Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Change: A.D. 700 –1300

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an unspecified storage role. Assuming that these features may have served as personal caches suggests that this form of storage behavior occurred much more regularly at Thomas/Luckey than was the case at Broome Tech. Again, the possible reasons are varied and include all of the above, but may also reflect a greater emphasis on personal or nuclear family storage at Thomas/Luckey and/or a focus on corporate storage at Broome Tech. Perhaps more telling is that the percentage of large storage pits, features assumed to have held food products, is more than six times greater at Thomas/Luckey, demonstrating that large-scale in-ground storage of agricultural surpluses was an important concern at this Late Prehistoric village. The presence of such a high percentage of large storage facilities at Thomas/Luckey suggests a longer length of occupation with old pits filled and capped as new pits were dug; a larger resident population; year-round site occupation with a greater need for stored surplus during the lean season; or, more likely, a combination of these factors. The two Late Prehistoric sites not only differ in the frequency of storage facilities, but also show marked differences in relative numbers of features that functioned as cooking and/or heating facilities. Hearths, the numerically dominant features at Broome Tech, account for more than three-quarters (78 percent) of the features present. This represents six times more than the 13 percent of Thomas/Luckey features that were classified as either hearths or earth ovens. Clearly the primary feature activity at Broome Tech involved thermal functions. Because hearths may serve as either cooking or heating facilities, it is difficult to address the specific activities associated with the hearths at either Broome Tech or Thomas/Luckey. Although researchers have estimated Late Prehistoric village population based on numbers of hearths (e.g., Snow 1995), the higher frequency of hearths at Broome Tech, where the number of site occupants is undoubtedly smaller, is related to the seasonal reoccupation of the site. As will be seen, Broome Tech hearths display little investment in formal feature preparation and were kindled in slightly different spots upon seasonal reoccupation of the site. In contrast, the hearths at Thomas/Luckey, particularly those within the longhouse, represent fixed loci that remained constant through most of the site’s occupation. Feature Size. In addition to variation in the types and relative frequencies of features, striking differences in feature size also distinguish these sites (Table 9.3). Features at Broome Tech tend to be very shallow, with an average depth of only 10 cm, much smaller than the 41 cm average depth at Thomas/Luckey. A histogram of feature depths reveals that Broome Tech features, in addition to being shallower, also have a discontinuous distribution of depths (Figure 9.4). All but one of the 18 Broome Tech features are less than 15 cm deep, with 89 percent having a maximum depth of less than 10 cm. The only feature that is not shallow is the lone storage pit that has a depth of 87 cm. It is noteworthy that no Broome Tech features have a depth between 14 and 87 cm, which stands in stark contrast to Thomas/Luckey, where feature depths assume a more continuous distribution. Examination of Figure 9.4 suggests the presence of three depth modes (21-30 cm, 41-50 cm, and 61- 70 cm), indicative of the variety of feature sizes at Thomas/Luckey. While the contrasts in feature depths between the two sites is no doubt in part related to the differences in diversity and frequency of feature types, closer scrutiny of average depths by feature type also reveals variation between the sites. Hearths at Thomas/Luckey average 34 cm in depth, much deeper than the average depth of 6 cm at Broome Tech. This Table 9.3. Average Feature Metrics at Thomas/Luckey and Broome Tech. Thomas/Luckey Broome Tech Length 112.0 69.3 Width 99.3 53.9 Depth 40.9 10.3 Volume 0.348 0.096 Length/Width (L/W) 1.16 1.33 Length/Depth (L/D) 3.3 11.2 176 Knapp
Figure 9.4. Histogram of feature depths. Figure 9.6. Histogram of feature length-to-depth ratio. suggests either the presence of different types of hearths at the two sites, or reflects differing levels of hearth preparation. Following the same pattern, small storage pits at Broome Tech average only 8 cm deep, less than a third of the 28 cm Thomas/Luckey average. Interestingly, the 87 cm depth of the lone storage feature at Broome Tech is much greater than the 59 cm average depth for Thomas/Luckey, but approaches the 90 cm upper limit for Thomas/Luckey storage pits. Estimated feature volumes reinforce the size distinctions noted for feature depths (Figure 9.5). The volume of Thomas/Luckey features have an average volume Figure 9.5. Histogram of feature volumes. of 0.348 cu. m, nearly four times the 0.096 cu. m