Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Change: A.D. 700 –1300

other related questions yet, and so we look forward to
future research and further application of AMS dating
of cultigen samples.
We suggest that late prehistoric horticulture centered
on maize-beans-squash may have arrived in the
Northeast even more rapidly and more synchronously
than we currently envision, but the data are so limited
that this is mere speculation. Moreover, it seems likely
that farming was more pervasive among indigenous
peoples in the Northeast than we currently understand
and it was much more ancient than the late prehistoric
records would suggest. Although it was only during
late prehistory that it substantially transformed Native
societies in the Northeast, farming had its origins in the
Archaic period, before 1000 B.C. In any case, we submit
that horticulture brought dramatic changes to indigenous
societies in the Northeast during late prehistory,
changes that went beyond mere subsistence.
Horticulture certainly affected subsistence, but it also
transformed the size, duration, and fundamental character
of Native settlements. Moreover, it ultimately
transformed aspects of indigenous technology, ideology,
and politics, among various other facets of Native
lifeways.
Acknowledgments
Representing as it does nearly 15 years of collaborative
research and a longer period of individual effort in
northern New England, we obviously owe many
things to many people in preparing this chapter. First,
we again publicly acknowledge the hundreds and hundreds
of field and laboratory workers who have been
employed by the UMF Archaeology Research Center
over the years; their labors have provided many of the
data summarized herein. Of these many individuals, a
few have made outstanding contributions to the topics
addressed in this chapter, including Bob Bartone, Bill
Crandall, Rosemary Cyr, Mike Heckenberger, and
Laureen LaBarr Kidd. Belinda Cox and Corbett
Torrence kindly drafted the accompanying figures and
Jessica Reed helped with the compilation of the table.
We are indebted to many people for various things
related to this paper. These individuals include but are
not limited to: Jeff Bendremer, David Bernstein, Dick
Boisvert, Bruce Bourque, Claude Chapdelaine,
Elizabeth Chilton, Steve Cox, Gordon Crandall, John
Crock, Dick George, Nathan Hamilton, John Hart, Bill
Haviland, the late Jim Pendergast, Marj Power, Dave
Sanger, Art Spiess, Peter Thomas, Roland Tremblay,
and Jim Wright. We also would like to again acknowledge
the continued help of Nancy Asch Sidell, who, as
our primary paleoethnobotanist, provided analysis of
the cultigens referenced herein. Finally, we thank John
Hart and Christine Rieth for their editorial help, as well
as their patience. As is customary, however, the authors
are alone responsible for any errors or omissions in this
work.
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Chapter 14 From Hunter-Gatherer Camp to Horticultural Village: Late Prehistoric Indigenous Subsistence and Settlement 283