Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Change: A.D. 700 –1300

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Returning to O’Shea’s (1989) comparison, the Pawnee were located on the plains. They planted diverse varieties of maize in scattered fields, with interannual storage. Fallback wild plant foods; the coordinated, cooperative hunting of buffalo that could be cured for storage; and social obligations for sharing within the village were employed to minimize or buffer the risks associated with maize farming. The Huron, by contrast, were Eastern Woodlands maize farmers who planted diverse crops in large contiguous fields and utilized above ground storage facilities. Shortfalls were buffered by exploiting wild plants and animals, especially white-tailed deer, anadromous fish, and exchange between Huron villages and between the Huron and other tribes for animal protein. Winterhalder and Goland (1997:150) suggest that unlike the situation for the Pawnee, the patchy soils in the Eastern Woodlands forced the Huron to clear more area for planting and thus increased their labor costs; this factor made field dispersion more costly. Because large communal fields were planted among the Huron, intravillage sharing was not as helpful for buffering shortages, because household harvests were all synchronized. While Winterhalder and Goland’s thesis seems reasonable, we disagree with their belief that soil conditions and suitability for maize cultivation compelled the Huron to concentrate their fields. The Huron were in a situation in which they could utilize riverine settings as well as uplands. The Pawnee, however, would have been limited to only riverine areas because they did not possess the technology to effectively utilize prairie soils, which have an especially thick sod. Even burning would not have made prairie soils any more usable for the cultivation of domesticates. Since the Huron, often referred to as a confederation, practiced intervillage sharing and intergroup exchange to obtain needed resources to both supplement their diet and/or buffer perceived shortages, a high degree of coordination was needed. Boone (1992:317) attributes such coordinated effort to the existence of social hierarchies that arise when population emigration and dispersal are not logistically viable options to offset population growth. Based on the above discussion, some of the strategies and tactics employed prehistorically to mitigate perturbations associated with farming, population growth, sedentism, and population aggregation should be detectable in subsistence residues and archaeological settlement patterning data (Rafferty 1994). For example, temporal and spatial variability in storage facilities can be monitored in conjunction with an examination of subsistence remains. The size and spatial arrangement of settlements over time may also reveal responses to resource selection and the subsequent risks of those decisions. Another usable measure for examining issues of dietary decisions, labor organization, and population density is any spatialtemporal variability in dwelling size. An examination of these variables is attempted using the Late Woodland and Late Prehistoric databases (ca. A.D. 400 to 1400) for the central Ohio Valley. THE LATE WOODLAND DATABASE Within central Ohio, a small number of late Late Woodland sites have been excavated or systematically surveyed. Within the northern Scioto drainage (Figure 2.4), data are available from the Walter S. Cole (Potter 1966), Ufferman (Barkes 1978), DECCO (Barkes 1982), and the Hartley Farm and Scioto Woods sites (Church 1992). In the central portion of the Scioto drainage data are available from Sabre Farms (Nass et al. 1990), Continental Construction (Pacheco 1987), Peters Cave (Prufer and McKenzie 1966), and Harness-28 (Otto 1983). Located to the east in the Muskingum River drainage are Philo II and Longacre (Morton 1984, 1989), Locust (Seeman 1985), and the Hunter 1 (Church 1991) sites, and the Childers and Woods sites (Shott and Jefferies 1990; 1992) in West Virginia (Figure 2.4). During the early Late Woodland period (ca. A.D. 400-700), sites were nucleated, multihousehold settlements (1-3 ha in size) located on bluffs of major rivers or streams, and frequently surrounded by an earthwork or ditch feature (Church 1987; Dancey 1988). This pattern stands in contrast to the preceding Middle Woodland pattern of dispersed household units (Dancey 1988, 1991, 1992). Mounds are not present at these sites (e.g., Water Plant [Dancey et al. 1987], Zencor/Scioto Trails [Otto 1982], and Highbanks in Franklin County, Ohio). However, during the succeeding late Late Woodland period (ca. A.D. 700-950/1000), the settlement pattern changed in three ways. First, site location shifted predominantly to river and stream terraces or floodplains. Second, the area of a site occupied at any one time decreased in size. Third, site types varied considerably, as evidenced by structure and associated features (Table 2.1). For example, in the northern Scioto drainage, sites like Walter S. Cole, Ufferman, DECCO, and Hartley Farm vary between 0.1 and 0.4 ha in size and are scattered along the terrace and floodplain of the 16 Church and Nass
