Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Change: A.D. 700 –1300

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N 0 0 50 mi 80 km Project area J. Skiba Figure 11.1. Map showing the location of the project area. Figure 11.2. Map showing the location of the sites discussed in the text. Schenevus and Charlotte Creeks is a unique combination of upland hills and valley floors. In this area, the valley floor is very narrow, measuring less than a quarter mile wide. Several smaller microenvironments (such as those at Hudson Lake and Worchester Bog) are located nearby and would have allowed the prehistoric occupants of the region to exploit a wide range of floral, faunal, and aviary specimens (Mitchell 1978). The valley floor is transformed from a narrow corridor to an expansive floodplain measuring more than a mile wide in between the Charlotte and Otego Creeks. Nearby, several small terraces surround the valley floor. The entire Oneonta-Worchester region is enclosed by the smoothly undulating Appalachian mountain system, and the tributary valleys of the Schenevus, Charlotte, and Otego Creeks would have provided access to these upland areas (Mitchell 1978). Chronology The sites that are discussed in this chapter bridge the gap between the late Middle Woodland (ca. A.D. 700-800) and the early Late Woodland (ca. 800-1300) periods. In the upper Susquehanna Valley, the late Middle Woodland period includes sites dating to the Kipp Island phase (A.D. 700-800) and has been associated with the occupation of the region just prior to the introduction of maize horticulture. According to Ritchie (1994), the Kipp Island phase is best described as a transitional phase between the earlier Point Peninsula occupations and the Late Woodland cultures that dominated the region between A.D. 800 and 1300. Most of the sites that are discussed in this paper are associated with the early Late Woodland period and have produced calibrated radiocarbon dates between A.D. 1000 and 1300 (Table 11.2). The early Late Woodland period has traditionally included sites dating to the Hunter’s Home (A.D. 800-1000), Carpenter Brook (A.D. 1000-1100), Canandaigua (A.D. 1100- 1200), and Castle Creek (A.D. 1200-1300) phases. In the Southern Tier region of New York, this period is marked by the transition from a mobile hunter-gatherer subsistence economy to a subsistence economy that involved the adoption and eventual intensification of maize horticulture (Ritchie 1994). Coinciding with this transition were equally important changes in the use, size, and internal organization of prehistoric settlements, material culture, and the reconfiguration of earlier social relations. Several sites in the project area produced erroneous radiocarbon dates and/or were not previously dated (Table 11.2). When possible, these sites were assigned to the late Middle or early Late Woodland period 212 Rieth
Table 11.2. Summary of Late Middle and Early Late Woodland Sites in the Oneonta-Worchester Region. Site Name Provenience Radiocarbon Age Calibrated 2σ Reference B.P (Lab No.) with intercepts (A.D.) 2 Late Middle Woodland Occupations Fortin II Occupation 3 1390±55 (Dic-209) 560 (656) 765 Funk 1998a 1120±90(I-6565) 688 (899, 920, 958) 1152 Adequentaga Layer 2 1345 (I-4557) Raemsch 1970 1300 (I-3931) --- 1190 (I-3732) --- 1080 (I-4445) --- Sternberg Zone 3 None reported --- Funk 1998b Subi-136 --- None reported --- Wanser 1978 Street Locus 1, Zone B 1250±150 (QC-100) 536 (775)1148 Wellman 1998 1425±150 (QC-1001) 262 (642) 956 Funk 1993 Subi-505 --- None reported None reported Wanser 1978 Early Late Woodland Occupations Ouleout Site 1 --- 1180±80 665 (885) 1019 Hartgen Archaeological Associates 1989 1160±80 679 (890) 1022 1150±80 686 (892) 1023 1020±80 785 (1018) 1210 1000±70 894 (1021)1210 990±60 901 (1023)1206 990±120 778 (1023)1279 970±60 (Beta 19682) 978 (1029)1214 960±80 (Beta 19933) 899 (1034)1256 840±90 (Beta 19666) 1018 (1216) 1379 Street Locus 2, Zone A 1000±45 (Dic-989) 978 (1021) 1159 Wellman 1998 800±50 (Dic-990) 1156 (1256) 1291 Hudson Lake Locus 7 270±140 1405 (1645) 1955 Snethkamp 1975, 1976 Fortin II1 Occupation 4 870±75 (Dic-166) 1018 (1165,1166,1188) 1285 Funk 1998a Fortin I Locus 1, Zone 1 None reported None reported Funk 1998a Hilltop --- None reported None reported Ritchie 1938 Sternberg Zone 1 None reported None reported Funk 1998b Otego Yard Locus 1 & 4 1750±90 74 (258,283,287,300,320) 531 Hartgen Archaeological Associates 1988 1180±90 661 (885) 1022 1020±110 776 (1018) 1256 810±80 1027 (1224,1231,1239) 1379 570±60 1292 (1334,1336,1400) 1441 510±60 1304 (1421) 1478 280±80 1442 (1642) 1949 260±60 1479 (1648) 1948 Broe Pasture --- None reported None reported Weide 1974 Muehl --- None reported None reported Weide 1975 1 Additional radiocarbon dates reported for this site, but these dates fall beyond the A.D. 700-1300 period of this chapter. 2 Calibrated using CALIB 4.2 (Stuiver et al. 1998) Chapter 11 Early Late Prehistoric Settlement and Subsistence Diversity in the Southern Tier of New York 213
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Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Ch
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Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Ch
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TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures L
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LIST OF FIGURES 2.1 Map of the cent
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9.3 Topographic map of Broome Tech.
