Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Change: A.D. 700 –1300

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5 cm levels to produce more or less detailed vertical contextual resolution. At Grand Banks, in particular, we expected to find complex stratigraphy in which cultigen remains might appear, so we elected to proceed with careful attention to stratigraphic detail. Lone Pine is the only site we have systematically surface collected. The shallowness of the site has resulted in a high frequency of artifacts on the surface, a few of which mend with excavated artifacts in the same 1 m units. Several transects of the surface of Lone Pine have been piece-plotted in order to facilitate excavation location decisions. In general, however, 1 m square units were placed to allow some understanding of the spatial limits of the site and artifact distribution patterns over the site. Two areas were subsequently selected for more detailed examination. At Grand Banks, on the other hand, testing was only secondarily designed to clarify horizontal patterning and settlement information. In this first phase of research here, efforts concentrated on comprehending floodplain and site formation processes through time, while intensively flotation sampling. All soils from cultural layers from Grand Banks and Lone Pine were routinely screened through 3 mm mesh if not collected for flotation. Plowed overburden at Young 1 was screened though 6 mm mesh. Paleosols at Grand Banks have generally been entirely sampled. In addition, features and posts are sampled in their entirety for flotation. Otherwise a minimum of 20 percent of the soil from particular contexts was collected for flotation. In the flotation process, heavy fractions were recovered with 2 mm mesh; light fractions were recovered using a 425 micron geological sieve. Grand Banks has been the focus of geomorphological research in order to explore floodplain structure and development (Crawford et al. 1997a; Walker et al. 1997). More than 150 narrow-gauge auger holes were drilled at grid intersections over a 1,000 by 200 m area to provide topographic and lithostratigraphic data that set the archaeological excavations in a broader context. Sediment samples were taken from each bore hole. Riverbank cuts have also been logged and surveyed. Grand Banks (AfGx-3) The Grand Banks site is situated on a 10 ha floodplain bar of the Grand River about 30 km from its mouth. Chert flakes and pottery fragments are scattered over much of the bar and are visible along about 1,000 m of river edge. The bar is eroding into the river and as a result, artifact-bearing deposits are most visible in an exposed palaeosol in the present riverbank for a distance of about 200 m. Geomorphological research has determined that the floodplain is a vertically accreted lateral bar, that is, it was formed by successive deposits of riverine silt through superposition instead of being deposited horizontally (Crawford et al. 1997b; Walker et al. 1997). From 1993 to 1995 we excavated a total of 80 square meters in a strip parallel to the riverbank at about 10- 16 m from the present river’s edge (Figure 5.3). The oldest occupation of the site, buried by about three thousand years of alluvial deposits, required excavations in some areas to more than 2 m below the surface. As a result, we have excavated an estimated 90 cu. m of fill. These excavations are in three localized areas (for now labeled A, B, and C in Figure 5.3). Earlier test excavations by Stothers at Cayuga Bridge and Grand Banks indicated a complex stratigraphy that he interpreted as representing three episodes of Princess Point occupations in dark soil strata separated by alluvium and interspersed with pits. Thus forewarned, our research strategy was designed to investigate this complex stratigraphy in a detailed fashion. As it turns out, our interpretation of the stratigraphy at Grand Banks is quite different from what Stothers inferred. The coring by the geomorphologists has provided an important overview of the processes that resulted in the floodplain as it is structured today (Walker et al. 1997). In general, bedrock is at a depth of 2.5 m and is overlain by gray-colored gley. Above this is drier alluvium followed by a 20-30 cm thick palaeosol (PI). Overlying PI is about 1 m of alluvium followed by another palaeosol, PII. PII is capped by 50- 60 cm of alluvium. We interpret this cap to postdate A.D. 1<strong>700</strong>, and it is typical of post-settlement alluvium (PSA) resulting from European land clearance found throughout riverine eastern North America (Crawford et al. 1997b; Walker et al. 1997). Although this is the standard lithostratigraphy at Grand Banks, it is not the only one. Excavations in Area A and the southern half of Area B exhibit the lithostratigraphy described above. Two clearly definable paleosols are not evident in Area C and the north half of Area B. Instead, artifacts are concentrated in a 25-55 cm deep zone with little stratigraphic differentiation. This results from a combination of local subsurface topographic variation that brings PI and PII closer to the surface and recent plowing that has mixed the shallower portions of Areas B and C (Crawford et al. 1997b). PI, from the presence of two Kramer points, one in Area A and another from Area C, and a radiocarbon date of 3100 B.P., apparently contains a Late Archaic/Early Woodland occupation. In addition is a date of 3000 B.P. from Stothers’ investigations. He rejected the date at the time, but it probably 102 Smith and Crawford
710 Area C <strong>700</strong> B-75084 TO-4556 TO-4584 Radiocarbon date GRID Y 690 b a n k r i v e r Area B Grand River N 680 TO-5875 0 3 meters 670 TO-5307 TO-5308 TO-4585 Area A 725 730 735 GRID X J. Skiba Figure 5.3. Location of Grand Banks excavations (1993-1996) showing locations of radiocarbon samples. Chapter 5 Recent Developments in the Archaeology of the Princess Point Complex in Southern Ontario 103
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Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Ch
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Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Ch
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TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures L
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LIST OF FIGURES 2.1 Map of the cent
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9.3 Topographic map of Broome Tech.
