Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Change: A.D. 700 –1300

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distribution, with 39.4 percent of the features having an L/D ratio between 2 and 3. This unimodal distribution suggests that there may have been an ideal length-todepth ratio for Thomas/Luckey features. No clear modes are apparent for L/D at Broome Tech, which indicates that many of the Broome Tech features lack formal construction. To evaluate feature plan shape, a maximum lengthto-width ratio (L/W) was calculated for each feature. Perfectly circular features score 1, and increasing values indicate more oblong, or irregularly shaped features. Thomas/Luckey features more closely approximate a circle, with an average score of 1.16, compared with the 1.33 score for Broome Tech. The noncircular features at Broome Tech again highlight the irregularly shaped surface hearths, which have a very high average length-to-width ratio of 1.46. The single storage pit nearly approximates a circle, with a score of 1.08, very similar to the L/W average for all Thomas/Luckey features. Data on feature type, frequency, size, and shape taken together suggest very different sets of behaviors occurred at these two Late Prehistoric sites. Only three feature types (hearth, large storage pit, and small storage pit) were used at Broome Tech and are numerically dominated by very shallow, irregularly shaped surface hearths. These thermal features lack formal construction and were apparently lit upon largely unmodified surfaces. This contrasts with the single storage pit, which was clearly planned and involved excavation of a large amount of soil for construction. This large pit is nearly circular in plan view and is approximately twice as long as it is deep, which approaches the “ideal” pit profile noted at Thomas/Luckey. In contrast, features at Thomas/Luckey include a greater variety of types (large storage pit, small storage pit, hearth, earth oven, grave, and smudge pit) and are overwhelmingly dominated by in-ground storage facilities. Features are on average much larger, implying a greater labor investment, and exhibit a much higher degree of planning. Residents constructed features that approximate a circle in plan view and, regardless of feature size, there appears to have been a model of pit proportions where features should be approximately twice as long as they are deep. Plant Data One of the most direct approaches for exploring subsistence and settlement variability is the detailed identification and analysis of macrobotanical remains. Recovery of flotation samples was an integral component of the research design for both Thomas/Luckey and Broome Tech. Over one hundred soil samples have been secured and processed from Thomas/Luckey features; of these, 14 samples from 7 features have been analyzed (Scarry 1995). A very intensive program of flotation sample recovery was undertaken for the multicomponent Broome Tech site, with over 1,400 samples collected and processed. Samples recovered from the early Late Prehistoric occupation include samples from features and from the midden. Ninety-seven samples collected from 19 early Late Prehistoric features have been examined and are included in this study (Asch Sidell 1999) 3 . The raw counts of plant remains recovered from Thomas/Luckey and Broome Tech are presented in Table 9.4. Given that botanical remains are subject to a number of potential biases, including differential preservation and differences in sample size and sample abundance, the raw quantities of specific plant remains should not be used to directly assess dietary contribution. However, archaeobotanists have developed quantitative methods for interpreting plant data that provide useful tools for gauging intersite variation in plant use (Miller 1988; Pearsall 1989; Popper 1988). Potentially important methods include comparison of burning activities, percentage composition, densities, and ratios. The density of plant weight (calculated as carbon weight divided by processed soil volume) at Thomas/Luckey (.45 g/l) and Broome Tech (.52 g/l) are almost identical (Table 9.5). At sites where the only preserved plant remains of any antiquity are carbonized, as is true for these sites, similarity of charred plant densities indicates like amounts of burning activities occurred at the two sites (Pearsall 1989:197). According to Pearsall (1989:197), “demonstrating that the level of burning activity is similar among contexts, components, and sites reduces concern about preservation biases in data.” Following from this, the nearly identical plant densities suggest similar botanical preservation at Broome Tech and Thomas/Luckey, thereby reducing the concern for potential preservation biases and facilitating intersite comparisons. Where the two sites dramatically differ is in the ratio of non-wood plants to carbonized plant weight (Table 9.5). At Thomas/Luckey there are 33.8 non-wood plant remains per gram of carbon, more than seven times the 4.6 non-wood plants per gram at Broome Tech. If we accept that the two assemblages were subject to similar preservation conditions, then the dramatic difference in these ratios indicates that non-wood plant resources 178 Knapp
