Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Change: A.D. 700 –1300

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Ritchie and Funk 1973). Accompanying these shifts are changes in village and household organization, social relations, labor allocation, and sociopolitical organization, especially as related to production and consumption. These changes are, in part, the result of choices made by individuals and a household or local level site analysis focuses attention on these actors (Tringham 1991). Ritchie and Funk (1973:359) and Funk (1993:280, 291) outlined early Late Prehistoric settlements as including villages and hamlets 1 ; large and small hunting, fishing, and gathering camps; camps associated with agricultural fields located at a greater than typical distance from a village; and ceremonial sites, cemeteries, and workshops. Thus far, only the first of these—villages and hamlets—have received much attention (Funk 1993; Knapp 1996; Prezzano 1992; Ritchie and Funk 1973; see also Versaggi 1987, 1996a, 1996b). Data from these sites aided in constructing culture histories and chronologies, which enhanced their appeal for researchers. Given their small size, low visibility, and meager quantities of data, nonvillage camps and workshops have been left underresearched (but see Abel 2000; Abel and Weiskotten 2000; Bradley 1987; Funk 1993; Lennox 1995; Montag 1998; Oskam 1999; Tuck 1971). While most people lived in the village year-round, many left periodically. Historical accounts relate that while the household and community were associated with women, men were absent from the village for long periods—engaged in warfare, trade, or diplomacy (Heidenreich 1971; Morgan 1962 [1851]; Thwaites 1896-1901 [1915]; Tooker 1964; see also Funk 1993; Perrelli 1994; Wallace 1969). Snow (1994:39) stated that the male arena was “a lodge turned inside out.” Women’s “domain” was the village, and men’s the forest. However, women were not tethered to the village, and nonvillage work locations may have been occupied by either men or women or both. Versaggi’s (1996a) analysis of upland sites in eastern New York revealed microwear patterns on expediently manufactured flake and block tools. Microwear analysis provided evidence for meat, antler, and bone processing. Many of the tools also exhibited polishes of plants, wood, reeds, and grasses, the raw materials used for textile, cordage, basket, and mat production. While these products rarely survive in our acidic soils, expedient tool analysis provided evidence for what, historically, were women’s activities. These activities may otherwise be invisible at nonsedentary locations. Iroquois women, as well as children and the elderly, have been viewed in the literature as primary foragers for edible resources and firewood, but, as Versaggi noted, are seldom depicted as foraging for raw materials other than clay for pottery manufacture (Versaggi 1996a; Versaggi et al. 2001; see also Gero 1991 and Sassaman 1992). These perishable raw materials may have been used by women in the production of culturally important status items (Claassen 1997, 2001). Resource processing that occurred beyond the village limits was examined in detail at the Plus site, an Early Iroquois (A.D. 1350-1400) upland remote camp in Dryden, New York. Artifact, faunal, and microwear analysis indicated that the primary activities at the site were hunting and processing deer (Abel 2000; Abel and Weiskotten 2000). Microwear analysis provided data that site occupants were also, possibly, processing plant materials. Botanical analysis identified butternut, hickory, fruit seeds, and maize (kernels and cupules). In contrast to many temporary upland sites, the Plus site contained a large storage/refuse feature, hearths, post molds, and numerous ceramics. Examining these nonsedentary locations tells us about collecting and processing of resources that may not have occurred within the village (see Pilon and Perkins 1997). Task groups, possibly divided along gender or age lines, may have occupied these locations temporarily to acquire resources at a substantial distance from a village/hamlet. Adding data from temporary camps to that obtained from village/hamlet sites provides a fuller picture of the settlement and subsistence patterns of the Upper Susquehanna Valley by describing how these two contemporary but very different site types were related. In turn, these analyses can aid in our understanding of the political and economic changes that occurred during the early Late Prehistoric. In discussing the state of research in Ontario, Canada, Lennox (1995:6) considered a hypothetical village occupied for ten years with a population of one thousand. In that time, many individuals would occasionally leave, performing various tasks in the fields and forests, thus creating numerous small sites that represent “about 10,000 person years of extra-village activity” (Lennox 1995:6). These sites “represent individual, special purpose or limited use activity areas,” which are often difficult to see “in such a pure form” at a village where activities often overlap over time. Given the quantity, range, and data potential of nonvillage sites, their role in early Late Prehistoric settlement and subsistence cannot be ignored. 194 Miroff
