Department of Transportation. Means, B. K. (1999a). Preliminary Report on 1999 Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission Scholars in Residence Project Entitled “The Somerset County Relief Excavations: The Continuing Research Potential of Archaeological Holdings in The State Museum of Pennsylvania.” Manuscript submitted November 22, 1999, to the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, Harrisburg. Means, B. K. (1999b). Monongahela mortuary practices in Somerset County, Pennsylvania: observations and implications. Pennsylvania Archaeologist 69(2):15-44. Means, B. K. (2000a). Archaeology in black and white: digging Somerset County’s past during the Great Depression. Pennsylvania Heritage 26(3):6-11. Means, B. K. (2000b). Toward a model of Monongahela village community organization: analyzing pit feature data recovered from the 1934 to 1940 Somerset County relief excavations. North American Archaeologist 21(1):35-61. Means, B. K. (2000c). An archaeology of archaeology: recent investigations into the 1938 Martz Rock Shelters excavations. Pennsylvania Archaeologist 70(1):45-80. Means, B. K. (2001). Circular reasoning: ring-shaped village settlements in Late Prehistoric southwestern Pennsylvania and beyond. Journal of Middle Atlantic Archaeology 17:109- 131. Mindeleff, C. (1902). Localization of Tusayan Clans. In Nineteenth Annual Report of The Bureau of American Ethnology to The Secretary of The Smithsonian Institution, 1897-98, by J. W. Powell, pp. 635-653. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. Moore, J. (1996). The archaeology of plazas and the proxemics of ritual. American Anthropologist 98:789-802. Murdock, G. P. (1949). Our Primitive Contemporaries. The Macmillan Company, New York. Nass, J. P., Jr. (1987). Use-wear Analysis and Household Archaeology: A Study of the Activity Structure of the Incinerator Site, An Anderson Phase Fort Ancient Community in Southwestern Ohio. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, The Ohio State University. Nass, J. P., Jr. (1989). Household archaeology and functional analysis as procedures for studying Fort Ancient communities in the Ohio valley. Pennsylvania Archaeologist 59(1):1- 13. Nass, J. P., Jr. (1995). An examination of social, economic, and political organization at the Throckmorton Site, a Monongahela community in Greene County, Pennsylvania. Archaeology of Eastern North America 23:81- 93. Nelson, B. A. (1994). Introduction: approaches to analyzing prehistoric community dynamics. In The Ancient Southwestern Community: Models and Methods for the Study of Prehistoric Social Organization, edited by W. H. Wills and R. Leonard, pp. 3-7. University of New Mexico, Albuquerque. Newman, M. (1998). Immunological analysis of lithic and ceramic artifacts from 36SO113, Meyersdale, Pennsylvania. In Archaeological Data Recovery: Site 36SO113, edited by V. Boyd, K. Furgerson, B. K. Means, S. Lewthwaite, F. Vento, J. Sparenberg, C. O’Reilly, and J. Long. Report prepared by Greenhorne & O’Mara, Inc., for the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation. Oetelaar, G. (1993). Identifying site structure in the archaeological record: an Illinois Mississippian example. American Antiquity 58:662-687. Pearson, M., and Richards, C. (1994). Ordering the world: perceptions of architecture, space, and time. In Architecture and Order: Approaches to Social Space, edited by M. Pearson and C. Richards, pp. 1-37. Routledge, London. Portnoy, A. (1981). A microarchaeological view of human settlement space and function. In Modern Material Culture: The Archaeology of Us, edited by R. Gould and M. B. Schiffer, pp. 213-224. Academic Press, New York. Raber, P., Bamat, K. P., Boyko, W., Humpf, D., Moeller, R., and Stitler, J. (1989). Archaeological Data Recovery at 36Fa368, Grays Landing, Fayette County, Pennsylvania. E.R. No. 81- 1120-051. Report prepared by Archaeological and Historical Consultants, Inc., for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Pittsburgh District. Rapoport, A. (1976). Sociocultural aspects of man-environment studies. In The Mutual Interaction of People and Their Built Environment: A Cross-Cultural Perspective, pp. 7-35. Mouton Publishers, The Hague. Rapoport, A. (1980a). Vernacular architecture and the cultural determinants of form. In Buildings and Society: Essays on the Social Development of the Built Environment, edited by A. King, pp. 283-305. Routledge and Kegan Paul, London. Rapoport, A. (1980b). Culture, site-layout, and housing. Architectural Association Quarterly 12(1):4-7. Rapoport, A. (1990a). Systems of activities and systems of settings. In Domestic Architecture and the Use of Space: An Interdisciplinary Cross-Cultural Study, edited by S. Kent, pp. 9-20. