Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Change: A.D. 700 –1300

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Table 2.2. Resource Use Documented at Sites in Sample. Site Chert PLANTS Major Fauna Wild Indigenous Tropical Firewood W. S. Cole Ufferman DECCO Scioto Woods Local Not present Not present Not present Unidentified Deer Hartley Farm Local Walnuts, amaizes Not present Not present Unidentified Hunter 1 Local Walnuts, Squash None Floodplain hickory nuts species grapes Philo II Nuts Deer, turkey Sabre Farms Local Walnut Goosefoot None Deer, turtle, bird Peters Cave Local Deer Chesser Cave Local Hickory nut, Deer, molluscs, butternut, walnut elk, small mammals Locust Local Hickory nut,Squash None Upland species Deer, elk, turkey walnut, butternut, hazelnut, amaize, chestnut Longacre Local Maize Mussels, deer, turkey, beaver Voss Local Unknown Deer, elk, wolf, turkey Blain Local Walnut, hickory Squash Maize, Upland slope, Deer, elk, black cherry, beans floodplain turkey, sumac, grape, species turtle, fish pawpaw Howard Baum Nuts, Maize Floodplain Deer, elk, berries species turkey, turtle Enos Holmes Local Unknown Deer, elk, turkey, bear, small mammals, turtle, sucker Killen Local Hickory, amaize Not present Maize Floodplain Deer, elk, and terrace beaver, groundspecies hog, turkey, turtle, drumfish 20 Church and Nass
support the notion of resource stress due to the intensive exploitation that could occur with long-term nucleation and population growth. Also, there may have been demands and constraints on the social network of nucleated communities that could not be met by the existing subsistence base. An additional factor that may have encouraged populations to segment was the introduction of the bow and arrow (see Kerr and Niquette 1991; Seeman 1992a). In addition, environmental conditions may have exacerbated the social and economic tensions inherent in maintaining nucleated communities. Baerreis et al. (1976) suggest a period of cooler, drier climatic conditions from ca. A.D. <strong>700</strong> to 1000, the onset of which coincides with the eventual disappearance of the nucleated communities. The late Late Woodland settlement pattern itself was relatively short-lived and was replaced by a new form of population nucleation based not on native cultigens, but on maize. The accompanying changes in technology and community organization mark the turning point between the Late Woodland and the Late Prehistoric periods. However, Johannessen (1993) cautions that it is incorrect to always assume that a deterministic relationship exists between settlement and subsistence behavior. LATE PREHISTORIC DATABASE Our discussion of the prehistoric populations that resided in the central Ohio Valley after ca. A.D. 1000 will proceed with the use of blocks of time rather than terminology such as early, middle and late. This approach is somewhat different from the use of cultural units such as early Late Woodland and late Late Woodland that we employed in the previous section. The use of blocks of time has shown promise for helping reveal variability and its differential persistence in settlement data within the lower Upper Ohio River Valley (Nass and Hart 2000). An added benefit of this approach is that it plays down the formation of cultural units, which are assumed to be homogenous in composition (see Hart 1999a; Rafferty 1994), and the cultural evolution approach, which sees change as progress or transformational and gradual (Dunnell 1980; Rafferty 1994), and helps delineate the variations that exist within archaeological data. As Raffety (1994:408) suggests, “archaeological assemblages reflect a series of behaviors of individuals, households, and communities; it is these which were under selection.” Post-A.D. 1000 to 1200 Developments Church (1987) has described A.D. 1000 to 1200 as a transitional period for the Late Woodland and the village-based Fort Ancient maize farmers. At some sites, settlement size, the random distribution of features and dwellings within them, and catchment location still resemble their Late Woodland counterparts. Others, however, exhibit a community plan (a more structured patterning to the placement of dwellings and associated pit features) more consistent with the post-A.D. 1200 Late Prehistoric Fort Ancient. Collectively, these sites are ca. 0.2-0.4 ha in size and are located on both floodplains and terraces. The consistent use of crushed mussel shell as the predominant ceramic tempering agent, a technological innovation long employed as a criterion denoting the Late Prehistoric, is also not evident at all simultaneously occupied sites. A number of habitation sites have been identified as belonging to this transitional Late Prehistoric period (Figure 2.7) (Church 1987). One site, Voss (Baby et al. 1967), is located in the northern portion of the Scioto River Valley (see Table 2.3 for a listing of radiocarbon dates). Voss (Figure 2.8) displays a more spatial, structured arrangement of features and dwellings, which is more consistent with post-A.D. 1200 sites. Recent survey north of Voss has documented the Madeleine site (33 Ma 145), from which a radiocarbon date of cal. A.D. 880-1290 (midpoint cal. A.D. 1045-1115) was obtained (Gowan and Jackson 1995). The site yielded ceramics diagnostic of the same period. Blain (Prufer and Shane 1970), Howard Baum (Skinner et al. 1981), and Enos Holmes (Baby et al. 1968) are all located in the southern reaches of the Scioto drainage. To this list we would add Killen (Brose 1982), located to the southwest on Ohio Brush Creek, and the Locust site (Seeman 1985), located within the Licking River drainage. In contrast to Voss, Howard Baum (Figure 2.9), and Killen (Figure 2.10) sites seem to represent a continuation of the pattern noted during the Late Woodland. Although radiocarbon dates for each site are not entirely in agreement with our model, and span our temporal dividing line of A.D. 1200 (Table 2.3), controlled surface collection and excavation at both sites revealed pit features within linear anthropic soil accumulations and artifact distributions. While at least six discrete posthole patterns were identified at Killen, excavation at Howard Baum was confined to a narrow easement and only pit features were encountered. A similar settlement pattern of linear sites seems to exist Chapter 2 Central Ohio Valley During the Late Prehistoric Period: Subsistance-<strong>Settlement</strong> Systems’ Responses to Risk 21
Page 1 and 2: Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Ch
Page 3 and 4: Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Ch
Page 5 and 6: TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures L
Page 7 and 8: LIST OF FIGURES 2.1 Map of the cent
Page 9 and 10: 9.3 Topographic map of Broome Tech.