Table 9.4. Plant Remains from Thomas/Luckey and Broome Tech. Common Name Taxonomic Name Thomas/Luckey Broome Tech Crops Maize Zea mays Cupule 484 67 Embryo 0 4 Glume 0 3 Kernel 125 240 Squash Cucurbita pepo 0 P Bean Phaseolus vulgaris 6 0 Nutshell Acorn Quercus sp. 58 62 Acorn meat Quercus sp. 4 0 Bitternut hickory Carya cordiformus 0 5 Butternut Juglans cinerea 179 589 Hazelnut Corylus sp. 0 2 Hickory Carya sp. 262 220 Walnut family Juglandaceae 53 56 Noncrop Seeds Fleshy Fruits Hawthorn Crataegus sp. 7 12 Blueberry cf. Vaccinium sp. 0 4 Elderberry Sambucus sp. 2 0 Bramble Rubus sp. 0 38 Grasses Wild rye Elymus sp. 0 2 Grass family Poaceae 35 1 Bluestem cf. Andropogon sp. 83 0 Medicinal/Beverage Bedstraw Galium sp. 0 1 White vervain Verbena urticifolia 1 69 Dock Rumex sp. 0 1 Sumac Rhus sp. 3 1 Economic/Weed Hog peanut Amphicarpa bracteata 0 0 Tick trefoil Desmodium sp. 0 1 Sunflower Helianthus annuus 3 0 Amaranth/chenopod Amaranthus/Chenopodium (C. berlandieri) 79 3 Smartweed/knotweed Polygonum sp. 1 0 Other Blue curls cf. Trichostema sp. 1 0 Plantain Plantago sp. 1 0 Unknown/unidentified 101 16 P = present in 0.5-2 mm fraction. Chapter 9 Pits, Plants, and Place: Recognizing Late Prehistoric <strong>Subsistence</strong> and <strong>Settlement</strong> Diversity in the Upper Susquehanna Drainage 179
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Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Ch
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Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Ch
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TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures L
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LIST OF FIGURES 2.1 Map of the cent
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9.3 Topographic map of Broome Tech.
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11.1 Upper Susquehanna Site Types (
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PREFACE The New York State Museum h
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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Christina B.
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domesticates and the occupation of
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and Rieth highlight the important c
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Dunnell, R. C. (1971). Systematics
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Anthropology, University of Massach
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CHAPTER 2 CENTRAL OHIO VALLEY DURIN
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L a k e E r i e PENNSYLVANIA INDIAN
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L a k e E r i e INDIANA R i v e r G
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Olentangy River and other minor tri
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Figure 2.6. Comparison of Late Wood
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support the notion of resource stre
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F4 F7 F5 F6 F3 F2 F9 F10 F12 F13 F1
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B B M F42 F43 F41 F44 S5 S4 S1 F30
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Table 2.3. continued Temporal Age A
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Table 2.3. continued Temporal Age A
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L a k e E r i e INDIANA o i O h Sal
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Figure 2.13. Map of the Late Prehis
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Figure 2.15. Map of households with
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Figure 2.17. Sample of Late Prehist
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Barkes, B. M. (1982). An Analysis o
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Fort Ancient Tradition, edited by J
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CHAPTER 3 “ . . . to reconstruct
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IT TAKES A VILLAGE Figure 3.2. Arti
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social organizations is drawn prima
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elements of the village, the spaces
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Diametric, concentric, and circumfe
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egion, including Reckner (Augustine
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Chapter 3 Modeling Village Communit
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Figure 3.9. Architectural and nonar
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Figure 3.11. Measuring distances in
