Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Change: A.D. 700 –1300

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were “activated” on ceremonial occasions to reinforce a connection to the cosmos from which their geometric models for settlement organization were derived. Earlier in this chapter it was noted that the first component at the Gnagey No. 3 site lacked a central plaza, though sites with central plazas predate it. The lack of a central plaza at the first component at the Gnagey No. 3 site may represent a failed experiment in a new settlement form that was quickly rectified by expanding the settlement to include a plaza. The congruence between the geometric centers of the two components, which may have shared a central feature that acted as an axis mundi, adds credence to this argument (Means 2001). A greater understanding of community organization for ring-shaped village settlements will be achieved by modeling Monongahela village sites through an analysis of their spatial layouts. The application of the hub-and-spoke model draws the researcher’s attention to diametric, concentric, or circumferential patterning in the arrangement of architectural and nonarchitectural elements at a village site. Some patterning might be subtle and different patterning might occur at varying levels. As the modeling process is extended toward village sites other than Fort Hill, it is expected that discrete social groups will be recognized from village layouts that resulted from cooperative social, economic, and political arrangements, ranging from informal to formal. The methodology and theoretical propositions employed and developed here can be extended to the analysis of other village-level community organizations throughout the Eastern Woodlands and beyond. Acknowledgments I would like to thank John P. Hart and Christina B. Rieth for allowing me to participate in their “Early Late Prehistoric (A.D. 700-1300) Subsistence and Settlement Change in the Northeast” symposium at the New York Natural History Conference VI. Interaction with other presenters led me to clarify many of the ideas expressed in this paper. The Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission’s Scholars in Residence program provided significant support that allowed me to assemble data on Fort Hill and other relief-excavated village sites. I could not have been successful in this endeavor without the considerable aid graciously provided by the staffs of the Pennsylvania State Archives and the Division of Archaeology at The State Museum of Pennsylvania. The comments from two anonymous reviewers helped strengthen and tighten the arguments set forth in this paper. Finally, I would also like to acknowledge the assistance and support provided by Laura June Galke. End Notes 1. Box-and-whisker plots indicate the essential nature of a distribution in a simplified graphical format. The rectangular box represents a distribution’s middle half (or midspread), the line dividing the box is its median, and the remaining half is divided equally on either side of the box. Values that are farthest from the box but still within one midspread are indicated by an “x” joined by a line (or whisker). Outliers to the distribution are indicated by circles that are solid if they are far outliers (Hartwig and Dearing 1979:23; Drennan 1996:39-41). REFERENCES CITED Adler, M., and Wilshusen, R. (1990). Large-scale integrative facilities in tribal societies: cross-cultural and southwestern US examples. World Archaeology 22:133-146. Agorsah, E. K. (1988). Evaluating spatial behavior patterns of prehistoric societies. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 7:231-247. Altman, I., and Gauvain, M. (1981). A cross-cultural and dialectic analysis of homes. In Spatial Representation and Behavior Across the Life Span: Theory and Application, edited by L. Liben, A. Patterson, and N. Newcombe, pp. 283-320. Academic Press, New York. Ashmore, W., and Wilk, R. (1988). Household and community in the Mesoamerican past. In Household and Community in the Mesoamerican Past, edited by R. Wilk and W. Ashmore, pp. 1-27. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque. Augustine, E. A. (1935). Untitled report submitted to R. H. Krissinger, WPA District Supervisor, Somerset, Pennsylvania, dated November 26. On file at the Pennsylvania State Archives, the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, Harrisburg. Augustine, E. A. (1937). Peck Site #2. Meyersdale Fairground. Summit Township. 3/2/37-5/18/37. Unpublished field notes on file at The State Museum of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, Harrisburg. Augustine, E. A. (1938a). Recent discoveries in Somerset County. Pennsylvania Archaeologist 8(1):6-12. Augustine, E. A. (1938b). Indian fortifications in Somerset County. Pennsylvania Archaeologist 8(2):41-45. Augustine, E. A. (1938c). Somerset County excavations: the Powell sites. Pennsylvania Archaeologist 8(3):60-63, 71. 66 Means