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Rapoport, A. (1990b). The Meaning of the Built Environment: A Nonverbal Communication Approach. University of Arizona Press, Tucson. Rapoport, A. (1997). Some thoughts on people, place, and development. In Tradition, Location and Community: Place-making and Development, edited by A. Awotona and N. Teymur, pp. 7-26. Avebury, Aldershot, England. Raymer, L., and Bonhange-Freund, M. (1998). Macroplant Remains from Site 36SO223, S.R. 6219, Section B08, Somerset County, Pennsylvania. New South Associates Technical Report 535. New South Associates, Stone Mountain, Georgia. Raymer, L., and Bonhange-Freund, M. (1999). Paleoethnobotany of the Meyersdale 219 Archaeological Project, Somerset County, Pennsylvania: Synthesis. New South Associates Technical Report 579. Rice, G. with contribution by Henderson, T. K. (1987). A spatial analysis of the Hohokam community of La Ciudad. Ciudad Monograph Series Volume 1. Submitted to the Arizona Department of Transportation. Contract No. 82-11. Project No. I-10-2(144)PE. Office of Cultural Resource Management, Department of Anthropology, Arizona State University. Rivière, P. (1995). Houses, places and people: community and continuity in Guiana. In About the House: Lévi-Strauss and Beyond, edited by J. Carsten and S. Hugh-Jones, pp. 189- 205. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Rocek, T. (1995). Navajo Multi-household Social Units: Archaeology 70 Means
on Black Mesa, Arizona. The University of Arizona Press, Tucson. Saunders, T. (1990). The feudal construction of space: power and domination in the nucleated village. In The Social Archaeology of Houses, edited by R. Samson, pp. 180-196. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. Schiffer, M. B. (1987). Formation Processes of the Archaeological Record. University of New Mexico, Albuquerque. Siegel, P. (1996). Ideology and culture change in prehistoric Puerto Rico: a view from the community. Journal of Field Archaeology 23:313-333. Siegel, P. (1997). Ancestor worship and cosmology among the Taino. In Taíno: Pre-Columbian Art and Culture from the Caribbean, edited by F. Bercht, E. Brodsky, J. Farmer, and D. Taylor, pp. 106-111. El Museo Del Barrio, The Monacelli Press, New York. Snow, D. R. (1997). The architecture of Iroquois longhouses. <strong>Northeast</strong> Anthropologist 53:61-84. Turner, T. S. (1979). The Gê and Bororo societies as dialectical systems: a general model. Dialectical Societies: The Gê and Bororo of Central Brazil, edited by D. Maybury-Lewis, pp. 147-178. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Wall, R. (1981). An Archaeological Study of the Western Maryland Coal Region: The Prehistoric Resources. Maryland Geological Survey Division of Archeology, Crownsville. Wallace, A. F. (1969). The Death and Rebirth of the Seneca. Vintage Books, New York. Watson, P. J. (1978). Architectural differentiation in some Near Eastern communities, prehistoric and contemporary. In Social Archaeology: Beyond <strong>Subsistence</strong> and Dating, edited by C. Redman, M. Berman, E. Curtin, W. Langhorne, Jr., N. Versaggi, and J. Wanser, pp. 131-158. Academic Press, New York. Wilk, R. (1983). Little house in the jungle: the causes of variation in house size among modern Kekchi Maya. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 2:99-116. Wilk, R. (1991). Household Ecology: Economic <strong>Change</strong> and Domestic Life Among Kekchi Maya in Belize. The University of Arizona Press, Tucson. Wills, W. H., and Leonard, R. (1994). Preface. The Ancient Southwestern Community: Models and Methods for the Study of Prehistoric Social Organization, edited by W. H. Wills and R. Leonard, pp. xiii-xvi. University of New Mexico, Albuquerque. Wüst, I., and Barreto, C. (1999). The ring villages of central Brazil: a challenge for Amazonian archaeology. Latin American Antiquity 10:3-23. Wymer, D. A. (1993). Cultural change and subsistence: the Middle Woodland and Late Woodland transition in the Mid-Ohio Valley. In Foraging and Farming in the Eastern Woodlands, edited by C. M. Scarry, pp. 138-156. University Press of Florida, Gainesville. Yaworski, M. (1983). Soil Survey of Somerset County, Pennsylvania. Soil Conservation Service. United States Department of Agriculture. National Cooperative Soil Survey. Yellen, J. E. (1977). Archaeological Approaches to the Present: Models for Reconstructing the Past. Academic Press, New York. Chapter 3 Modeling Village Community Organization Using Data From the Somerset County Relief Excavations 71
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Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Ch
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Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Ch
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TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures L
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LIST OF FIGURES 2.1 Map of the cent
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9.3 Topographic map of Broome Tech.