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Table 3.2. Descriptive Statistics f
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DISCUSSION Table 3.3. Descriptive S
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Figure 3.14. Box-and-whisker plot o
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Augustine, E. A. (1938d). Important
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Among Some Amazon Tribes. Privately
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on Black Mesa, Arizona. The Univers
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CHAPTER 4 THE EARLY LATE WOODLAND I
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Figure 4.3. Gibraltar Cordmarked ce
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Figure 4.5. Ceramics of the Gibralt
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points and notched Chesser or Lowe
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dated to A.D. 890 (1025) 1230 (DIC-
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Table 4.3. Available Stable Carbon
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where fishing and farming may have
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Figure 4.10. Ceramic of the Sandusk
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singular Mixter Stamped vessels typ
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urial with the dead, broadcasted a
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during the early Late Woodland time
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Valley. North American Archaeologis
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CHAPTER 5 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN TH
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interest in exchange of service or
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CURRENT INVESTIGATIONS In view of t
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710 Area C 700 B-75084 TO-4556 TO-4
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Table 5.1. Summary of Artifacts fro
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e Bull's Point C o o t e s P a r a
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classification system has been appl
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(Crawford et al. 1997a). The same i
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in Ontario was Middle Woodland-deri
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207-212. Smithsonian Institution, W
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CHAPTER 6 EARLY LATE WOODLAND IN SO
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Figure 6.2. Lower Grand River Valle
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Table 6.1. Radiocarbon Dates from t
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segment of the terrace that effecti
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Figure 6.7. Meyer site terrace, vie
Page 141 and 142: Figure 6.10. Forster site reconstru
Page 143 and 144: Figure 6.12. Middle Thames River 20
Page 145 and 146: Figure 6.13. Site situation: a comp
Page 147 and 148: Dieterman, F. (2001). Princess Poin
Page 149 and 150: CHAPTER 7 EARLY LATE PREHISTORIC SE
Page 151 and 152: ticultural hamlets, small and large
Page 153 and 154: that Clemson Island was greatly inf
Page 155 and 156: local deposits. Alternately, Stimme
Page 157 and 158: Table 7.1. Radiocarbon Dates from S
Page 159 and 160: Pennsylvania continued to practice
Page 161 and 162: level) overlaps with the West Branc
Page 163 and 164: Under a population metaphysic, the
Page 165 and 166: Hatch, J. W., and Koontz, K. L. (19
Page 167 and 168: CHAPTER 8 NEW DATES FOR OWASCO POTS
Page 169 and 170: Table 8.1. Key Components of the Th
Page 171 and 172: Figure 8.1. Location of the Kipp Is
Page 173 and 174: Table 8.4. Carpenter Brook Phase Ho
Page 175 and 176: Table 8.5. Physical Characteristics
Page 177 and 178: Table 8.6. AMS Dates and Calibrated
Page 179 and 180: REFERENCES CITED Ammerman, A. J., a
Page 181 and 182: CHAPTER 9 PITS, PLANTS, AND PLACE:
Page 183 and 184: Thomas/Luckey Broome Tech N 0 0 50
Page 185 and 186: confluence with the Susquehanna Riv
Page 187 and 188: Figure 9.3. Topographic map of Broo
Page 189 and 190: Table 9.2. Feature Types at Thomas/
Page 191: Figure 9.4. Histogram of feature de
Page 195 and 196: Figure 9.7. Sample composition of n
Page 197 and 198: Figure 9.9. Seed composition (exclu
Page 199 and 200: suggests that the gathering of wild
Page 201 and 202: of posts may mark remnants of tempo
Page 203 and 204: for allowing me repeated and unteth
Page 205 and 206: History Press, Garden City, New Yor
Page 207 and 208: CHAPTER 10 UPLAND LAND USE PATTERNS
Page 209 and 210: LOCAL LEVEL ANALYSIS Local level an
Page 211 and 212: N104 E101 Unit 19A Unit 7A Unit 12A
Page 213 and 214: Table 10.2. Park Creek II Feature A
Page 215 and 216: Fea. 2 Fea. 5 0 1 2 N Figure 10.4.