Augustine, E. A. (1938d). Important research on Peck and Martz Rock Shelter site in Somerset County. Pennsylvania Archaeologist 8(4):83-88. Augustine, E. A. (1939a). Fort Hill Site, Quarterly Report: 6/26/39 - 9/30/39. Somerset County Archaeological Survey, Works Projects Administration. Unpublished manuscript on file at The State Museum of Pennsylvania, the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, Harrisburg. Augustine, E. A. (1939b). Fort Hill sites. Unpublished field notes dating from June 26, 1939 to October 30, 1939 on file at The State Museum of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, Harrisburg. Augustine, E. A. (1940). Fort Hill. Pennsylvania Archaeologist 10(3):51-58. Bamann, S., Kuhn, R., Molnar, J., and Snow, D. (1992). Iroquoian archaeology. Annual Review of Anthropology 21:435-460. Bennett, W. (1949). Habitations. In The Comparative Ethnology of South American Indians, Handbook of South American Indians 5, edited by J. H. Steward, pp. 1-20. Smithsonian Institution Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 143. Blake, L., and Cutler, H. (1983). Plant remains from the Gnagey site (36SO55). Pennsylvania Archaeologist 53(4):83-88. Boyd, V., Furgerson, K., Means, B. K., Lewthwaite, S., Vento, F., Sparenberg, J., Reilly, C.O., and Long, J. (1998a). Archaeological Data Recovery Site 36SO113: U.S. 219 Meyersdale Bypass Project, S.R. 6219, Section B08, Somerset County, Pennsylvania. E.R. No. 92-0237-111. Report prepared by Greenhorne & O Mara, Inc., for the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation. Boyd, V., Lewthwaite, S., Furgerson, K., Means, B. K., Sparenberg, J., Vento, F. and Reilly, C. O. (1998b). Archaeological Data Recovery Site 36SO62: U.S. 219 Meyersdale Bypass Project, S.R. 6219, Section B08, Somerset County, Pennsylvania. E.R. No. 92-0237-111. Report prepared by Greenhorne & O‘Mara, Inc., for the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation. Bramberger, J. (1979). Exit and voice in central Brazil: the politics of flight in Kayapó society. In Dialectical Societies: The Gê and Bororo of Central Brazil, edited by D. Maybury-Lewis, pp. 130-146. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Bushnell, D. (1919). Native Villages and Village Sites East of the Mississippi. Smithsonian Institution Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 69. Washington, D.C., General Printing Office. Bushnell, D. (1922). Villages of the Algonquian, Siouan, and Caddoan Tribes West of the Mississippi. Smithsonian Institution Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 77. Washington, D.C., General Printing Office. Butler, M. (1937). Letter to Edgar Augustine, Project Director of the Somerset County Archaeological Survey, dated January 4. Unpublished manuscript on file at the Pennsylvania State Archives, the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, Harrisburg. Butler, M. (1939). Three Archaeological Sites in Somerset County, Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Bulletin 753. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, Harrisburg. Butt, A. (1977). Land use and social organization of tropical forest peoples of the Guianas. In Human Ecology in the Tropics, edited by J. P. Garlick and R. W. Keay, pp. 1-17. Halstead Press, New York. Chagnon, N. (1968). Yanomamö social organization and warfare. In War: The Anthropology of Armed Conflict and Aggression, edited by M. Fried, M. Harris, and R. Murphy, pp. 109-159. The Natural History Press, Garden City, New Jersey. Chang, K. C. (1958). Study of the Neolithic social grouping: examples from the New World. American Anthropologist 60:298- 334. Chang, K. C. (1962). A typology of settlement and community patterns in some circumpolar societies. Arctic Anthropology 1(1):28-41. Cobb, C. (1993). Archaeological approaches to the political economy of nonstratified societies. Archaeological Method and Theory 8:43-100. Coppock, G., Hammerstedt, S., Watson, R., and Vento, F. (1998). Phase III Data Recovery at Site 36SO220: U.S. 219 Meyersdale Bypass Project, S.R. 6219, Section B08, Somerset County, Pennsylvania. E.R. No. 92-0237-111. Prepared by Archaeological and Historical Consultants for the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation. Cresson, F. M., Jr. (1942). Hilltop and Valley Sites of Southwestern Pennsylvania. Unpublished manuscript on file at The State Museum of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, Harrisburg. Dole, G. (1966). Anarchy without chaos: alternatives to political authority among the Kuikuru. In Political Anthropology, edited by M. Swartz, V. Turner, and A. Tuden, pp. 73-87. Aldine Publishing Company, Chicago. Dorsey, J. O. (1884). Omaha sociology. Third Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution 1881-’82 by J.W. Powell, pp. 205-370. Washington, D.C., General Printing Office. Dorsey, J. O. (1894). A study of Siouan cults. 