LOCAL LEVEL ANALYSIS Local level analysis of the Park Creek II site provided baseline data for modeling settlement and subsistence in the Upper Susquehanna Valley. The identification of activity areas, based on artifact and feature types, artifact densities and attributes, and their locations within a site, can inform upon activities performed by groups and individuals at a site or in a particular structure (Flannery and Winter 1976; Jamieson 1988; Kapches 1979; Kent 1984, 1987, 1990; Nass 1989; Nass and Yerkes 1995; Newell 1987; Prezzano 1992; Seymour and Schiffer 1987; Stahl 1985; von Gernet 1982; Warrick 1984; Yellen 1977). When interpreted with care, activity areas can tell us about size and composition of households and communities, defense, interaction with other groups, crafts, production, and exchange (Allison 1999; Cameron 1993; Hayden 1982; Hitchcock 1987; Lyman 1994; Rogers 1995; Schiffer 1987, 1995). From community layout one can understand “the more intangible aspects of past cultural behavior (residence patterns, socio-political organization and ceremonial activity)” (Warrick 1984:1; see also Jamieson 1988:308). In addition to artifact types and densities, features are important artifacts in that their functions and organization can tell much about community activities and social relations. Although identification of feature function is problematic in that not all feature contents represent the feature’s original function, features are important in identifying activity areas, as many activities may have centered around particular feature types (e.g., hearths) (Schiffer 1987:32; Stewart 1977:17). Activities of groups and/or individuals at a site are reflected in the types and locations of artifacts, features, and structures. The spatial organization of a site provides insights into aspects of the economic and political organization of a given society in a given historical context (Matson 1996:107). The Park Creek II site was an ideal site for examining intrasite variability and community organization. Excavation methods were designed to obtain a variety of data types, including spatially controlled artifact distributions and feature data. Block excavations provided information on artifact patterning and the nature of occupation. THE PARK CREEK II SITE Archaeologists from the Public Archaeology Facility (PAF) identified the Park Creek II site (SUBi- 1464) in 1993 during a cultural resource reconnaissance survey in advance of proposed improvements to New York State Route 17. At this time, a site examination was also conducted (Lain et al. 1993). The Park Creek II site was declared eligible for the National Register of Historic Places and construction plans could not be modified to avoid impacting the site. During the fall of 1998 and spring of 1999, PAF archaeologists performed data recovery excavations (Versaggi et al. 1996). The combined site examination and data recovery units covered an area of 24 m 2 at the site (Figure 10.2). Park Creek II was situated in an upland valley of the Susquehanna River, near West Windsor, New York (Figure 10.1). The site occurred in a long, narrow eastwest hollow, surrounded on two sides by steep ridges and was drained by Park Creek. This upland area consists of glacial till deposits that have been cut and eroded by creeks since glacial retreat. Site stratigraphy was complex, and, in brief, consisted of four A horizons (Cremeens 1999). The first two A horizons, A1 and A2, contained very low artifact densities and no features. Therefore, this analysis concentrated on the two lowest horizons, A3 and A4, respectively. The B2 horizon, which separated the A3 and A4 horizons, was excluded from analysis given the difficulty of assigning the artifacts to either the A3 or A4 horizons with any confidence. Four radiocarbon dates were obtained from feature contexts associated with the A3 and A4 horizons (Table 10.1). One radiocarbon assay returned a date of 2170±60 B.P., far too early for the early Late Prehistoric. However, this was also the only conventional radiocarbon assay, and a feature from the same horizon contained maize and produced an early Late Prehistoric date. Given these dates and the presence of maize, I believe that the A4 horizon represented a fourteenth century occupation and the A3, an early fifteenth century occupation. The Fourteenth Century Occupation at the Park Creek II Site Archaeologists identified 23 artifacts from feature and nonfeature contexts associated with the fourteenth century occupation (A4 horizon). Artifacts included cortical and noncortical flakes, one graver on a flake, and one ground-stone flake. Unlike most campsites, Park Creek II yielded a wealth of feature data. Feature function was interpreted using the variables of size and shape (Stewart 1977), types of artifacts present (including floral and faunal remains), density of artifacts (particularly tools), and the presence of oxidized soil and/or Chapter 10 Upland Land Use Patterns during the Early Late Prehistoric (A.D. <strong>700</strong><strong>–1300</strong>) 195
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Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Ch
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Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Ch
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TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures L
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LIST OF FIGURES 2.1 Map of the cent
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9.3 Topographic map of Broome Tech.
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11.1 Upper Susquehanna Site Types (
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PREFACE The New York State Museum h
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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Christina B.
