Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Change: A.D. 700 –1300

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Fea. 3 Fea. 4 0 1 2 N Figure 10.3. General artifact patterning at the Park Creek II site, fourteenth century occupation (A4 horizon). Table 10.1. Radiocarbon Dates from the Park Creek II Site. Fea. # Horizon Beta Material Analysis δ 13 C 14 C Calibrated 2 σ Sample # (B.P.) Range and Intercepts 1 3 A4 B140973 Maize AMS -9.4 650±40 A.D. 1281 (1301, 1372, 1378) 1402 4 A4 B140974 Charred Material radiometric -25.0 2170±60 388 (200) 45 B.C. 2 A3 B140975 Maize AMS -9.3 560±40 A.D. 1302 (1403) 1436 5 A3 B140976 Maize AMS -9.0 480±40 A.D. 1402 (1434) 1474 1 Calibrated using CALIB 4.2, Stuiver (et al. 1998). 198 Miroff
Table 10.2. Park Creek II Feature Attributes. Feature Length Width Depth Plan Profile Artifacts (cm) (cm) (cm) 3 70 60 7 Elliptical Basin-shaped Debitage (2) 4 87 N/A 15 Elliptical Irregular None 2 100 75 12 Elliptical Basin-shaped Debitage and utilized flakes (2); Pottery (1) 5 141 76 14 Unknown Basin-shaped Debitage and utilized flakes (27); Biface fragment (1) The Fifteenth Century Occupation at the Park Creek II Site. The A3 horizon represented an early fifteenth century occupation at Park Creek II. Archaeologists identified 376 artifacts from feature and nonfeature contexts associated with this occupation. Artifacts included cortical and noncortical flakes (including utilized pieces), projectile points (one Levanna point, one Snook Kill-like point, and one Lamoka-like point), two bifaces, one unifacially retouched piece, one pottery fragment, and fire-cracked rock. Only the Levanna point type fits into the early Late Prehistoric time frame. However, the presence of a Snook-Kill and a Lamoka point may indicate collection and reuse by later peoples or sporadic use of the site area through time. The single pottery fragment, identified in Feature 2, had a mostly eroded exterior and a smoothed interior. Given the small size of the fragment (0.4 gm), its location on the vessel could not be determined. Features 2 and 5 (Table 10.2) were associated with the A3 horizon. Feature 2 consisted of reddened earth and charcoal. It was approximately 100 cm in length and 75 cm in width. Its longest axis was north-south and it was elliptical in plan. The profile was basinshaped with a depth of only 12 cm. Two pieces of lithic debitage and calcined bone were recovered from Feature 2. Feature 5 appeared on the surface as a dense concentration of charcoal. Approximately 5 cm below the feature’s surface, the matrix was heavily burned and was a bright-red color with some blackened soil. Due to time constraints, the eastern portion of Feature 5 was not exposed. The excavated portion of the feature was 141 cm by 76 cm. Approximately one-half of the feature was excavated. The profile was basin-shaped, with a maximum depth of 14 cm. Artifacts identified in the feature matrix included 25 pieces of lithic debitage, 2 utilized flakes, 1 biface fragment, and calcined bone. Microwear analysis was conducted by Pope (2000) on 3 bifaces, 1 unifacial piece, and 64 unmodified flakes (debitage and macroscopically identified utilized flakes) from the A3 horizon. Of the three bifaces examined, only the Snook Kill-like point possessed well-developed use traces, use polish, and haft traces. Meat polish was present along the lateral blade edges. Evidence suggested that the tool was used as both a projectile and a knife, for hunting and butchering. The hidelike polish indicated that the biface was, possibly, sheathed in hide. No use traces were present on the unifacial piece (retouched flake). The majority of the expedient flake tools were used on soft materials, most likely plants or woody plant fibers. Some of these expedient tools were also used to cut or process animal materials, probably small game, given the size of the tools. Microwear analysis demonstrated that while formal tools maintained and discarded at the site were used for animal processing, unmodified flakes were mainly used for processing soft plants and, rarely, meat. Expedient tools were used to shave, slice, scrape, perforate, or engrave. These expedient tools were both hafted and hand-held. Hafting may have improved tool efficiency (Versaggi et al. 1996). The microwear analysis suggested that formal tools (often a focal point of lithic analysis) may reflect only a small percentage of site activities. Combining microwear analysis of formal tools with that of unmodified debitage provided a fuller image of activities at Park Creek II. Features associated with the A3 horizon contained wood and acorn, hickory, and beechnut (Fagus grandifolia) (Asch Sidell 2000) (Table 10.3). As with the A4 horizon, nutshell most likely represented a consumed resource, given the lack of hickory trees in the vicinity of the site (Asch Sidell 2000:6). Maize (cupule, glume, and kernel) was identified in both features. The presence of inedible cupules and glumes suggested that maize may have been grown nearby (Asch Chapter 10 Upland Land Use Patterns during the Early Late Prehistoric (A.D. <strong>700</strong><strong>–1300</strong>) 199
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Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Ch
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Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Ch
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TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures L
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LIST OF FIGURES 2.1 Map of the cent
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9.3 Topographic map of Broome Tech.
