Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Change: A.D. 700 –1300

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published literature, Hunter’s Home is often described as a specific site, while in reality, it is an area encompassing four or five adjoining farms and several archaeological sites from different periods. The richest occupation appears to be on the Hunter’s Home farm and the adjoining Rogers Farm. Hunter’s Home A is located on Hunter’s Home Farm and was first excavated in 1948 by Harold Secor and Arthur Seeley (RMSC files). Their excavations indicated that the area contained two strata, one with remnants of Point Peninsula occupations, and one of Owasco occupations. Based on Secor and Seeley’s excavations, Ritchie initiated investigations at several locations on Hunter’s Home farm in 1960. Ritchie concentrated his 268 sq. ft (25 sq. m) trench over a refuse midden, which was named Hunter’s Home A. This midden is located at the edge of a terrace that overlooked prehistoric Lake Iroquois (Ritchie 1969:258). Ritchie’s excavations at Hunter’s Home A produced archaeological remains that he attributed to both the late Point Peninsula and the early Owasco periods. Ritchie used these remains to argue that the Hunter’s Home A site indicated a smooth transition between Point Peninsula and Owasco occupations. However, his proposed continuity is based more on interpretations of ceramic stylistic change than real stratigraphic continuity. Ritchie (1969:258) describes the stratigraphy of the excavation unit as an 8-inch layer of sand containing Owasco-style sherds and decorated pipes, and a layer of darker sand containing Point Peninsula pottery with similarities to the later Owasco styles separated by a 20-40-inch thick sterile deposit. A barn now covers Hunter’s Home A, prohibiting new excavations at the exact location. modern land drainage. The site is located over a mile away from the lake. Water for the site was available from the springs located at the base of the gullies. The site is located on well-drained sandy soil. The excavations exposed middens along the northern, eastern, and southern margins of the site, some approaching 30 m in length (Ritchie 1928). The most substantial midden was located on the southeastern margin of the site. The midden contained Owasco pottery, stone mortars, pipe fragments, and bone from deer, birds, and fish (Ritchie 1928). Twenty-two possible structures, or “lodge sites,” were identified by the excavations (Ritchie 1928). Unfortunately, it is not clear what evidence was used to identify these locations. Based on Ritchie’s description of these houses, it seems that the basis was a concentration of darker soil and an increase in artifact density. No mention is made of post molds in any of the records of the excavations. The unpublished field map (RMSC files) shows “lodge sites” where there are multiple fire pits, so perhaps their locations are based on the location of hearths. The “lodges” appear to vary from 4-6 m in length, and would have encompassed roughly 30 sq. m. These structures are small compared to other early Owasco houses (Table 8.4). From 1932 to 1948, H. C. Follet and G. B. Selden, members of the original excavation party, continued excavating at Levanna and charged admission. Eventually they found several animal effigies, including a thunderbird. Parker campaigned against these excavations with little success. The RMSC file contains extensive correspondence by A. C. Parker concerning these excavations. The work destroyed the portion of the site not excavated by Parker. Levanna Site Levanna (NYSM 2092) is a village and cemetery located on a hill overlooking Cayuga Lake in Cayuga County, New York. A. C. Parker conducted preliminary excavations at Levanna during 1923 (RMSC files). Based on the preliminary results, Parker returned to Levanna in 1927 with a junior assistant (Ritchie), to conduct formal excavations. The habitation area is approximately 150 m long by 30 m wide, and is situated on a triangular, naturally fortified location (Ritchie 1928). Steep embankments protect the north and south sides of the site. The gullies on the north and south converge on the western edge of the site, forming a constricted neck facing the lake. The eastern edge of the site is bounded by a shallow gully, which was probably filled with water before AMS Testing Seven food residues from sherds from Kipp Island, three from Hunter’s Home, and one from Levanna were submitted to Geochron Laboratory for AMS dating (Table 8.2). The sherds included in this analysis are housed in two collections. The sherds from Hunter’s Home and Levanna are housed in the Rochester Museum and Science Center collection. The sherds from Kipp Island are from Breen’s private collection of Kipp Island materials. The Breen collection is ideal for this project because the sherds were never cleaned and have retained substantial amounts of carbonized food residue (Figure 8.2). Because of the extraordinary condition of the Breen collection, the AMS dating focuses heavily on sherds from Kipp Island. The physical characteristics of each sherd are summarized in Table 8.5. 158 Schulenberg