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domesticates and the occupation of
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and Rieth highlight the important c
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Dunnell, R. C. (1971). Systematics
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Anthropology, University of Massach
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CHAPTER 2 CENTRAL OHIO VALLEY DURIN
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L a k e E r i e PENNSYLVANIA INDIAN
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L a k e E r i e INDIANA R i v e r G
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Olentangy River and other minor tri
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Figure 2.6. Comparison of Late Wood
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support the notion of resource stre
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F4 F7 F5 F6 F3 F2 F9 F10 F12 F13 F1
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B B M F42 F43 F41 F44 S5 S4 S1 F30
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Table 2.3. continued Temporal Age A
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Table 2.3. continued Temporal Age A
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L a k e E r i e INDIANA o i O h Sal
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Figure 2.13. Map of the Late Prehis
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Figure 2.15. Map of households with
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Figure 2.17. Sample of Late Prehist
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Barkes, B. M. (1982). An Analysis o
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Fort Ancient Tradition, edited by J
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CHAPTER 3 “ . . . to reconstruct
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IT TAKES A VILLAGE Figure 3.2. Arti
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social organizations is drawn prima
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elements of the village, the spaces
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Diametric, concentric, and circumfe
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egion, including Reckner (Augustine
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Chapter 3 Modeling Village Communit
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Figure 3.9. Architectural and nonar
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Figure 3.11. Measuring distances in
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Table 3.2. Descriptive Statistics f
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DISCUSSION Table 3.3. Descriptive S
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Figure 3.14. Box-and-whisker plot o
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Augustine, E. A. (1938d). Important
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Among Some Amazon Tribes. Privately
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on Black Mesa, Arizona. The Univers
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CHAPTER 4 THE EARLY LATE WOODLAND I
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Figure 4.3. Gibraltar Cordmarked ce
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Figure 4.5. Ceramics of the Gibralt
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points and notched Chesser or Lowe
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dated to A.D. 890 (1025) 1230 (DIC-
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Table 4.3. Available Stable Carbon
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where fishing and farming may have
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Figure 4.10. Ceramic of the Sandusk
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singular Mixter Stamped vessels typ
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urial with the dead, broadcasted a
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during the early Late Woodland time
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Valley. North American Archaeologis
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CHAPTER 5 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN TH
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interest in exchange of service or
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CURRENT INVESTIGATIONS In view of t
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710 Area C 700 B-75084 TO-4556 TO-4
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Table 5.1. Summary of Artifacts fro
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e Bull's Point C o o t e s P a r a
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classification system has been appl
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(Crawford et al. 1997a). The same i
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in Ontario was Middle Woodland-deri
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207-212. Smithsonian Institution, W
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CHAPTER 6 EARLY LATE WOODLAND IN SO
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Figure 6.2. Lower Grand River Valle
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Table 6.1. Radiocarbon Dates from t
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segment of the terrace that effecti
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Figure 6.7. Meyer site terrace, vie
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Figure 6.10. Forster site reconstru
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Figure 6.12. Middle Thames River 20
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Figure 6.13. Site situation: a comp
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Dieterman, F. (2001). Princess Poin
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CHAPTER 7 EARLY LATE PREHISTORIC SE
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ticultural hamlets, small and large
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that Clemson Island was greatly inf
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local deposits. Alternately, Stimme
Page 157 and 158: Table 7.1. Radiocarbon Dates from S
Page 159 and 160: Pennsylvania continued to practice
Page 161 and 162: level) overlaps with the West Branc
Page 163 and 164: Under a population metaphysic, the
Page 165 and 166: Hatch, J. W., and Koontz, K. L. (19
Page 167 and 168: CHAPTER 8 NEW DATES FOR OWASCO POTS
Page 169 and 170: Table 8.1. Key Components of the Th
Page 171 and 172: Figure 8.1. Location of the Kipp Is
Page 173 and 174: Table 8.4. Carpenter Brook Phase Ho
Page 175 and 176: Table 8.5. Physical Characteristics
Page 177 and 178: Table 8.6. AMS Dates and Calibrated
Page 179 and 180: REFERENCES CITED Ammerman, A. J., a
Page 181 and 182: CHAPTER 9 PITS, PLANTS, AND PLACE:
Page 183 and 184: Thomas/Luckey Broome Tech N 0 0 50
Page 185 and 186: confluence with the Susquehanna Riv
Page 187 and 188: Figure 9.3. Topographic map of Broo
Page 189 and 190: Table 9.2. Feature Types at Thomas/
Page 191 and 192: Figure 9.4. Histogram of feature de
Page 193 and 194: Table 9.4. Plant Remains from Thoma
Page 195 and 196: Figure 9.7. Sample composition of n
Page 197 and 198: Figure 9.9. Seed composition (exclu
Page 199 and 200: suggests that the gathering of wild
Page 201 and 202: of posts may mark remnants of tempo
Page 203 and 204: for allowing me repeated and unteth
Page 205 and 206: History Press, Garden City, New Yor
Page 207: CHAPTER 10 UPLAND LAND USE PATTERNS
Page 211 and 212: N104 E101 Unit 19A Unit 7A Unit 12A
Page 213 and 214: Table 10.2. Park Creek II Feature A
Page 215 and 216: Fea. 2 Fea. 5 0 1 2 N Figure 10.4.