average for Broome Tech. Ninety-four percent of the Broome Tech features are less than 0.1 cu. m, compared with only 23 percent at Thomas/Luckey. A closer examination of these small feature reveals that 78% of the Broome Tech features are less than 0.01 cu. m, while none of the features identified at Thomas/Luckey are this small. All of these data point to the clearly smaller size of features at Broome Tech. A potential very important contrast to this general pattern is the single large Broome Tech storage pit, with an estimated volume of 1.568 cu. m, 20 percent larger than the biggest Thomas/Luckey storage feature. Feature Shape. In addition to variation in feature size between the two sites, there are also subtle differences in feature shape (Figure 9.6). To gauge variation in profile shape, a maximum length-to-depth ratio (L/D) was computed for each feature. Features with a high score tend to have a large surface area relative to depth, and indicate shallow features. A perfectly hemispheric profile would have an L/D of 2. Features at Broome Tech have an average L/D of 11.2, more than triple the 3.3 L/D for Thomas/Luckey (Figure 9.6). Nearly 70 percent of the Broome Tech features are at least six times longer than they are deep, while only 8 percent of the Thomas/Luckey features are so proportioned. The relatively high ratio at Broome Tech is largely driven by the numerous ephemeral hearths, which have an average L/D of 13.1, compared with the single storage feature with a 2.2 L/D. The lower L/D ratio for Thomas/Luckey appears as a largely unimodal Chapter 9 Pits, Plants, and Place: Recognizing Late Prehistoric <strong>Subsistence</strong> and <strong>Settlement</strong> Diversity in the Upper Susquehanna Drainage 177
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Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Ch
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Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Ch
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TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures L
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LIST OF FIGURES 2.1 Map of the cent
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9.3 Topographic map of Broome Tech.
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11.1 Upper Susquehanna Site Types (
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PREFACE The New York State Museum h
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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Christina B.
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domesticates and the occupation of
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and Rieth highlight the important c
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Dunnell, R. C. (1971). Systematics
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Anthropology, University of Massach
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CHAPTER 2 CENTRAL OHIO VALLEY DURIN
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L a k e E r i e PENNSYLVANIA INDIAN
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L a k e E r i e INDIANA R i v e r G
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Olentangy River and other minor tri
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Figure 2.6. Comparison of Late Wood
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support the notion of resource stre
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F4 F7 F5 F6 F3 F2 F9 F10 F12 F13 F1
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B B M F42 F43 F41 F44 S5 S4 S1 F30
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Table 2.3. continued Temporal Age A
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Table 2.3. continued Temporal Age A
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L a k e E r i e INDIANA o i O h Sal
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Figure 2.13. Map of the Late Prehis
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Figure 2.15. Map of households with
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Figure 2.17. Sample of Late Prehist
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Barkes, B. M. (1982). An Analysis o
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Fort Ancient Tradition, edited by J
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CHAPTER 3 “ . . . to reconstruct
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IT TAKES A VILLAGE Figure 3.2. Arti
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social organizations is drawn prima
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elements of the village, the spaces
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Diametric, concentric, and circumfe
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egion, including Reckner (Augustine
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Chapter 3 Modeling Village Communit
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Figure 3.9. Architectural and nonar