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11.1 Upper Susquehanna Site Types (
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PREFACE The New York State Museum h
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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Christina B.
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domesticates and the occupation of
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and Rieth highlight the important c
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Dunnell, R. C. (1971). Systematics
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Anthropology, University of Massach
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CHAPTER 2 CENTRAL OHIO VALLEY DURIN
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L a k e E r i e PENNSYLVANIA INDIAN
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L a k e E r i e INDIANA R i v e r G
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Olentangy River and other minor tri
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Figure 2.6. Comparison of Late Wood
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support the notion of resource stre
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F4 F7 F5 F6 F3 F2 F9 F10 F12 F13 F1
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B B M F42 F43 F41 F44 S5 S4 S1 F30
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Table 2.3. continued Temporal Age A
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Table 2.3. continued Temporal Age A
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L a k e E r i e INDIANA o i O h Sal
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Figure 2.13. Map of the Late Prehis
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Figure 2.15. Map of households with
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Figure 2.17. Sample of Late Prehist
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Barkes, B. M. (1982). An Analysis o
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Fort Ancient Tradition, edited by J
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CHAPTER 3 “ . . . to reconstruct
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IT TAKES A VILLAGE Figure 3.2. Arti
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social organizations is drawn prima
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elements of the village, the spaces
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Diametric, concentric, and circumfe
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egion, including Reckner (Augustine
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Chapter 3 Modeling Village Communit
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Figure 3.9. Architectural and nonar
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Figure 3.11. Measuring distances in
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Table 3.2. Descriptive Statistics f
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DISCUSSION Table 3.3. Descriptive S
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Figure 3.14. Box-and-whisker plot o
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Augustine, E. A. (1938d). Important
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Among Some Amazon Tribes. Privately
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on Black Mesa, Arizona. The Univers
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CHAPTER 4 THE EARLY LATE WOODLAND I
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Figure 4.3. Gibraltar Cordmarked ce
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Figure 4.5. Ceramics of the Gibralt
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points and notched Chesser or Lowe
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dated to A.D. 890 (1025) 1230 (DIC-
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Table 4.3. Available Stable Carbon
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where fishing and farming may have
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Figure 4.10. Ceramic of the Sandusk
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singular Mixter Stamped vessels typ
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urial with the dead, broadcasted a
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during the early Late Woodland time
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Valley. North American Archaeologis
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CHAPTER 5 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN TH
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interest in exchange of service or
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CURRENT INVESTIGATIONS In view of t
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710 Area C 700 B-75084 TO-4556 TO-4
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Table 5.1. Summary of Artifacts fro
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e Bull's Point C o o t e s P a r a
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classification system has been appl
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(Crawford et al. 1997a). The same i
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in Ontario was Middle Woodland-deri
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207-212. Smithsonian Institution, W
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CHAPTER 6 EARLY LATE WOODLAND IN SO
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Figure 6.2. Lower Grand River Valle
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Table 6.1. Radiocarbon Dates from t
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segment of the terrace that effecti
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Figure 6.7. Meyer site terrace, vie
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Figure 6.10. Forster site reconstru
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Figure 6.12. Middle Thames River 20
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Figure 6.13. Site situation: a comp
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Dieterman, F. (2001). Princess Poin
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CHAPTER 7 EARLY LATE PREHISTORIC SE
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ticultural hamlets, small and large
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that Clemson Island was greatly inf
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local deposits. Alternately, Stimme
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Table 7.1. Radiocarbon Dates from S
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Pennsylvania continued to practice
Page 161 and 162: level) overlaps with the West Branc
Page 163 and 164: Under a population metaphysic, the
Page 165 and 166: Hatch, J. W., and Koontz, K. L. (19
Page 167 and 168: CHAPTER 8 NEW DATES FOR OWASCO POTS
Page 169 and 170: Table 8.1. Key Components of the Th
Page 171 and 172: Figure 8.1. Location of the Kipp Is
Page 173 and 174: Table 8.4. Carpenter Brook Phase Ho
Page 175 and 176: Table 8.5. Physical Characteristics
Page 177 and 178: Table 8.6. AMS Dates and Calibrated
Page 179 and 180: REFERENCES CITED Ammerman, A. J., a
Page 181 and 182: CHAPTER 9 PITS, PLANTS, AND PLACE:
Page 183 and 184: Thomas/Luckey Broome Tech N 0 0 50
Page 185 and 186: confluence with the Susquehanna Riv
Page 187 and 188: Figure 9.3. Topographic map of Broo
Page 189 and 190: Table 9.2. Feature Types at Thomas/
Page 191 and 192: Figure 9.4. Histogram of feature de
Page 193 and 194: Table 9.4. Plant Remains from Thoma
Page 195 and 196: Figure 9.7. Sample composition of n
Page 197 and 198: Figure 9.9. Seed composition (exclu
Page 199 and 200: suggests that the gathering of wild
Page 201 and 202: of posts may mark remnants of tempo
Page 203 and 204: for allowing me repeated and unteth
Page 205 and 206: History Press, Garden City, New Yor
Page 207 and 208: CHAPTER 10 UPLAND LAND USE PATTERNS
Page 209 and 210: LOCAL LEVEL ANALYSIS Local level an
Page 211: N104 E101 Unit 19A Unit 7A Unit 12A
Page 215 and 216: Fea. 2 Fea. 5 0 1 2 N Figure 10.4.