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11.1 Upper Susquehanna Site Types (
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PREFACE The New York State Museum h
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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Christina B.
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domesticates and the occupation of
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and Rieth highlight the important c
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Dunnell, R. C. (1971). Systematics
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Anthropology, University of Massach
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CHAPTER 2 CENTRAL OHIO VALLEY DURIN
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L a k e E r i e PENNSYLVANIA INDIAN
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L a k e E r i e INDIANA R i v e r G
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Olentangy River and other minor tri
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Figure 2.6. Comparison of Late Wood
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support the notion of resource stre
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F4 F7 F5 F6 F3 F2 F9 F10 F12 F13 F1
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B B M F42 F43 F41 F44 S5 S4 S1 F30
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Table 2.3. continued Temporal Age A
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Table 2.3. continued Temporal Age A
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L a k e E r i e INDIANA o i O h Sal
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Figure 2.13. Map of the Late Prehis
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Figure 2.15. Map of households with
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Figure 2.17. Sample of Late Prehist
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Barkes, B. M. (1982). An Analysis o
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Fort Ancient Tradition, edited by J
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CHAPTER 3 “ . . . to reconstruct
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IT TAKES A VILLAGE Figure 3.2. Arti
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social organizations is drawn prima
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elements of the village, the spaces
Page 65 and 66: Diametric, concentric, and circumfe
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Page 69 and 70: Chapter 3 Modeling Village Communit
Page 71 and 72: Figure 3.9. Architectural and nonar
Page 73 and 74: Figure 3.11. Measuring distances in
Page 75 and 76: Table 3.2. Descriptive Statistics f
Page 77 and 78: DISCUSSION Table 3.3. Descriptive S
Page 79 and 80: Figure 3.14. Box-and-whisker plot o
Page 81 and 82: Augustine, E. A. (1938d). Important
Page 83 and 84: Among Some Amazon Tribes. Privately
Page 85 and 86: on Black Mesa, Arizona. The Univers
Page 87 and 88: CHAPTER 4 THE EARLY LATE WOODLAND I
Page 89 and 90: Figure 4.3. Gibraltar Cordmarked ce
Page 91 and 92: Figure 4.5. Ceramics of the Gibralt
Page 93 and 94: points and notched Chesser or Lowe
Page 95 and 96: dated to A.D. 890 (1025) 1230 (DIC-
Page 97 and 98: Table 4.3. Available Stable Carbon
Page 99 and 100: where fishing and farming may have
Page 101 and 102: Figure 4.10. Ceramic of the Sandusk
Page 103 and 104: singular Mixter Stamped vessels typ
Page 105 and 106: urial with the dead, broadcasted a
Page 107 and 108: during the early Late Woodland time
Page 109 and 110: Valley. North American Archaeologis
Page 111 and 112: CHAPTER 5 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN TH
Page 113 and 114: interest in exchange of service or
Page 115: CURRENT INVESTIGATIONS In view of t
Page 119 and 120: Table 5.1. Summary of Artifacts fro
Page 121 and 122: e Bull's Point C o o t e s P a r a
Page 123 and 124: classification system has been appl
Page 125 and 126: (Crawford et al. 1997a). The same i
Page 127 and 128: in Ontario was Middle Woodland-deri
Page 129 and 130: 207-212. Smithsonian Institution, W
Page 131 and 132: CHAPTER 6 EARLY LATE WOODLAND IN SO
Page 133 and 134: Figure 6.2. Lower Grand River Valle
Page 135 and 136: Table 6.1. Radiocarbon Dates from t
Page 137 and 138: segment of the terrace that effecti
Page 139 and 140: Figure 6.7. Meyer site terrace, vie
Page 141 and 142: Figure 6.10. Forster site reconstru
Page 143 and 144: Figure 6.12. Middle Thames River 20
Page 145 and 146: Figure 6.13. Site situation: a comp
Page 147 and 148: Dieterman, F. (2001). Princess Poin
Page 149 and 150: CHAPTER 7 EARLY LATE PREHISTORIC SE
Page 151 and 152: ticultural hamlets, small and large
Page 153 and 154: that Clemson Island was greatly inf
Page 155 and 156: local deposits. Alternately, Stimme
Page 157 and 158: Table 7.1. Radiocarbon Dates from S
Page 159 and 160: Pennsylvania continued to practice
Page 161 and 162: level) overlaps with the West Branc
Page 163 and 164: Under a population metaphysic, the
Page 165 and 166: Hatch, J. W., and Koontz, K. L. (19
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CHAPTER 8 NEW DATES FOR OWASCO POTS
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Table 8.1. Key Components of the Th
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Figure 8.1. Location of the Kipp Is
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Table 8.4. Carpenter Brook Phase Ho
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Table 8.5. Physical Characteristics
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Table 8.6. AMS Dates and Calibrated
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REFERENCES CITED Ammerman, A. J., a
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CHAPTER 9 PITS, PLANTS, AND PLACE:
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Thomas/Luckey Broome Tech N 0 0 50
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confluence with the Susquehanna Riv
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Figure 9.3. Topographic map of Broo
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Table 9.2. Feature Types at Thomas/
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Figure 9.4. Histogram of feature de
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Table 9.4. Plant Remains from Thoma
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Figure 9.7. Sample composition of n
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Figure 9.9. Seed composition (exclu
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suggests that the gathering of wild
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of posts may mark remnants of tempo
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for allowing me repeated and unteth
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History Press, Garden City, New Yor
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CHAPTER 10 UPLAND LAND USE PATTERNS
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LOCAL LEVEL ANALYSIS Local level an
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N104 E101 Unit 19A Unit 7A Unit 12A
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Table 10.2. Park Creek II Feature A
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Fea. 2 Fea. 5 0 1 2 N Figure 10.4.