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11.1 Upper Susquehanna Site Types (
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PREFACE The New York State Museum h
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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Christina B.
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domesticates and the occupation of
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and Rieth highlight the important c
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Dunnell, R. C. (1971). Systematics
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Anthropology, University of Massach
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CHAPTER 2 CENTRAL OHIO VALLEY DURIN
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L a k e E r i e PENNSYLVANIA INDIAN
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L a k e E r i e INDIANA R i v e r G
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Olentangy River and other minor tri
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Figure 2.6. Comparison of Late Wood
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support the notion of resource stre
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F4 F7 F5 F6 F3 F2 F9 F10 F12 F13 F1
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B B M F42 F43 F41 F44 S5 S4 S1 F30
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Table 2.3. continued Temporal Age A
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Table 2.3. continued Temporal Age A
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L a k e E r i e INDIANA o i O h Sal
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Figure 2.13. Map of the Late Prehis
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Figure 2.15. Map of households with
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Figure 2.17. Sample of Late Prehist
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Barkes, B. M. (1982). An Analysis o
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Fort Ancient Tradition, edited by J
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CHAPTER 3 “ . . . to reconstruct
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IT TAKES A VILLAGE Figure 3.2. Arti
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social organizations is drawn prima
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elements of the village, the spaces
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Diametric, concentric, and circumfe
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egion, including Reckner (Augustine
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Chapter 3 Modeling Village Communit
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Figure 3.9. Architectural and nonar
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Figure 3.11. Measuring distances in
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Table 3.2. Descriptive Statistics f
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DISCUSSION Table 3.3. Descriptive S
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Figure 3.14. Box-and-whisker plot o
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Augustine, E. A. (1938d). Important
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Among Some Amazon Tribes. Privately
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on Black Mesa, Arizona. The Univers
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CHAPTER 4 THE EARLY LATE WOODLAND I
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Figure 4.3. Gibraltar Cordmarked ce
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Figure 4.5. Ceramics of the Gibralt
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points and notched Chesser or Lowe
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dated to A.D. 890 (1025) 1230 (DIC-
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Table 4.3. Available Stable Carbon
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where fishing and farming may have
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Figure 4.10. Ceramic of the Sandusk
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singular Mixter Stamped vessels typ
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urial with the dead, broadcasted a
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during the early Late Woodland time
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Valley. North American Archaeologis
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CHAPTER 5 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN TH
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interest in exchange of service or
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CURRENT INVESTIGATIONS In view of t
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710 Area C 700 B-75084 TO-4556 TO-4
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Table 5.1. Summary of Artifacts fro
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e Bull's Point C o o t e s P a r a
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classification system has been appl
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(Crawford et al. 1997a). The same i
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in Ontario was Middle Woodland-deri
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207-212. Smithsonian Institution, W
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CHAPTER 6 EARLY LATE WOODLAND IN SO
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Figure 6.2. Lower Grand River Valle
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Table 6.1. Radiocarbon Dates from t
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segment of the terrace that effecti
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Figure 6.7. Meyer site terrace, vie
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Figure 6.10. Forster site reconstru
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Figure 6.12. Middle Thames River 20
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Figure 6.13. Site situation: a comp
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Dieterman, F. (2001). Princess Poin
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CHAPTER 7 EARLY LATE PREHISTORIC SE
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ticultural hamlets, small and large
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that Clemson Island was greatly inf
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local deposits. Alternately, Stimme
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Table 7.1. Radiocarbon Dates from S
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Pennsylvania continued to practice
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level) overlaps with the West Branc
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Under a population metaphysic, the
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Hatch, J. W., and Koontz, K. L. (19
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CHAPTER 8 NEW DATES FOR OWASCO POTS
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Table 8.1. Key Components of the Th
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Figure 8.1. Location of the Kipp Is
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Table 8.4. Carpenter Brook Phase Ho
Page 175 and 176: Table 8.5. Physical Characteristics
Page 177 and 178: Table 8.6. AMS Dates and Calibrated
Page 179 and 180: REFERENCES CITED Ammerman, A. J., a
Page 181 and 182: CHAPTER 9 PITS, PLANTS, AND PLACE:
Page 183 and 184: Thomas/Luckey Broome Tech N 0 0 50
Page 185 and 186: confluence with the Susquehanna Riv
Page 187 and 188: Figure 9.3. Topographic map of Broo
Page 189 and 190: Table 9.2. Feature Types at Thomas/
Page 191 and 192: Figure 9.4. Histogram of feature de
Page 193 and 194: Table 9.4. Plant Remains from Thoma
Page 195 and 196: Figure 9.7. Sample composition of n
Page 197 and 198: Figure 9.9. Seed composition (exclu
Page 199 and 200: suggests that the gathering of wild
Page 201 and 202: of posts may mark remnants of tempo
Page 203 and 204: for allowing me repeated and unteth
Page 205 and 206: History Press, Garden City, New Yor
Page 207 and 208: CHAPTER 10 UPLAND LAND USE PATTERNS
Page 209 and 210: LOCAL LEVEL ANALYSIS Local level an
Page 211 and 212: N104 E101 Unit 19A Unit 7A Unit 12A
Page 213 and 214: Table 10.2. Park Creek II Feature A
Page 215 and 216: Fea. 2 Fea. 5 0 1 2 N Figure 10.4.