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Figure 3.11. Measuring distances in
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Table 3.2. Descriptive Statistics f
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DISCUSSION Table 3.3. Descriptive S
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Figure 3.14. Box-and-whisker plot o
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Augustine, E. A. (1938d). Important
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Among Some Amazon Tribes. Privately
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on Black Mesa, Arizona. The Univers
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CHAPTER 4 THE EARLY LATE WOODLAND I
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Figure 4.3. Gibraltar Cordmarked ce
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Figure 4.5. Ceramics of the Gibralt
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points and notched Chesser or Lowe
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dated to A.D. 890 (1025) 1230 (DIC-
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Table 4.3. Available Stable Carbon
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where fishing and farming may have
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Figure 4.10. Ceramic of the Sandusk
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singular Mixter Stamped vessels typ
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urial with the dead, broadcasted a
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during the early Late Woodland time
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Valley. North American Archaeologis
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CHAPTER 5 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN TH
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interest in exchange of service or
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CURRENT INVESTIGATIONS In view of t
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710 Area C 700 B-75084 TO-4556 TO-4
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Table 5.1. Summary of Artifacts fro
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e Bull's Point C o o t e s P a r a
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classification system has been appl
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(Crawford et al. 1997a). The same i
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in Ontario was Middle Woodland-deri
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207-212. Smithsonian Institution, W
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CHAPTER 6 EARLY LATE WOODLAND IN SO
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Figure 6.2. Lower Grand River Valle
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Table 6.1. Radiocarbon Dates from t
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segment of the terrace that effecti
Page 139 and 140: Figure 6.7. Meyer site terrace, vie
Page 141 and 142: Figure 6.10. Forster site reconstru
Page 143 and 144: Figure 6.12. Middle Thames River 20
Page 145 and 146: Figure 6.13. Site situation: a comp
Page 147 and 148: Dieterman, F. (2001). Princess Poin
Page 149 and 150: CHAPTER 7 EARLY LATE PREHISTORIC SE
Page 151 and 152: ticultural hamlets, small and large
Page 153 and 154: that Clemson Island was greatly inf
Page 155 and 156: local deposits. Alternately, Stimme
Page 157 and 158: Table 7.1. Radiocarbon Dates from S
Page 159 and 160: Pennsylvania continued to practice
Page 161 and 162: level) overlaps with the West Branc
Page 163 and 164: Under a population metaphysic, the
Page 165 and 166: Hatch, J. W., and Koontz, K. L. (19
Page 167 and 168: CHAPTER 8 NEW DATES FOR OWASCO POTS
Page 169 and 170: Table 8.1. Key Components of the Th
Page 171 and 172: Figure 8.1. Location of the Kipp Is
Page 173 and 174: Table 8.4. Carpenter Brook Phase Ho
Page 175 and 176: Table 8.5. Physical Characteristics
Page 177 and 178: Table 8.6. AMS Dates and Calibrated
Page 179 and 180: REFERENCES CITED Ammerman, A. J., a
Page 181 and 182: CHAPTER 9 PITS, PLANTS, AND PLACE:
Page 183 and 184: Thomas/Luckey Broome Tech N 0 0 50
Page 185 and 186: confluence with the Susquehanna Riv
Page 187 and 188: Figure 9.3. Topographic map of Broo
Page 189: Table 9.2. Feature Types at Thomas/
Page 193 and 194: Table 9.4. Plant Remains from Thoma
Page 195 and 196: Figure 9.7. Sample composition of n
Page 197 and 198: Figure 9.9. Seed composition (exclu
Page 199 and 200: suggests that the gathering of wild
Page 201 and 202: of posts may mark remnants of tempo
Page 203 and 204: for allowing me repeated and unteth
Page 205 and 206: History Press, Garden City, New Yor
Page 207 and 208: CHAPTER 10 UPLAND LAND USE PATTERNS
Page 209 and 210: LOCAL LEVEL ANALYSIS Local level an
Page 211 and 212: N104 E101 Unit 19A Unit 7A Unit 12A
Page 213 and 214: Table 10.2. Park Creek II Feature A
Page 215 and 216: Fea. 2 Fea. 5 0 1 2 N Figure 10.4.