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11.1 Upper Susquehanna Site Types (
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PREFACE The New York State Museum h
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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Christina B.
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domesticates and the occupation of
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and Rieth highlight the important c
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Dunnell, R. C. (1971). Systematics
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Anthropology, University of Massach
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CHAPTER 2 CENTRAL OHIO VALLEY DURIN
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L a k e E r i e PENNSYLVANIA INDIAN
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L a k e E r i e INDIANA R i v e r G
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Olentangy River and other minor tri
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- Page 35 and 36: support the notion of resource stre
- Page 37 and 38: F4 F7 F5 F6 F3 F2 F9 F10 F12 F13 F1
- Page 39 and 40: B B M F42 F43 F41 F44 S5 S4 S1 F30
- Page 41 and 42: Table 2.3. continued Temporal Age A
- Page 43 and 44: Table 2.3. continued Temporal Age A
- Page 45 and 46: L a k e E r i e INDIANA o i O h Sal
- Page 47 and 48: Figure 2.13. Map of the Late Prehis
- Page 49 and 50: Figure 2.15. Map of households with
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- Page 53 and 54: Barkes, B. M. (1982). An Analysis o
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- Page 57 and 58: CHAPTER 3 “ . . . to reconstruct
- Page 59 and 60: IT TAKES A VILLAGE Figure 3.2. Arti
- Page 61 and 62: social organizations is drawn prima
- Page 63 and 64: elements of the village, the spaces
- Page 65 and 66: Diametric, concentric, and circumfe
- Page 67 and 68: egion, including Reckner (Augustine
- Page 69 and 70: Chapter 3 Modeling Village Communit
- Page 71 and 72: Figure 3.9. Architectural and nonar
- Page 73 and 74: Figure 3.11. Measuring distances in
- Page 75 and 76: Table 3.2. Descriptive Statistics f
- Page 77 and 78: DISCUSSION Table 3.3. Descriptive S
- Page 79 and 80: Figure 3.14. Box-and-whisker plot o
- Page 81 and 82: Augustine, E. A. (1938d). Important
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- Page 87 and 88: CHAPTER 4 THE EARLY LATE WOODLAND I
- Page 89 and 90: Figure 4.3. Gibraltar Cordmarked ce
- Page 91 and 92: Figure 4.5. Ceramics of the Gibralt
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- Page 97 and 98: Table 4.3. Available Stable Carbon
- Page 99 and 100: where fishing and farming may have
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- Page 103 and 104: singular Mixter Stamped vessels typ
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- Page 113 and 114: interest in exchange of service or
- Page 115 and 116: CURRENT INVESTIGATIONS In view of t
- Page 117 and 118: 710 Area C 700 B-75084 TO-4556 TO-4
- Page 119 and 120: Table 5.1. Summary of Artifacts fro
- Page 121 and 122: e Bull's Point C o o t e s P a r a
- Page 123 and 124: classification system has been appl
- Page 125 and 126: (Crawford et al. 1997a). The same i
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Table 6.1. Radiocarbon Dates from t
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segment of the terrace that effecti
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Figure 6.7. Meyer site terrace, vie
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Figure 6.10. Forster site reconstru
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Figure 6.12. Middle Thames River 20
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Figure 6.13. Site situation: a comp
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Dieterman, F. (2001). Princess Poin
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CHAPTER 7 EARLY LATE PREHISTORIC SE
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ticultural hamlets, small and large
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that Clemson Island was greatly inf
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local deposits. Alternately, Stimme
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Table 7.1. Radiocarbon Dates from S
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Pennsylvania continued to practice
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level) overlaps with the West Branc
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Under a population metaphysic, the
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Hatch, J. W., and Koontz, K. L. (19
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CHAPTER 8 NEW DATES FOR OWASCO POTS
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Table 8.1. Key Components of the Th
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Figure 8.1. Location of the Kipp Is
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Table 8.4. Carpenter Brook Phase Ho
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Table 8.5. Physical Characteristics
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Table 8.6. AMS Dates and Calibrated
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REFERENCES CITED Ammerman, A. J., a
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CHAPTER 9 PITS, PLANTS, AND PLACE:
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Thomas/Luckey Broome Tech N 0 0 50
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confluence with the Susquehanna Riv
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Figure 9.3. Topographic map of Broo
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Table 9.2. Feature Types at Thomas/
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Figure 9.4. Histogram of feature de
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Table 9.4. Plant Remains from Thoma
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Figure 9.7. Sample composition of n
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Figure 9.9. Seed composition (exclu
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suggests that the gathering of wild
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of posts may mark remnants of tempo
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for allowing me repeated and unteth
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History Press, Garden City, New Yor
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CHAPTER 10 UPLAND LAND USE PATTERNS
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LOCAL LEVEL ANALYSIS Local level an
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N104 E101 Unit 19A Unit 7A Unit 12A
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Table 10.2. Park Creek II Feature A
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Fea. 2 Fea. 5 0 1 2 N Figure 10.4.