Page 11 and 12: 11.1 Upper Susquehanna Site Types (
Page 13 and 14: PREFACE The New York State Museum h
Page 15 and 16: CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Christina B.
Page 17 and 18: domesticates and the occupation of
Page 19 and 20: and Rieth highlight the important c
Page 21 and 22: Dunnell, R. C. (1971). Systematics
Page 23 and 24: Anthropology, University of Massach
Page 25 and 26: CHAPTER 2 CENTRAL OHIO VALLEY DURIN
Page 27 and 28: L a k e E r i e PENNSYLVANIA INDIAN
Page 29 and 30: L a k e E r i e INDIANA R i v e r G
Page 31 and 32: Olentangy River and other minor tri
Page 33: Figure 2.6. Comparison of Late Wood
Page 37 and 38: F4 F7 F5 F6 F3 F2 F9 F10 F12 F13 F1
Page 39 and 40: B B M F42 F43 F41 F44 S5 S4 S1 F30
Page 41 and 42: Table 2.3. continued Temporal Age A
Page 43 and 44: Table 2.3. continued Temporal Age A
Page 45 and 46: L a k e E r i e INDIANA o i O h Sal
Page 47 and 48: Figure 2.13. Map of the Late Prehis
Page 49 and 50: Figure 2.15. Map of households with
Page 51 and 52: Figure 2.17. Sample of Late Prehist
Page 53 and 54: Barkes, B. M. (1982). An Analysis o
Page 55 and 56: Fort Ancient Tradition, edited by J
Page 57 and 58: CHAPTER 3 “ . . . to reconstruct
Page 59 and 60: IT TAKES A VILLAGE Figure 3.2. Arti
Page 61 and 62: social organizations is drawn prima
Page 63 and 64: elements of the village, the spaces
Page 65 and 66: Diametric, concentric, and circumfe
Page 67 and 68: egion, including Reckner (Augustine
Page 69 and 70: Chapter 3 Modeling Village Communit
Page 71 and 72: Figure 3.9. Architectural and nonar
Page 73 and 74: Figure 3.11. Measuring distances in
Page 75 and 76: Table 3.2. Descriptive Statistics f
Page 77 and 78: DISCUSSION Table 3.3. Descriptive S
Page 79 and 80: Figure 3.14. Box-and-whisker plot o
Page 81 and 82: Augustine, E. A. (1938d). Important
Page 83 and 84: Among Some Amazon Tribes. Privately
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on Black Mesa, Arizona. The Univers
Page 87 and 88:
CHAPTER 4 THE EARLY LATE WOODLAND I
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Figure 4.3. Gibraltar Cordmarked ce
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Figure 4.5. Ceramics of the Gibralt
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points and notched Chesser or Lowe
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dated to A.D. 890 (1025) 1230 (DIC-
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Table 4.3. Available Stable Carbon
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where fishing and farming may have
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Figure 4.10. Ceramic of the Sandusk
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singular Mixter Stamped vessels typ
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urial with the dead, broadcasted a
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during the early Late Woodland time
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Valley. North American Archaeologis
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CHAPTER 5 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN TH
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interest in exchange of service or
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CURRENT INVESTIGATIONS In view of t
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710 Area C 700 B-75084 TO-4556 TO-4
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Table 5.1. Summary of Artifacts fro
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e Bull's Point C o o t e s P a r a
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classification system has been appl
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(Crawford et al. 1997a). The same i
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in Ontario was Middle Woodland-deri
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207-212. Smithsonian Institution, W
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CHAPTER 6 EARLY LATE WOODLAND IN SO
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Figure 6.2. Lower Grand River Valle
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Table 6.1. Radiocarbon Dates from t
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segment of the terrace that effecti
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Figure 6.7. Meyer site terrace, vie
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Figure 6.10. Forster site reconstru
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Figure 6.12. Middle Thames River 20
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Figure 6.13. Site situation: a comp
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Dieterman, F. (2001). Princess Poin
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CHAPTER 7 EARLY LATE PREHISTORIC SE
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ticultural hamlets, small and large
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that Clemson Island was greatly inf
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local deposits. Alternately, Stimme
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Table 7.1. Radiocarbon Dates from S
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Pennsylvania continued to practice
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level) overlaps with the West Branc
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Under a population metaphysic, the
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Hatch, J. W., and Koontz, K. L. (19
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CHAPTER 8 NEW DATES FOR OWASCO POTS
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Table 8.1. Key Components of the Th
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Figure 8.1. Location of the Kipp Is
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Table 8.4. Carpenter Brook Phase Ho
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Table 8.5. Physical Characteristics
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Table 8.6. AMS Dates and Calibrated
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REFERENCES CITED Ammerman, A. J., a
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CHAPTER 9 PITS, PLANTS, AND PLACE:
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Thomas/Luckey Broome Tech N 0 0 50
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confluence with the Susquehanna Riv
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Figure 9.3. Topographic map of Broo
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Table 9.2. Feature Types at Thomas/
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Figure 9.4. Histogram of feature de
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Table 9.4. Plant Remains from Thoma
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Figure 9.7. Sample composition of n
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Figure 9.9. Seed composition (exclu
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suggests that the gathering of wild
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of posts may mark remnants of tempo
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for allowing me repeated and unteth
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History Press, Garden City, New Yor
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CHAPTER 10 UPLAND LAND USE PATTERNS
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LOCAL LEVEL ANALYSIS Local level an
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N104 E101 Unit 19A Unit 7A Unit 12A
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Table 10.2. Park Creek II Feature A
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Fea. 2 Fea. 5 0 1 2 N Figure 10.4.