Table 8.4. Carpenter Brook Phase Houses in Central New York (adapted from Hart 2000:19; 2001:175). Site House Dimensions (m) House Area (m 2 ) Reference Levanna 5 × 4-6 20–30 (Ritchie 1928) White 6.9 × 11.4 78 (Prezzano 1992) Port Dickinson ca. 3– 4 diameter ca. 7–12.5 (Prezzano 1992) Maxon-Derby 7 × 9-11 63-77 (Hart 2000) Boland 6 × ca. 14, ca. 84–85 (Prezzano 1992) 5.5 × ca. 15.5 Bates 6.7 × 11.6 78 (Hart 2000) Point Peninsula Sherds Three sherds, all from Kipp Island, are Point Peninsula pottery types. These sherds represent ceramic types spanning the period from A.D. 400 to 900. One sherd is from a Wickham Incised vessel (No. 1, Table 8.5; Figure 8.3), a Middle Point Peninsula type (Ritchie and MacNeish 1949:104). The other two sherds (Nos. 12, 15, Table 8.5; Figure 8.3) are Point Peninsula Corded-rim sherds. Point Peninsula Corded type ceramics are common throughout the Point Peninsula period, but increase in frequency later in the period (Ritchie and MacNeish 1949:102). Early Owasco Sherds Of the eight Owasco type sherds, four are from Kipp Island, three are from Hunter’s Home, and one is from Levanna. These sherds are from types common throughout all three phases of the Owasco Figure 8.2. Residue encrusted on interior of Sherd No. 13. period. The Owasco Herringbone rim sherd from the Kipp Island site (No. 6, Table 8.5; Figure 8.4) is the only Owasco type that Ritchie and MacNeish (1949:111) thought might also be present during the Late Point Peninsula period. According to the typology, this type increases in popularity until the Middle Owasco period (Ritchie and MacNeish 1949:111). Two sherds—one from Kipp Island, the other from Hunter’s Home—are Carpenter Brook Cord-on-Cord (Nos. 4, 137, Table 8.5; Figure 8.4). Carpenter Brook Cord-on-Cord is common during the Early Owasco period (Ritchie and MacNeish 1949:108). Levanna Cord-on-Cord is also an early Owasco-type ceramic (Ritchie and MacNeish 1949:110). Residues from two Levanna Cord-on-Cord sherds (Nos. 40, 99, Table 8.5; Figure 8.5) were collected from Hunter’s Home and Levanna. An Owasco Corded Oblique rim sherd from Kipp Island (No. 7, Table 8.5; Figure 8.4) is a type that was common throughout the Owasco period, but peaked in popularity during the Middle Owasco period (Ritchie and MacNeish 1949:112). Two sherds are from Owasco Corded Horizontal vessels (Nos. 23, 107, Table 8.5; Figure 8.5). Owasco Corded Horizontal appears during Early Owasco times and increases in popularity throughout the Owasco period (Ritchie and MacNeish 1949:112). Finally, the cordmarked body sherd is from Kipp Island and is not typable to any period or ceramic type (No. 13, Table 8.5; Figure 8.3). It has a coil break, suggesting that it belonged to a Point Peninsula phase. The residues encrusted on these sherds were removed under magnification with a stainless steel scalpel. Each sample of residue was wrapped in aluminum foil and sent to Geochron Laboratories, Inc., in Cambridge, Massachusetts for AMS dating. Chapter 8 New Dates for Owasco Pots 159
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Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Ch
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Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Ch
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TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures L
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LIST OF FIGURES 2.1 Map of the cent
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9.3 Topographic map of Broome Tech.
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11.1 Upper Susquehanna Site Types (
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PREFACE The New York State Museum h
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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Christina B.