Page 217 and 218: encounterlike hunting/butchering st
Page 219 and 220: END NOTES 1. A village is defined a
Page 221 and 222: Perrelli, D. J. (1994). Gender, Mob
Page 223 and 224: CHAPTER 11 EARLY LATE PREHISTORIC S
Page 225 and 226: Table 11.1. Upper Susquehanna Site
Page 227 and 228: Table 11.2. Summary of Late Middle
Page 229 and 230: Table 11.3. Settlement Features of
Page 231 and 232: approximately 1,000 sq. ft, there i
Page 233 and 234: Table 11.5. Summary of Seed Identif
Page 235 and 236: importance of hunting and hunting-r
Page 237 and 238: portion of the Susquehanna Valley,
Page 239 and 240: Herrick, J. W., and Snow, D. R. (19
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CHAPTER 12 WOODLAND PERIOD SETTLEME
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oundaries were given. According to
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Table 12.1: Selected Radiocarbon an
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shads and herrings of the family Cl
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consists of large concentrations of
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(1990) survey of recorded sites in
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York State 92:1-8. Busby, M. (1966)
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CHAPTER 13 PALEOETHNOBOTANICAL INDI
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Figure 13.1. Forest regions of the
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Table 13.1. Distribution of Nut Tre
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ation in feature contents. For mult
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Figure 13.4. Nutshell density (gray
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Figure 13.5. Seed density and maize
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Table 13.3. Seed Indicators-Maine S
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Table 13.4. Broome Tech Site: Selec
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6, and it occurred in 58 percent of
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Table 13.6. Continued Site Uncalibr
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Acknowledgments I thank John Hart f
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y K. J. Gremillion, pp. 161-178. Th
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CHAPTER 14 FROM HUNTER-GATHERER CAM
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Figure 14.1. Distribution of select
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available to Ceci were simply too l
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the AMS date of A.D. 1185 (A.D. 127
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Table 14.1. Continued Site Lab C14
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within single settlements remains e
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noncoastal residential sites certai
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Figure 14.3. Two stratigraphic prof
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to the Maritime Provinces on the Gu
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other related questions yet, and so
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Northeast Historical Archaeology 21
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Thomas, P. A. (1976). Contrastive s
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CHAPTER 15 “towns they have none
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Table 15.1. Key to Figure 15.1: Arc
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Maize will normally not preserve fo
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artifacts. Cowie (2000) suggests th
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creativity to resolve, but is also
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Ph.D. dissertation, Department of A
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CHAPTER 16 OUT OF THE BLUE AND INTO
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Figure 16.2. Map of the Bliss Islan
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shell-bearing sites located on the
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site. Middle Maritime Woodland occu
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(e.g., Black 1992:190) limit and co
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Table 16.3. Faunal Remains Associat
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and often poor vertebrate faunal pr
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the Maine/Maritimes area have argue
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SE: warm season (Rojo 1987:221); sp
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Ethnohistory 36:257-284. Bourque, B
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CHAPTER 17 ABORIGINAL LAND AND RESO
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Table 17.1. Chronological and Ceram
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Among the food plants listed above,
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species, the American eel (Anguilla
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the Early Woodland period. Tools ma
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Copper Resources Throughout the Lat
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midden deposits were located along
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a model with two distinct populatio
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Table 17.2. Summary of Landscape an
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File Report 93-1, Fredericton. Alle
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Anthropology, Temple University, Ph
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stone age found at Maquapit Lake. N
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CHAPTER 18 MAIZE AND VILLAGES: A Su
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use of the term “small village”
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1325 [1425] 1460) (Boyd et al. 1998
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several centuries after its first a
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from excavations at village sites h
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133-156. New York State Museum Bull
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longhouses. American Antiquity 55:4
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CONTRIBUTORS Timothy J. Abel. Carth
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Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Change: A.D. 700 –1300

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