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encounterlike hunting/butchering st
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END NOTES 1. A village is defined a
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Perrelli, D. J. (1994). Gender, Mob
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CHAPTER 11 EARLY LATE PREHISTORIC S
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Table 11.1. Upper Susquehanna Site
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Table 11.2. Summary of Late Middle
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Table 11.3. Settlement Features of
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approximately 1,000 sq. ft, there i
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Table 11.5. Summary of Seed Identif
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importance of hunting and hunting-r
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portion of the Susquehanna Valley,
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Herrick, J. W., and Snow, D. R. (19
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CHAPTER 12 WOODLAND PERIOD SETTLEME
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oundaries were given. According to
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Table 12.1: Selected Radiocarbon an
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shads and herrings of the family Cl
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consists of large concentrations of
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(1990) survey of recorded sites in
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York State 92:1-8. Busby, M. (1966)
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CHAPTER 13 PALEOETHNOBOTANICAL INDI
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Figure 13.1. Forest regions of the
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Table 13.1. Distribution of Nut Tre
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ation in feature contents. For mult
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Figure 13.4. Nutshell density (gray
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Figure 13.5. Seed density and maize
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Table 13.3. Seed Indicators-Maine S
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Table 13.4. Broome Tech Site: Selec
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6, and it occurred in 58 percent of
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Table 13.6. Continued Site Uncalibr
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Acknowledgments I thank John Hart f
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y K. J. Gremillion, pp. 161-178. Th
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CHAPTER 14 FROM HUNTER-GATHERER CAM
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Figure 14.1. Distribution of select
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available to Ceci were simply too l
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the AMS date of A.D. 1185 (A.D. 127
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Table 14.1. Continued Site Lab C14
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within single settlements remains e
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noncoastal residential sites certai
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Figure 14.3. Two stratigraphic prof
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to the Maritime Provinces on the Gu
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other related questions yet, and so
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Northeast Historical Archaeology 21
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Thomas, P. A. (1976). Contrastive s
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CHAPTER 15 “towns they have none
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Table 15.1. Key to Figure 15.1: Arc
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Maize will normally not preserve fo
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artifacts. Cowie (2000) suggests th
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creativity to resolve, but is also
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Ph.D. dissertation, Department of A
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CHAPTER 16 OUT OF THE BLUE AND INTO
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Figure 16.2. Map of the Bliss Islan
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shell-bearing sites located on the
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site. Middle Maritime Woodland occu
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(e.g., Black 1992:190) limit and co
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Table 16.3. Faunal Remains Associat
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and often poor vertebrate faunal pr
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the Maine/Maritimes area have argue
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SE: warm season (Rojo 1987:221); sp
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Ethnohistory 36:257-284. Bourque, B
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CHAPTER 17 ABORIGINAL LAND AND RESO
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Table 17.1. Chronological and Ceram
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Among the food plants listed above,
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species, the American eel (Anguilla
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the Early Woodland period. Tools ma
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Copper Resources Throughout the Lat
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midden deposits were located along
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a model with two distinct populatio
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Table 17.2. Summary of Landscape an
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File Report 93-1, Fredericton. Alle
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Anthropology, Temple University, Ph
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stone age found at Maquapit Lake. N
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CHAPTER 18 MAIZE AND VILLAGES: A Su
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use of the term “small village”
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1325 [1425] 1460) (Boyd et al. 1998
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several centuries after its first a
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from excavations at village sites h
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133-156. New York State Museum Bull
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longhouses. American Antiquity 55:4
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CONTRIBUTORS Timothy J. Abel. Carth
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Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Change: A.D. 700 –1300

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