Olentangy River and other minor tributaries of the Scioto. DECCO and Hartley Farm may represent habitations, while Walter S. Cole and Ufferman appear to be specialized mortuary sites. The Scioto Woods site, also within this size range, and located just west of the Hartley Farm site on a small bench overlooking the same stream, has been interpreted as a lithic workshop (Church 1992). Farther south and to the southeast, the settlement picture differs somewhat. The Sabre Farms and Continental Construction sites also are located on the floodplain, but both are multi-component sites approximately 0.5 ha in size. Controlled surface collection at the Sabre Farms site delineated a linear surface scatter of Late Archaic, Early Woodland, and Late Woodland artifacts covering an area approximately 35 meters by 130 meters along a north-south-trending rise on the Scioto River floodplain. Excavation of a 5 meter-wide right-of-way across a segment of the surface scatter revealed a cluster of late Late Woodland shallow and deep basin pits, one large, deep storage pit; hearths; FCR concentrations; poorly preserved pit burials; and midden (Nass et al. 1990) (Figure 2.5). Artifacts place the site within the Peters phase (Seeman 1992a). Salvage excavation at the Continental Construction site (Pacheco 1987) revealed pit features containing late Late Woodland Peters phase ceramics, but no evidence of midden development. Again, pit features were located along a rise on the Scioto River floodplain. At the same time, excavation of a number of wellknown rockshelters in the uplands of south-central Ohio has revealed evidence of extensive use during this period. The Peters (Prufer and McKenzie 1966) and Chesser (Prufer 1975) rockshelters may represent the cold weather equivalent of the warm weather floodplain and terrace occupations. Along the Muskingum River, Philo II and the Longacre sites, located 3 kilometers upriver from Hunter 1, contain discrete clusters of pit features and artifacts attributable to the late Late Woodland (Morton 1984). Components are approximately 3 ha in size for these and other late Late Woodland settlements, but may be due more to repeated occupational usage rather than a single, long-term occupation (cf. Seeman 1992a, b; Shott and Jefferies 1992). The toolkit during this time contains limestone and chert-tempered, subconical ceramic jars; Raccoon Notched, Jacks Reef, and a small number of triangular points; bifacial knives, drills, scrapers; and ground stone celts, pitted cobbles, and hammerstones. The change in projectile point types from Chesser Notched and Lowe series points to Raccoon Notched, Jacks Reef, and triangular point types has been interpreted as a technological adaptation to the use of the bow and arrow in the region (Seeman 1992; Yerkes and Pecora 1991). No artifacts that could be interpreted as hoes have been found at any Ohio sites, but stone hoes made from sandstone have been recovered from West Virginia sites. Locally available raw materials dominated the chipped stone and expedient tool technology (Nass et al. 1990; Seeman 1992b; Shott and Jefferies 1990). Associated features (Figure 2.6) consist of shallow basin and shallow flat-bottom-shaped pits that ranged from 27 to 240 liters in volume, and occasionally sheet midden remnants. With the exception of a large deep-pit feature at Sabre Farms, which exceeds 3,000 liters in volume, deep-cylinder and bell-shaped Table 2.1. Details of Late Late Woodland Sites in the Central Ohio Valley. Site Landform Site (ha) Community Plan Associated Feature W. S. Cole Terrace 0.1 Pits, burials Ufferman Terrace Pits, burials DECCO Floodplain 0.1 Pits Scioto Woods Upland 0.04 None Hartley Farm Upland 0.3 Pits, surface hearths Hunter 1 Terrace 0.1 Linear Pits, hearths, midden remnants, postholes Philo II Terrace Linear Pits Sabre Farms Floodplain 5.0 Pits, midden, burials Peters Cave Rockshelter Pits Chesser Cave Rockshelter Locust Terrace 0.15 Pits, midden Longacre Terrace 0.8 Linear Pits Chapter 2 Central Ohio Valley During the Late Prehistoric Period: Subsistance-Settlement Systems’ Responses to Risk 17
Page 1 and 2: Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Ch
Page 3 and 4: Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Ch
Page 5 and 6: TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures L
Page 7 and 8: LIST OF FIGURES 2.1 Map of the cent
Page 9 and 10: 9.3 Topographic map of Broome Tech.