Page 217 and 218: encounterlike hunting/butchering st
Page 219 and 220: END NOTES 1. A village is defined a
Page 221 and 222: Perrelli, D. J. (1994). Gender, Mob
Page 223 and 224: CHAPTER 11 EARLY LATE PREHISTORIC S
Page 225 and 226: Table 11.1. Upper Susquehanna Site
Page 227 and 228: Table 11.2. Summary of Late Middle
Page 229 and 230: Table 11.3. Settlement Features of
Page 231 and 232: approximately 1,000 sq. ft, there i
Page 233 and 234: Table 11.5. Summary of Seed Identif
Page 235 and 236: importance of hunting and hunting-r
Page 237 and 238: portion of the Susquehanna Valley,
Page 239 and 240: Herrick, J. W., and Snow, D. R. (19
Page 241 and 242: CHAPTER 12 WOODLAND PERIOD SETTLEME
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oundaries were given. According to
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Table 12.1: Selected Radiocarbon an
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shads and herrings of the family Cl
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consists of large concentrations of
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(1990) survey of recorded sites in
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York State 92:1-8. Busby, M. (1966)
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CHAPTER 13 PALEOETHNOBOTANICAL INDI
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Figure 13.1. Forest regions of the
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Table 13.1. Distribution of Nut Tre
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ation in feature contents. For mult
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Figure 13.4. Nutshell density (gray
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Figure 13.5. Seed density and maize
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Table 13.3. Seed Indicators-Maine S
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Table 13.4. Broome Tech Site: Selec
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6, and it occurred in 58 percent of
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Table 13.6. Continued Site Uncalibr
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Acknowledgments I thank John Hart f
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y K. J. Gremillion, pp. 161-178. Th
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CHAPTER 14 FROM HUNTER-GATHERER CAM
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Figure 14.1. Distribution of select
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available to Ceci were simply too l
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the AMS date of A.D. 1185 (A.D. 127
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Table 14.1. Continued Site Lab C14
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within single settlements remains e
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noncoastal residential sites certai
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Figure 14.3. Two stratigraphic prof
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to the Maritime Provinces on the Gu
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other related questions yet, and so
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Northeast Historical Archaeology 21
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Thomas, P. A. (1976). Contrastive s
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CHAPTER 15 “towns they have none
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Table 15.1. Key to Figure 15.1: Arc
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Maize will normally not preserve fo
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artifacts. Cowie (2000) suggests th
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creativity to resolve, but is also
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Ph.D. dissertation, Department of A
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CHAPTER 16 OUT OF THE BLUE AND INTO
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Figure 16.2. Map of the Bliss Islan
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shell-bearing sites located on the
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site. Middle Maritime Woodland occu
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(e.g., Black 1992:190) limit and co
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Table 16.3. Faunal Remains Associat
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and often poor vertebrate faunal pr
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the Maine/Maritimes area have argue
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SE: warm season (Rojo 1987:221); sp
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Ethnohistory 36:257-284. Bourque, B
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CHAPTER 17 ABORIGINAL LAND AND RESO
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Table 17.1. Chronological and Ceram
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Among the food plants listed above,
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species, the American eel (Anguilla
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the Early Woodland period. Tools ma
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Copper Resources Throughout the Lat
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midden deposits were located along
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a model with two distinct populatio
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Table 17.2. Summary of Landscape an
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File Report 93-1, Fredericton. Alle
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Anthropology, Temple University, Ph
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stone age found at Maquapit Lake. N
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CHAPTER 18 MAIZE AND VILLAGES: A Su
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use of the term “small village”
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1325 [1425] 1460) (Boyd et al. 1998
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several centuries after its first a
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from excavations at village sites h
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133-156. New York State Museum Bull
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longhouses. American Antiquity 55:4
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CONTRIBUTORS Timothy J. Abel. Carth
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Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Change: A.D. 700 –1300

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