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encounterlike hunting/butchering st
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END NOTES 1. A village is defined a
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Perrelli, D. J. (1994). Gender, Mob
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CHAPTER 11 EARLY LATE PREHISTORIC S
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Table 11.1. Upper Susquehanna Site
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Table 11.2. Summary of Late Middle
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Table 11.3. Settlement Features of
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approximately 1,000 sq. ft, there i
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Table 11.5. Summary of Seed Identif
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importance of hunting and hunting-r
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portion of the Susquehanna Valley,
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Herrick, J. W., and Snow, D. R. (19
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CHAPTER 12 WOODLAND PERIOD SETTLEME
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oundaries were given. According to
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Table 12.1: Selected Radiocarbon an
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shads and herrings of the family Cl
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consists of large concentrations of
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(1990) survey of recorded sites in
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York State 92:1-8. Busby, M. (1966)
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CHAPTER 13 PALEOETHNOBOTANICAL INDI
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Figure 13.1. Forest regions of the
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Table 13.1. Distribution of Nut Tre
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ation in feature contents. For mult
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Figure 13.4. Nutshell density (gray
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Figure 13.5. Seed density and maize
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Table 13.3. Seed Indicators-Maine S
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Table 13.4. Broome Tech Site: Selec
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6, and it occurred in 58 percent of
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Table 13.6. Continued Site Uncalibr
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Acknowledgments I thank John Hart f
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y K. J. Gremillion, pp. 161-178. Th
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CHAPTER 14 FROM HUNTER-GATHERER CAM
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Figure 14.1. Distribution of select
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available to Ceci were simply too l
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the AMS date of A.D. 1185 (A.D. 127
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Table 14.1. Continued Site Lab C14
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within single settlements remains e
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noncoastal residential sites certai
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Figure 14.3. Two stratigraphic prof
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to the Maritime Provinces on the Gu
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other related questions yet, and so
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Northeast Historical Archaeology 21
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Thomas, P. A. (1976). Contrastive s
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CHAPTER 15 “towns they have none
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Table 15.1. Key to Figure 15.1: Arc
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Maize will normally not preserve fo
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artifacts. Cowie (2000) suggests th
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creativity to resolve, but is also
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Ph.D. dissertation, Department of A
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CHAPTER 16 OUT OF THE BLUE AND INTO
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Figure 16.2. Map of the Bliss Islan
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shell-bearing sites located on the
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site. Middle Maritime Woodland occu
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(e.g., Black 1992:190) limit and co
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Table 16.3. Faunal Remains Associat
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and often poor vertebrate faunal pr
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the Maine/Maritimes area have argue
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SE: warm season (Rojo 1987:221); sp
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Ethnohistory 36:257-284. Bourque, B
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CHAPTER 17 ABORIGINAL LAND AND RESO
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Table 17.1. Chronological and Ceram
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Among the food plants listed above,
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species, the American eel (Anguilla
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the Early Woodland period. Tools ma
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Copper Resources Throughout the Lat
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midden deposits were located along
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a model with two distinct populatio
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Table 17.2. Summary of Landscape an
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File Report 93-1, Fredericton. Alle
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Anthropology, Temple University, Ph
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stone age found at Maquapit Lake. N
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CHAPTER 18 MAIZE AND VILLAGES: A Su
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use of the term “small village”
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1325 [1425] 1460) (Boyd et al. 1998
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several centuries after its first a
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from excavations at village sites h
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133-156. New York State Museum Bull
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longhouses. American Antiquity 55:4
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CONTRIBUTORS Timothy J. Abel. Carth