11th Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution 1889-’90 by J.W. Powell, pp. 351-544. Washington, D.C., General Printing Office. Dorsey, J. O. (1897). Siouan sociology: a posthumous paper. In Fifteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1893-94, by J. W. Powell, pp. 205-244. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. Douglas, J., and Kramer, C. (1992). Introduction: interaction, social proximity, and distance: a special issue. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 11:103-110. Drennan, R. (1996). Statistics for Archaeologists: A Commonsense Approach. Plenum Press, New York. Dunnell, R. C. (1983). Aspects of the spatial structure of the Mayo site (15-JO-14) Johnson County, Kentucky. In Lulu Linear Punctated: Essays in Honor of George Irving Quimby, edited by R. C. Dunnell and D. K. Grayson, pp. 109-165. Anthropological Papers, Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan 72. Ann Arbor. Eggan, F. (1955). Social anthropology: methods and results. In Social Anthropology of North American Tribes, edited by F. Eggan, pp. 485-555. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. Eighmy, J. (1981). The archaeological significance of counting houses: ethnoarchaeological evidence. In Modern Material Culture: The Archaeology of Us, edited by R. Gould and M. Chapter 3 Modeling Village Community Organization Using Data From the Somerset County Relief Excavations 67
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Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Ch
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Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Ch
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TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures L
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LIST OF FIGURES 2.1 Map of the cent
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9.3 Topographic map of Broome Tech.
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11.1 Upper Susquehanna Site Types (
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PREFACE The New York State Museum h
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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Christina B.
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domesticates and the occupation of
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and Rieth highlight the important c
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Dunnell, R. C. (1971). Systematics
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Anthropology, University of Massach
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CHAPTER 2 CENTRAL OHIO VALLEY DURIN
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L a k e E r i e PENNSYLVANIA INDIAN
Page 29 and 30: L a k e E r i e INDIANA R i v e r G
Page 31 and 32: Olentangy River and other minor tri
Page 33 and 34: Figure 2.6. Comparison of Late Wood
Page 35 and 36: support the notion of resource stre
Page 37 and 38: F4 F7 F5 F6 F3 F2 F9 F10 F12 F13 F1
Page 39 and 40: B B M F42 F43 F41 F44 S5 S4 S1 F30
Page 41 and 42: Table 2.3. continued Temporal Age A
Page 43 and 44: Table 2.3. continued Temporal Age A
Page 45 and 46: L a k e E r i e INDIANA o i O h Sal
Page 47 and 48: Figure 2.13. Map of the Late Prehis
Page 49 and 50: Figure 2.15. Map of households with
Page 51 and 52: Figure 2.17. Sample of Late Prehist
Page 53 and 54: Barkes, B. M. (1982). An Analysis o
Page 55 and 56: Fort Ancient Tradition, edited by J
Page 57 and 58: CHAPTER 3 “ . . . to reconstruct
Page 59 and 60: IT TAKES A VILLAGE Figure 3.2. Arti
Page 61 and 62: social organizations is drawn prima
Page 63 and 64: elements of the village, the spaces
Page 65 and 66: Diametric, concentric, and circumfe
Page 67 and 68: egion, including Reckner (Augustine
Page 69 and 70: Chapter 3 Modeling Village Communit
Page 71 and 72: Figure 3.9. Architectural and nonar
Page 73 and 74: Figure 3.11. Measuring distances in
Page 75 and 76: Table 3.2. Descriptive Statistics f
Page 77 and 78: DISCUSSION Table 3.3. Descriptive S
Page 79: Figure 3.14. Box-and-whisker plot o
Page 83 and 84: Among Some Amazon Tribes. Privately
Page 85 and 86: on Black Mesa, Arizona. The Univers
Page 87 and 88: CHAPTER 4 THE EARLY LATE WOODLAND I
Page 89 and 90: Figure 4.3. Gibraltar Cordmarked ce
Page 91 and 92: Figure 4.5. Ceramics of the Gibralt
Page 93 and 94: points and notched Chesser or Lowe