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encounterlike hunting/butchering st
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END NOTES 1. A village is defined a
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Perrelli, D. J. (1994). Gender, Mob
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CHAPTER 11 EARLY LATE PREHISTORIC S
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Table 11.1. Upper Susquehanna Site
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Table 11.2. Summary of Late Middle
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Table 11.3. Settlement Features of
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approximately 1,000 sq. ft, there i
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Table 11.5. Summary of Seed Identif
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importance of hunting and hunting-r
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portion of the Susquehanna Valley,
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Herrick, J. W., and Snow, D. R. (19
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CHAPTER 12 WOODLAND PERIOD SETTLEME
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oundaries were given. According to
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Table 12.1: Selected Radiocarbon an
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shads and herrings of the family Cl
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consists of large concentrations of
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(1990) survey of recorded sites in
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York State 92:1-8. Busby, M. (1966)
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CHAPTER 13 PALEOETHNOBOTANICAL INDI
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Figure 13.1. Forest regions of the
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Table 13.1. Distribution of Nut Tre
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ation in feature contents. For mult
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Figure 13.4. Nutshell density (gray
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Figure 13.5. Seed density and maize
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Table 13.3. Seed Indicators-Maine S
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Table 13.4. Broome Tech Site: Selec
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6, and it occurred in 58 percent of
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Table 13.6. Continued Site Uncalibr
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Acknowledgments I thank John Hart f
Page 277 and 278:
y K. J. Gremillion, pp. 161-178. Th
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CHAPTER 14 FROM HUNTER-GATHERER CAM
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Figure 14.1. Distribution of select
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available to Ceci were simply too l
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the AMS date of A.D. 1185 (A.D. 127
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Table 14.1. Continued Site Lab C14
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within single settlements remains e
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noncoastal residential sites certai
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Figure 14.3. Two stratigraphic prof
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to the Maritime Provinces on the Gu
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other related questions yet, and so
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Northeast Historical Archaeology 21
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Thomas, P. A. (1976). Contrastive s
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CHAPTER 15 “towns they have none
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Table 15.1. Key to Figure 15.1: Arc
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Maize will normally not preserve fo
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artifacts. Cowie (2000) suggests th
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creativity to resolve, but is also
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Ph.D. dissertation, Department of A
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CHAPTER 16 OUT OF THE BLUE AND INTO
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Figure 16.2. Map of the Bliss Islan
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shell-bearing sites located on the
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site. Middle Maritime Woodland occu
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(e.g., Black 1992:190) limit and co
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Table 16.3. Faunal Remains Associat
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and often poor vertebrate faunal pr
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the Maine/Maritimes area have argue
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SE: warm season (Rojo 1987:221); sp
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Ethnohistory 36:257-284. Bourque, B
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CHAPTER 17 ABORIGINAL LAND AND RESO
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Table 17.1. Chronological and Ceram
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Among the food plants listed above,
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species, the American eel (Anguilla
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the Early Woodland period. Tools ma
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Copper Resources Throughout the Lat
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midden deposits were located along
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a model with two distinct populatio
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Table 17.2. Summary of Landscape an
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File Report 93-1, Fredericton. Alle
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Anthropology, Temple University, Ph
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stone age found at Maquapit Lake. N
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CHAPTER 18 MAIZE AND VILLAGES: A Su
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use of the term “small village”
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1325 [1425] 1460) (Boyd et al. 1998
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several centuries after its first a
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from excavations at village sites h
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133-156. New York State Museum Bull
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longhouses. American Antiquity 55:4
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CONTRIBUTORS Timothy J. Abel. Carth
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Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Change: A.D. 700 –1300

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