Page 217 and 218: encounterlike hunting/butchering st
Page 219 and 220: END NOTES 1. A village is defined a
Page 221 and 222: Perrelli, D. J. (1994). Gender, Mob
Page 223 and 224: CHAPTER 11 EARLY LATE PREHISTORIC S
Page 225: Table 11.1. Upper Susquehanna Site
Page 229 and 230: Table 11.3. Settlement Features of
Page 231 and 232: approximately 1,000 sq. ft, there i
Page 233 and 234: Table 11.5. Summary of Seed Identif
Page 235 and 236: importance of hunting and hunting-r
Page 237 and 238: portion of the Susquehanna Valley,
Page 239 and 240: Herrick, J. W., and Snow, D. R. (19
Page 241 and 242: CHAPTER 12 WOODLAND PERIOD SETTLEME
Page 243 and 244: oundaries were given. According to
Page 245 and 246: Table 12.1: Selected Radiocarbon an
Page 247 and 248: shads and herrings of the family Cl
Page 249 and 250: consists of large concentrations of
Page 251 and 252: (1990) survey of recorded sites in
Page 253 and 254: York State 92:1-8. Busby, M. (1966)
Page 255 and 256: CHAPTER 13 PALEOETHNOBOTANICAL INDI
Page 257 and 258: Figure 13.1. Forest regions of the
Page 259 and 260: Table 13.1. Distribution of Nut Tre
Page 261 and 262: ation in feature contents. For mult
Page 263 and 264: Figure 13.4. Nutshell density (gray
Page 265 and 266: Figure 13.5. Seed density and maize
Page 267 and 268: Table 13.3. Seed Indicators-Maine S
Page 269 and 270: Table 13.4. Broome Tech Site: Selec
Page 271 and 272: 6, and it occurred in 58 percent of
Page 273 and 274: Table 13.6. Continued Site Uncalibr
Page 275 and 276: Acknowledgments I thank John Hart f
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y K. J. Gremillion, pp. 161-178. Th
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CHAPTER 14 FROM HUNTER-GATHERER CAM
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Figure 14.1. Distribution of select
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available to Ceci were simply too l
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the AMS date of A.D. 1185 (A.D. 127
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Table 14.1. Continued Site Lab C14
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within single settlements remains e
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noncoastal residential sites certai
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Figure 14.3. Two stratigraphic prof
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to the Maritime Provinces on the Gu
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other related questions yet, and so
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Northeast Historical Archaeology 21
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Thomas, P. A. (1976). Contrastive s
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CHAPTER 15 “towns they have none
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Table 15.1. Key to Figure 15.1: Arc
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Maize will normally not preserve fo
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artifacts. Cowie (2000) suggests th
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creativity to resolve, but is also
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Ph.D. dissertation, Department of A
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CHAPTER 16 OUT OF THE BLUE AND INTO
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Figure 16.2. Map of the Bliss Islan
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shell-bearing sites located on the
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site. Middle Maritime Woodland occu
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(e.g., Black 1992:190) limit and co
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Table 16.3. Faunal Remains Associat
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and often poor vertebrate faunal pr
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the Maine/Maritimes area have argue
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SE: warm season (Rojo 1987:221); sp
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Ethnohistory 36:257-284. Bourque, B
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CHAPTER 17 ABORIGINAL LAND AND RESO
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Table 17.1. Chronological and Ceram
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Among the food plants listed above,
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species, the American eel (Anguilla
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the Early Woodland period. Tools ma
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Copper Resources Throughout the Lat
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midden deposits were located along
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a model with two distinct populatio
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Table 17.2. Summary of Landscape an
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File Report 93-1, Fredericton. Alle
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Anthropology, Temple University, Ph
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stone age found at Maquapit Lake. N
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CHAPTER 18 MAIZE AND VILLAGES: A Su
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use of the term “small village”
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1325 [1425] 1460) (Boyd et al. 1998
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several centuries after its first a
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from excavations at village sites h
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133-156. New York State Museum Bull
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longhouses. American Antiquity 55:4
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CONTRIBUTORS Timothy J. Abel. Carth
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Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Change: A.D. 700 –1300

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