Page 217 and 218: encounterlike hunting/butchering st
Page 219 and 220: END NOTES 1. A village is defined a
Page 221 and 222: Perrelli, D. J. (1994). Gender, Mob
Page 223 and 224: CHAPTER 11 EARLY LATE PREHISTORIC S
Page 225 and 226: Table 11.1. Upper Susquehanna Site
Page 227 and 228: Table 11.2. Summary of Late Middle
Page 229 and 230: Table 11.3. Settlement Features of
Page 231 and 232: approximately 1,000 sq. ft, there i
Page 233 and 234: Table 11.5. Summary of Seed Identif
Page 235 and 236: importance of hunting and hunting-r
Page 237 and 238: portion of the Susquehanna Valley,
Page 239 and 240: Herrick, J. W., and Snow, D. R. (19
Page 241 and 242: CHAPTER 12 WOODLAND PERIOD SETTLEME
Page 243 and 244: oundaries were given. According to
Page 245 and 246: Table 12.1: Selected Radiocarbon an
Page 247 and 248: shads and herrings of the family Cl
Page 249 and 250: consists of large concentrations of
Page 251 and 252: (1990) survey of recorded sites in
Page 253 and 254: York State 92:1-8. Busby, M. (1966)
Page 255 and 256: CHAPTER 13 PALEOETHNOBOTANICAL INDI
Page 257 and 258: Figure 13.1. Forest regions of the
Page 259 and 260: Table 13.1. Distribution of Nut Tre
Page 261 and 262: ation in feature contents. For mult
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Figure 13.4. Nutshell density (gray
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Figure 13.5. Seed density and maize
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Table 13.3. Seed Indicators-Maine S
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Table 13.4. Broome Tech Site: Selec
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6, and it occurred in 58 percent of
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Table 13.6. Continued Site Uncalibr
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Acknowledgments I thank John Hart f
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y K. J. Gremillion, pp. 161-178. Th
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CHAPTER 14 FROM HUNTER-GATHERER CAM
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Figure 14.1. Distribution of select
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available to Ceci were simply too l
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the AMS date of A.D. 1185 (A.D. 127
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Table 14.1. Continued Site Lab C14
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within single settlements remains e
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noncoastal residential sites certai
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Figure 14.3. Two stratigraphic prof
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to the Maritime Provinces on the Gu
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other related questions yet, and so
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Northeast Historical Archaeology 21
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Thomas, P. A. (1976). Contrastive s
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CHAPTER 15 “towns they have none
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Table 15.1. Key to Figure 15.1: Arc
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Maize will normally not preserve fo
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artifacts. Cowie (2000) suggests th
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creativity to resolve, but is also
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Ph.D. dissertation, Department of A
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CHAPTER 16 OUT OF THE BLUE AND INTO
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Figure 16.2. Map of the Bliss Islan
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shell-bearing sites located on the
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site. Middle Maritime Woodland occu
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(e.g., Black 1992:190) limit and co
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Table 16.3. Faunal Remains Associat
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and often poor vertebrate faunal pr
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the Maine/Maritimes area have argue
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SE: warm season (Rojo 1987:221); sp
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Ethnohistory 36:257-284. Bourque, B
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CHAPTER 17 ABORIGINAL LAND AND RESO
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Table 17.1. Chronological and Ceram
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Among the food plants listed above,
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species, the American eel (Anguilla
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the Early Woodland period. Tools ma
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Copper Resources Throughout the Lat
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midden deposits were located along
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a model with two distinct populatio
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Table 17.2. Summary of Landscape an
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File Report 93-1, Fredericton. Alle
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Anthropology, Temple University, Ph
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stone age found at Maquapit Lake. N
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CHAPTER 18 MAIZE AND VILLAGES: A Su
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use of the term “small village”
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1325 [1425] 1460) (Boyd et al. 1998
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several centuries after its first a
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from excavations at village sites h
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133-156. New York State Museum Bull
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longhouses. American Antiquity 55:4
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CONTRIBUTORS Timothy J. Abel. Carth
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Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Change: A.D. 700 –1300

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