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domesticates and the occupation of
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and Rieth highlight the important c
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Dunnell, R. C. (1971). Systematics
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Anthropology, University of Massach
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CHAPTER 2 CENTRAL OHIO VALLEY DURIN
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L a k e E r i e PENNSYLVANIA INDIAN
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L a k e E r i e INDIANA R i v e r G
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Olentangy River and other minor tri
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Figure 2.6. Comparison of Late Wood
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support the notion of resource stre
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F4 F7 F5 F6 F3 F2 F9 F10 F12 F13 F1
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B B M F42 F43 F41 F44 S5 S4 S1 F30
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Table 2.3. continued Temporal Age A
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Table 2.3. continued Temporal Age A
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L a k e E r i e INDIANA o i O h Sal
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Figure 2.13. Map of the Late Prehis
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Figure 2.15. Map of households with
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Figure 2.17. Sample of Late Prehist
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Barkes, B. M. (1982). An Analysis o
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Fort Ancient Tradition, edited by J
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CHAPTER 3 “ . . . to reconstruct
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IT TAKES A VILLAGE Figure 3.2. Arti
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social organizations is drawn prima
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elements of the village, the spaces
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Diametric, concentric, and circumfe
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egion, including Reckner (Augustine
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Chapter 3 Modeling Village Communit
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Figure 3.9. Architectural and nonar
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Figure 3.11. Measuring distances in
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Table 3.2. Descriptive Statistics f
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DISCUSSION Table 3.3. Descriptive S
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Figure 3.14. Box-and-whisker plot o
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Augustine, E. A. (1938d). Important
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Among Some Amazon Tribes. Privately
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on Black Mesa, Arizona. The Univers
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CHAPTER 4 THE EARLY LATE WOODLAND I
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Figure 4.3. Gibraltar Cordmarked ce
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Figure 4.5. Ceramics of the Gibralt
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points and notched Chesser or Lowe
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dated to A.D. 890 (1025) 1230 (DIC-
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Table 4.3. Available Stable Carbon
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where fishing and farming may have
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Figure 4.10. Ceramic of the Sandusk
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singular Mixter Stamped vessels typ
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urial with the dead, broadcasted a
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during the early Late Woodland time
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Valley. North American Archaeologis
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CHAPTER 5 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN TH
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interest in exchange of service or
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CURRENT INVESTIGATIONS In view of t
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710 Area C 700 B-75084 TO-4556 TO-4
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Table 5.1. Summary of Artifacts fro
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Page 123 and 124: classification system has been appl
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Page 129 and 130: 207-212. Smithsonian Institution, W
Page 131 and 132: CHAPTER 6 EARLY LATE WOODLAND IN SO
Page 133 and 134: Figure 6.2. Lower Grand River Valle
Page 135 and 136: Table 6.1. Radiocarbon Dates from t
Page 137 and 138: segment of the terrace that effecti
Page 139 and 140: Figure 6.7. Meyer site terrace, vie
Page 141 and 142: Figure 6.10. Forster site reconstru
Page 143 and 144: Figure 6.12. Middle Thames River 20
Page 145 and 146: Figure 6.13. Site situation: a comp
Page 147 and 148: Dieterman, F. (2001). Princess Poin
Page 149 and 150: CHAPTER 7 EARLY LATE PREHISTORIC SE
Page 151 and 152: ticultural hamlets, small and large
Page 153 and 154: that Clemson Island was greatly inf
Page 155 and 156: local deposits. Alternately, Stimme
Page 157 and 158: Table 7.1. Radiocarbon Dates from S
Page 159 and 160: Pennsylvania continued to practice
Page 161 and 162: level) overlaps with the West Branc
Page 163 and 164: Under a population metaphysic, the
Page 165 and 166: Hatch, J. W., and Koontz, K. L. (19
Page 167 and 168: CHAPTER 8 NEW DATES FOR OWASCO POTS
Page 169 and 170: Table 8.1. Key Components of the Th
Page 171: Figure 8.1. Location of the Kipp Is
Page 175 and 176: Table 8.5. Physical Characteristics
Page 177 and 178: Table 8.6. AMS Dates and Calibrated
Page 179 and 180: REFERENCES CITED Ammerman, A. J., a
Page 181 and 182: CHAPTER 9 PITS, PLANTS, AND PLACE:
Page 183 and 184: Thomas/Luckey Broome Tech N 0 0 50
Page 185 and 186: confluence with the Susquehanna Riv
Page 187 and 188: Figure 9.3. Topographic map of Broo
Page 189 and 190: Table 9.2. Feature Types at Thomas/
Page 191 and 192: Figure 9.4. Histogram of feature de
Page 193 and 194: Table 9.4. Plant Remains from Thoma
Page 195 and 196: Figure 9.7. Sample composition of n
Page 197 and 198: Figure 9.9. Seed composition (exclu
Page 199 and 200: suggests that the gathering of wild
Page 201 and 202: of posts may mark remnants of tempo
Page 203 and 204: for allowing me repeated and unteth
Page 205 and 206: History Press, Garden City, New Yor
Page 207 and 208: CHAPTER 10 UPLAND LAND USE PATTERNS
Page 209 and 210: LOCAL LEVEL ANALYSIS Local level an
Page 211 and 212: N104 E101 Unit 19A Unit 7A Unit 12A
Page 213 and 214: Table 10.2. Park Creek II Feature A
Page 215 and 216: Fea. 2 Fea. 5 0 1 2 N Figure 10.4.