Page 95 and 96: dated to A.D. 890 (1025) 1230 (DIC-
Page 97 and 98: Table 4.3. Available Stable Carbon
Page 99 and 100: where fishing and farming may have
Page 101 and 102: Figure 4.10. Ceramic of the Sandusk
Page 103 and 104: singular Mixter Stamped vessels typ
Page 105 and 106: urial with the dead, broadcasted a
Page 107 and 108: during the early Late Woodland time
Page 109 and 110: Valley. North American Archaeologis
Page 111 and 112: CHAPTER 5 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN TH
Page 113 and 114: interest in exchange of service or
Page 115 and 116: CURRENT INVESTIGATIONS In view of t
Page 117 and 118: 710 Area C 700 B-75084 TO-4556 TO-4
Page 119 and 120: Table 5.1. Summary of Artifacts fro
Page 121 and 122: e Bull's Point C o o t e s P a r a
Page 123 and 124: classification system has been appl
Page 125 and 126: (Crawford et al. 1997a). The same i
Page 127 and 128: in Ontario was Middle Woodland-deri
Page 129 and 130: 207-212. Smithsonian Institution, W
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CHAPTER 6 EARLY LATE WOODLAND IN SO
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Figure 6.2. Lower Grand River Valle
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Table 6.1. Radiocarbon Dates from t
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segment of the terrace that effecti
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Figure 6.7. Meyer site terrace, vie
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Figure 6.10. Forster site reconstru
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Figure 6.12. Middle Thames River 20
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Figure 6.13. Site situation: a comp
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Dieterman, F. (2001). Princess Poin
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CHAPTER 7 EARLY LATE PREHISTORIC SE
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ticultural hamlets, small and large
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that Clemson Island was greatly inf
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local deposits. Alternately, Stimme
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Table 7.1. Radiocarbon Dates from S
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Pennsylvania continued to practice
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level) overlaps with the West Branc
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Under a population metaphysic, the
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Hatch, J. W., and Koontz, K. L. (19
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CHAPTER 8 NEW DATES FOR OWASCO POTS
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Table 8.1. Key Components of the Th
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Figure 8.1. Location of the Kipp Is
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Table 8.4. Carpenter Brook Phase Ho
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Table 8.5. Physical Characteristics
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Table 8.6. AMS Dates and Calibrated
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REFERENCES CITED Ammerman, A. J., a
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CHAPTER 9 PITS, PLANTS, AND PLACE:
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Thomas/Luckey Broome Tech N 0 0 50
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confluence with the Susquehanna Riv
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Figure 9.3. Topographic map of Broo
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Table 9.2. Feature Types at Thomas/
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Figure 9.4. Histogram of feature de
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Table 9.4. Plant Remains from Thoma
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Figure 9.7. Sample composition of n
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Figure 9.9. Seed composition (exclu
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suggests that the gathering of wild
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of posts may mark remnants of tempo
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for allowing me repeated and unteth
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History Press, Garden City, New Yor
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CHAPTER 10 UPLAND LAND USE PATTERNS
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LOCAL LEVEL ANALYSIS Local level an
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N104 E101 Unit 19A Unit 7A Unit 12A
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Table 10.2. Park Creek II Feature A
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Fea. 2 Fea. 5 0 1 2 N Figure 10.4.