Page 217 and 218: encounterlike hunting/butchering st
Page 219 and 220: END NOTES 1. A village is defined a
Page 221 and 222: Perrelli, D. J. (1994). Gender, Mob
Page 223 and 224: CHAPTER 11 EARLY LATE PREHISTORIC S
Page 225 and 226: Table 11.1. Upper Susquehanna Site
Page 227 and 228: Table 11.2. Summary of Late Middle
Page 229 and 230: Table 11.3. Settlement Features of
Page 231 and 232: approximately 1,000 sq. ft, there i
Page 233 and 234: Table 11.5. Summary of Seed Identif
Page 235 and 236: importance of hunting and hunting-r
Page 237 and 238: portion of the Susquehanna Valley,
Page 239 and 240: Herrick, J. W., and Snow, D. R. (19
Page 241 and 242: CHAPTER 12 WOODLAND PERIOD SETTLEME
Page 243 and 244: oundaries were given. According to
Page 245 and 246: Table 12.1: Selected Radiocarbon an
Page 247 and 248: shads and herrings of the family Cl
Page 249 and 250: consists of large concentrations of
Page 251 and 252: (1990) survey of recorded sites in
Page 253 and 254: York State 92:1-8. Busby, M. (1966)
Page 255 and 256: CHAPTER 13 PALEOETHNOBOTANICAL INDI
Page 257 and 258: Figure 13.1. Forest regions of the
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Table 13.1. Distribution of Nut Tre
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ation in feature contents. For mult
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Figure 13.4. Nutshell density (gray
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Figure 13.5. Seed density and maize
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Table 13.3. Seed Indicators-Maine S
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Table 13.4. Broome Tech Site: Selec
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6, and it occurred in 58 percent of
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Table 13.6. Continued Site Uncalibr
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Acknowledgments I thank John Hart f
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y K. J. Gremillion, pp. 161-178. Th
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CHAPTER 14 FROM HUNTER-GATHERER CAM
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Figure 14.1. Distribution of select
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available to Ceci were simply too l
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the AMS date of A.D. 1185 (A.D. 127
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Table 14.1. Continued Site Lab C14
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within single settlements remains e
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noncoastal residential sites certai
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Figure 14.3. Two stratigraphic prof
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to the Maritime Provinces on the Gu
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other related questions yet, and so
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Northeast Historical Archaeology 21
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Thomas, P. A. (1976). Contrastive s
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CHAPTER 15 “towns they have none
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Table 15.1. Key to Figure 15.1: Arc
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Maize will normally not preserve fo
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artifacts. Cowie (2000) suggests th
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creativity to resolve, but is also
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Ph.D. dissertation, Department of A
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CHAPTER 16 OUT OF THE BLUE AND INTO
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Figure 16.2. Map of the Bliss Islan
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shell-bearing sites located on the
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site. Middle Maritime Woodland occu
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(e.g., Black 1992:190) limit and co
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Table 16.3. Faunal Remains Associat
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and often poor vertebrate faunal pr
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the Maine/Maritimes area have argue
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SE: warm season (Rojo 1987:221); sp
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Ethnohistory 36:257-284. Bourque, B
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CHAPTER 17 ABORIGINAL LAND AND RESO
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Table 17.1. Chronological and Ceram
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Among the food plants listed above,
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species, the American eel (Anguilla
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the Early Woodland period. Tools ma
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Copper Resources Throughout the Lat
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midden deposits were located along
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a model with two distinct populatio
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Table 17.2. Summary of Landscape an
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File Report 93-1, Fredericton. Alle
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Anthropology, Temple University, Ph
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stone age found at Maquapit Lake. N
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CHAPTER 18 MAIZE AND VILLAGES: A Su
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use of the term “small village”
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1325 [1425] 1460) (Boyd et al. 1998
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several centuries after its first a
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from excavations at village sites h
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133-156. New York State Museum Bull
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longhouses. American Antiquity 55:4
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CONTRIBUTORS Timothy J. Abel. Carth
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Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Change: A.D. 700 –1300

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