Page 217 and 218: encounterlike hunting/butchering st
Page 219 and 220: END NOTES 1. A village is defined a
Page 221 and 222: Perrelli, D. J. (1994). Gender, Mob
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CHAPTER 11 EARLY LATE PREHISTORIC S
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Table 11.1. Upper Susquehanna Site
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Table 11.2. Summary of Late Middle
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Table 11.3. Settlement Features of
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approximately 1,000 sq. ft, there i
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Table 11.5. Summary of Seed Identif
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importance of hunting and hunting-r
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portion of the Susquehanna Valley,
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Herrick, J. W., and Snow, D. R. (19
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CHAPTER 12 WOODLAND PERIOD SETTLEME
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oundaries were given. According to
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Table 12.1: Selected Radiocarbon an
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shads and herrings of the family Cl
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consists of large concentrations of
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(1990) survey of recorded sites in
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York State 92:1-8. Busby, M. (1966)
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CHAPTER 13 PALEOETHNOBOTANICAL INDI
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Figure 13.1. Forest regions of the
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Table 13.1. Distribution of Nut Tre
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ation in feature contents. For mult
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Figure 13.4. Nutshell density (gray
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Figure 13.5. Seed density and maize
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Table 13.3. Seed Indicators-Maine S
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Table 13.4. Broome Tech Site: Selec
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6, and it occurred in 58 percent of
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Table 13.6. Continued Site Uncalibr
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Acknowledgments I thank John Hart f
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y K. J. Gremillion, pp. 161-178. Th
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CHAPTER 14 FROM HUNTER-GATHERER CAM
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Figure 14.1. Distribution of select
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available to Ceci were simply too l
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the AMS date of A.D. 1185 (A.D. 127
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Table 14.1. Continued Site Lab C14
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within single settlements remains e
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noncoastal residential sites certai
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Figure 14.3. Two stratigraphic prof
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to the Maritime Provinces on the Gu
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other related questions yet, and so
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Northeast Historical Archaeology 21
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Thomas, P. A. (1976). Contrastive s
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CHAPTER 15 “towns they have none
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Table 15.1. Key to Figure 15.1: Arc
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Maize will normally not preserve fo
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artifacts. Cowie (2000) suggests th
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creativity to resolve, but is also
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Ph.D. dissertation, Department of A
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CHAPTER 16 OUT OF THE BLUE AND INTO
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Figure 16.2. Map of the Bliss Islan
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shell-bearing sites located on the
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site. Middle Maritime Woodland occu
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(e.g., Black 1992:190) limit and co
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Table 16.3. Faunal Remains Associat
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and often poor vertebrate faunal pr
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the Maine/Maritimes area have argue
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SE: warm season (Rojo 1987:221); sp
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Ethnohistory 36:257-284. Bourque, B
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CHAPTER 17 ABORIGINAL LAND AND RESO
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Table 17.1. Chronological and Ceram
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Among the food plants listed above,
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species, the American eel (Anguilla
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the Early Woodland period. Tools ma
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Copper Resources Throughout the Lat
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midden deposits were located along
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a model with two distinct populatio
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Table 17.2. Summary of Landscape an
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File Report 93-1, Fredericton. Alle
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Anthropology, Temple University, Ph
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stone age found at Maquapit Lake. N
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CHAPTER 18 MAIZE AND VILLAGES: A Su
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use of the term “small village”
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1325 [1425] 1460) (Boyd et al. 1998
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several centuries after its first a
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from excavations at village sites h
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133-156. New York State Museum Bull
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longhouses. American Antiquity 55:4
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CONTRIBUTORS Timothy J. Abel. Carth
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Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Change: A.D. 700 –1300

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