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encounterlike hunting/butchering st
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END NOTES 1. A village is defined a
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Perrelli, D. J. (1994). Gender, Mob
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CHAPTER 11 EARLY LATE PREHISTORIC S
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Table 11.1. Upper Susquehanna Site
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Table 11.2. Summary of Late Middle
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Table 11.3. Settlement Features of
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approximately 1,000 sq. ft, there i
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Table 11.5. Summary of Seed Identif
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importance of hunting and hunting-r
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portion of the Susquehanna Valley,
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Herrick, J. W., and Snow, D. R. (19
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CHAPTER 12 WOODLAND PERIOD SETTLEME
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oundaries were given. According to
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Table 12.1: Selected Radiocarbon an
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shads and herrings of the family Cl
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consists of large concentrations of
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(1990) survey of recorded sites in
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York State 92:1-8. Busby, M. (1966)
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CHAPTER 13 PALEOETHNOBOTANICAL INDI
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Figure 13.1. Forest regions of the
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Table 13.1. Distribution of Nut Tre
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ation in feature contents. For mult
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Figure 13.4. Nutshell density (gray
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Figure 13.5. Seed density and maize
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Table 13.3. Seed Indicators-Maine S
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Table 13.4. Broome Tech Site: Selec
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6, and it occurred in 58 percent of
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Table 13.6. Continued Site Uncalibr
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Acknowledgments I thank John Hart f
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y K. J. Gremillion, pp. 161-178. Th
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CHAPTER 14 FROM HUNTER-GATHERER CAM
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Figure 14.1. Distribution of select
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available to Ceci were simply too l
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the AMS date of A.D. 1185 (A.D. 127
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Table 14.1. Continued Site Lab C14
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within single settlements remains e
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noncoastal residential sites certai
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Figure 14.3. Two stratigraphic prof
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to the Maritime Provinces on the Gu
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other related questions yet, and so
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Northeast Historical Archaeology 21
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Thomas, P. A. (1976). Contrastive s
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CHAPTER 15 “towns they have none
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Table 15.1. Key to Figure 15.1: Arc
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Maize will normally not preserve fo
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artifacts. Cowie (2000) suggests th
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creativity to resolve, but is also
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Ph.D. dissertation, Department of A
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CHAPTER 16 OUT OF THE BLUE AND INTO
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Figure 16.2. Map of the Bliss Islan
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shell-bearing sites located on the
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site. Middle Maritime Woodland occu
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(e.g., Black 1992:190) limit and co
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Table 16.3. Faunal Remains Associat
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and often poor vertebrate faunal pr
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the Maine/Maritimes area have argue
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SE: warm season (Rojo 1987:221); sp
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Ethnohistory 36:257-284. Bourque, B
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CHAPTER 17 ABORIGINAL LAND AND RESO
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Table 17.1. Chronological and Ceram
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Among the food plants listed above,
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species, the American eel (Anguilla
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the Early Woodland period. Tools ma
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Copper Resources Throughout the Lat
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midden deposits were located along
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a model with two distinct populatio
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Table 17.2. Summary of Landscape an
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File Report 93-1, Fredericton. Alle
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Anthropology, Temple University, Ph
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stone age found at Maquapit Lake. N
Page 359 and 360:
CHAPTER 18 MAIZE AND VILLAGES: A Su
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use of the term “small village”
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1325 [1425] 1460) (Boyd et al. 1998
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several centuries after its first a
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from excavations at village sites h
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133-156. New York State Museum Bull
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longhouses. American Antiquity 55:4
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CONTRIBUTORS Timothy J. Abel. Carth
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Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Change: A.D. 700 –1300

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