Page 11 and 12: 11.1 Upper Susquehanna Site Types (
Page 13 and 14: PREFACE The New York State Museum h
Page 15 and 16: CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Christina B.
Page 17 and 18: domesticates and the occupation of
Page 19 and 20: and Rieth highlight the important c
Page 21 and 22: Dunnell, R. C. (1971). Systematics
Page 23 and 24: Anthropology, University of Massach
Page 25 and 26: CHAPTER 2 CENTRAL OHIO VALLEY DURIN
Page 27 and 28: L a k e E r i e PENNSYLVANIA INDIAN
Page 29: L a k e E r i e INDIANA R i v e r G
Page 33 and 34: Figure 2.6. Comparison of Late Wood
Page 35 and 36: support the notion of resource stre
Page 37 and 38: F4 F7 F5 F6 F3 F2 F9 F10 F12 F13 F1
Page 39 and 40: B B M F42 F43 F41 F44 S5 S4 S1 F30
Page 41 and 42: Table 2.3. continued Temporal Age A
Page 43 and 44: Table 2.3. continued Temporal Age A
Page 45 and 46: L a k e E r i e INDIANA o i O h Sal
Page 47 and 48: Figure 2.13. Map of the Late Prehis
Page 49 and 50: Figure 2.15. Map of households with
Page 51 and 52: Figure 2.17. Sample of Late Prehist
Page 53 and 54: Barkes, B. M. (1982). An Analysis o
Page 55 and 56: Fort Ancient Tradition, edited by J
Page 57 and 58: CHAPTER 3 “ . . . to reconstruct
Page 59 and 60: IT TAKES A VILLAGE Figure 3.2. Arti
Page 61 and 62: social organizations is drawn prima
Page 63 and 64: elements of the village, the spaces
Page 65 and 66: Diametric, concentric, and circumfe
Page 67 and 68: egion, including Reckner (Augustine
Page 69 and 70: Chapter 3 Modeling Village Communit
Page 71 and 72: Figure 3.9. Architectural and nonar
Page 73 and 74: Figure 3.11. Measuring distances in
Page 75 and 76: Table 3.2. Descriptive Statistics f
Page 77 and 78: DISCUSSION Table 3.3. Descriptive S
Page 79 and 80: Figure 3.14. Box-and-whisker plot o
Page 81 and 82:
Augustine, E. A. (1938d). Important
Page 83 and 84:
Among Some Amazon Tribes. Privately
Page 85 and 86:
on Black Mesa, Arizona. The Univers
Page 87 and 88:
CHAPTER 4 THE EARLY LATE WOODLAND I
Page 89 and 90:
Figure 4.3. Gibraltar Cordmarked ce
Page 91 and 92:
Figure 4.5. Ceramics of the Gibralt
Page 93 and 94:
points and notched Chesser or Lowe
Page 95 and 96:
dated to A.D. 890 (1025) 1230 (DIC-
Page 97 and 98:
Table 4.3. Available Stable Carbon
Page 99 and 100:
where fishing and farming may have
Page 101 and 102:
Figure 4.10. Ceramic of the Sandusk
Page 103 and 104:
singular Mixter Stamped vessels typ
Page 105 and 106:
urial with the dead, broadcasted a
Page 107 and 108:
during the early Late Woodland time
Page 109 and 110:
Valley. North American Archaeologis
Page 111 and 112:
CHAPTER 5 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN TH
Page 113 and 114:
interest in exchange of service or
Page 115 and 116:
CURRENT INVESTIGATIONS In view of t
Page 117 and 118:
710 Area C 700 B-75084 TO-4556 TO-4
Page 119 and 120:
Table 5.1. Summary of Artifacts fro
Page 121 and 122:
e Bull's Point C o o t e s P a r a
Page 123 and 124:
classification system has been appl
Page 125 and 126:
(Crawford et al. 1997a). The same i
Page 127 and 128:
in Ontario was Middle Woodland-deri
Page 129 and 130:
207-212. Smithsonian Institution, W
Page 131 and 132:
CHAPTER 6 EARLY LATE WOODLAND IN SO
Page 133 and 134:
Figure 6.2. Lower Grand River Valle
Page 135 and 136:
Table 6.1. Radiocarbon Dates from t
Page 137 and 138:
segment of the terrace that effecti
Page 139 and 140:
Figure 6.7. Meyer site terrace, vie
Page 141 and 142:
Figure 6.10. Forster site reconstru
Page 143 and 144:
Figure 6.12. Middle Thames River 20
Page 145 and 146:
Figure 6.13. Site situation: a comp
Page 147 and 148:
Dieterman, F. (2001). Princess Poin
Page 149 and 150:
CHAPTER 7 EARLY LATE PREHISTORIC SE
Page 151 and 152:
ticultural hamlets, small and large
Page 153 and 154:
that Clemson Island was greatly inf
Page 155 and 156:
local deposits. Alternately, Stimme
Page 157 and 158:
Table 7.1. Radiocarbon Dates from S
Page 159 and 160:
Pennsylvania continued to practice
Page 161 and 162:
level) overlaps with the West Branc
Page 163 and 164:
Under a population metaphysic, the
Page 165 and 166:
Hatch, J. W., and Koontz, K. L. (19
Page 167 and 168:
CHAPTER 8 NEW DATES FOR OWASCO POTS
Page 169 and 170:
Table 8.1. Key Components of the Th
Page 171 and 172:
Figure 8.1. Location of the Kipp Is
Page 173 and 174:
Table 8.4. Carpenter Brook Phase Ho
Page 175 and 176:
Table 8.5. Physical Characteristics
Page 177 and 178:
Table 8.6. AMS Dates and Calibrated
Page 179 and 180:
REFERENCES CITED Ammerman, A. J., a
Page 181 and 182:
CHAPTER 9 PITS, PLANTS, AND PLACE:
Page 183 and 184:
Thomas/Luckey Broome Tech N 0 0 50
Page 185 and 186:
confluence with the Susquehanna Riv
Page 187 and 188:
Figure 9.3. Topographic map of Broo
Page 189 and 190:
Table 9.2. Feature Types at Thomas/
Page 191 and 192:
Figure 9.4. Histogram of feature de
Page 193 and 194:
Table 9.4. Plant Remains from Thoma
Page 195 and 196:
Figure 9.7. Sample composition of n
Page 197 and 198:
Figure 9.9. Seed composition (exclu
Page 199 and 200:
suggests that the gathering of wild
Page 201 and 202:
of posts may mark remnants of tempo
Page 203 and 204:
for allowing me repeated and unteth
Page 205 and 206:
History Press, Garden City, New Yor
Page 207 and 208:
CHAPTER 10 UPLAND LAND USE PATTERNS
Page 209 and 210:
LOCAL LEVEL ANALYSIS Local level an
Page 211 and 212:
N104 E101 Unit 19A Unit 7A Unit 12A
Page 213 and 214:
Table 10.2. Park Creek II Feature A
Page 215 and 216:
Fea. 2 Fea. 5 0 1 2 N Figure 10.4.
