creativity to resolve, but is also
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Ph.D. dissertation, Department of A
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CHAPTER 16 OUT OF THE BLUE AND INTO
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Figure 16.2. Map of the Bliss Islan
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shell-bearing sites located on the
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site. Middle Maritime Woodland occu
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(e.g., Black 1992:190) limit and co
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Table 16.3. Faunal Remains Associat
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and often poor vertebrate faunal pr
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the Maine/Maritimes area have argue
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SE: warm season (Rojo 1987:221); sp
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Ethnohistory 36:257-284. Bourque, B
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CHAPTER 17 ABORIGINAL LAND AND RESO
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Table 17.1. Chronological and Ceram
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Among the food plants listed above,
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species, the American eel (Anguilla
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the Early Woodland period. Tools ma
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Copper Resources Throughout the Lat
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midden deposits were located along
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a model with two distinct populatio
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Table 17.2. Summary of Landscape an
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File Report 93-1, Fredericton. Alle
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Anthropology, Temple University, Ph
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stone age found at Maquapit Lake. N
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CHAPTER 18 MAIZE AND VILLAGES: A Su
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use of the term “small village”
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1325 [1425] 1460) (Boyd et al. 1998
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several centuries after its first a
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from excavations at village sites h
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133-156. New York State Museum Bull
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longhouses. American Antiquity 55:4
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CONTRIBUTORS Timothy J. Abel. Carth
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Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Change: A.D. 700 –1300

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