Page 217 and 218:
encounterlike hunting/butchering st
Page 219 and 220:
END NOTES 1. A village is defined a
Page 221 and 222:
Perrelli, D. J. (1994). Gender, Mob
Page 223 and 224:
CHAPTER 11 EARLY LATE PREHISTORIC S
Page 225 and 226:
Table 11.1. Upper Susquehanna Site
Page 227 and 228:
Table 11.2. Summary of Late Middle
Page 229 and 230:
Table 11.3. Settlement Features of
Page 231 and 232:
approximately 1,000 sq. ft, there i
Page 233 and 234:
Table 11.5. Summary of Seed Identif
Page 235 and 236:
importance of hunting and hunting-r
Page 237 and 238:
portion of the Susquehanna Valley,
Page 239 and 240:
Herrick, J. W., and Snow, D. R. (19
Page 241 and 242:
CHAPTER 12 WOODLAND PERIOD SETTLEME
Page 243 and 244:
oundaries were given. According to
Page 245 and 246:
Table 12.1: Selected Radiocarbon an
Page 247 and 248:
shads and herrings of the family Cl
Page 249 and 250:
consists of large concentrations of
Page 251 and 252:
(1990) survey of recorded sites in
Page 253 and 254:
York State 92:1-8. Busby, M. (1966)
Page 255 and 256:
CHAPTER 13 PALEOETHNOBOTANICAL INDI
Page 257 and 258:
Figure 13.1. Forest regions of the
Page 259 and 260:
Table 13.1. Distribution of Nut Tre
Page 261 and 262:
ation in feature contents. For mult
Page 263 and 264:
Figure 13.4. Nutshell density (gray
Page 265 and 266:
Figure 13.5. Seed density and maize
Page 267 and 268:
Table 13.3. Seed Indicators-Maine S
Page 269 and 270:
Table 13.4. Broome Tech Site: Selec
Page 271 and 272:
6, and it occurred in 58 percent of
Page 273 and 274:
Table 13.6. Continued Site Uncalibr
Page 275 and 276:
Acknowledgments I thank John Hart f
Page 277 and 278:
y K. J. Gremillion, pp. 161-178. Th
Page 279 and 280:
CHAPTER 14 FROM HUNTER-GATHERER CAM
Page 281 and 282:
Figure 14.1. Distribution of select
Page 283 and 284:
available to Ceci were simply too l
Page 285 and 286:
the AMS date of A.D. 1185 (A.D. 127
Page 287 and 288:
Table 14.1. Continued Site Lab C14
Page 289 and 290:
within single settlements remains e
Page 291 and 292:
noncoastal residential sites certai
Page 293 and 294:
Figure 14.3. Two stratigraphic prof
Page 295 and 296:
to the Maritime Provinces on the Gu
Page 297 and 298:
other related questions yet, and so
Page 299 and 300:
Northeast Historical Archaeology 21
Page 301 and 302:
Thomas, P. A. (1976). Contrastive s
Page 303 and 304:
CHAPTER 15 “towns they have none
Page 305 and 306:
Table 15.1. Key to Figure 15.1: Arc
Page 307 and 308:
Maize will normally not preserve fo
Page 309 and 310:
artifacts. Cowie (2000) suggests th
Page 311 and 312:
creativity to resolve, but is also
Page 313 and 314:
Ph.D. dissertation, Department of A
Page 315 and 316:
CHAPTER 16 OUT OF THE BLUE AND INTO
Page 317 and 318:
Figure 16.2. Map of the Bliss Islan
Page 319 and 320:
shell-bearing sites located on the
Page 321 and 322:
site. Middle Maritime Woodland occu
Page 323 and 324:
(e.g., Black 1992:190) limit and co
Page 325 and 326:
Table 16.3. Faunal Remains Associat
Page 327 and 328:
and often poor vertebrate faunal pr
Page 329 and 330:
the Maine/Maritimes area have argue
Page 331 and 332:
SE: warm season (Rojo 1987:221); sp
Page 333 and 334:
Ethnohistory 36:257-284. Bourque, B
Page 335 and 336:
CHAPTER 17 ABORIGINAL LAND AND RESO
Page 337 and 338:
Table 17.1. Chronological and Ceram
Page 339 and 340:
Among the food plants listed above,
Page 341 and 342:
species, the American eel (Anguilla
Page 343 and 344:
the Early Woodland period. Tools ma
Page 345 and 346:
Copper Resources Throughout the Lat
Page 347 and 348:
midden deposits were located along
Page 349 and 350:
a model with two distinct populatio
Page 351 and 352:
Table 17.2. Summary of Landscape an
Page 353 and 354:
File Report 93-1, Fredericton. Alle
Page 355 and 356:
Anthropology, Temple University, Ph
Page 357 and 358:
stone age found at Maquapit Lake. N
Page 359 and 360:
CHAPTER 18 MAIZE AND VILLAGES: A Su
Page 361 and 362:
use of the term “small village”
Page 363 and 364:
1325 [1425] 1460) (Boyd et al. 1998
Page 365 and 366:
several centuries after its first a
Page 367 and 368:
from excavations at village sites h
Page 369 and 370:
133-156. New York State Museum Bull
Page 371 and 372:
longhouses. American Antiquity 55:4
Page 373 and 374:
CONTRIBUTORS Timothy J. Abel. Carth
show all

Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Change: A.D. 700 –1300

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?